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We consider slow-roll inflation in the context of a modified Brans-Dicke dilaton gravity. From a two self-interacting potentials $V(\phi)$, we reproduce a Starobinsky-like potential and, commonly in syperstring models, an exponential tail potential $V(\phi)\sim(1-e^{\alpha_0\phi})$, with $\alpha_0$ being a constant coefficient related to the Brans-Dicke parameter $\omega$. Using the observational bounds on the spectral index $n_s$ and tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ imposed by Planck-CMB baseline data and the BICEP2/Keck collaboration with combination with Planck 2018 and the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations(BAO), we obtain for both models a good agreement with current observations with $n_s = 0.960 - 0.972$ and $r<0.02$. In addition, the resulting large values of $\omega$ suggests a possible linkage of the inflationary regime and today's solar system bounds., Comment: revised version, updated references

A kinetic theory for moderately dense gases of inelastic and rough spherical molecules is developed from the Enskog equation where a macroscopic state is characterized by 29 scalar fields which correspond to the moments of the distribution function: mass density, hydrodynamic velocity, pressure tensor, absolute temperature, translational and rotational heat fluxes, hydrodynamic angular velocity and angular velocity flux. The balance equations for the 29 scalar fields are obtained from a transfer equation derived from the Enskog equation where the kinetic and potential parts of the new moments of the distribution function and production terms are calculated from Grad's distribution function for the basic fields. The transition from the 29 field theory to an eight field theory -- with mass density, hydrodynamic velocity, absolute temperature and hydrodynamic angular velocity -- leads to the determination of the transport coefficients of the Navier-Stokes and Fourier laws. The transport coefficients are functions of the normal and tangential restitution coefficients and of the local equilibrium radial distribution function. The transport coefficients in the limiting case of elastic rough spheres is also determined., Comment: 20 pages

Granular gases demand models capable of capturing their distinct characteristics. The widely employed inelastic hard-sphere model (IHSM) introduces complexities that are compounded when incorporating realistic features like surface roughness and rotational degrees of freedom, resulting in the more intricate inelastic rough hard-sphere model (IRHSM). This paper focuses on the inelastic rough Maxwell model (IRMM), presenting a more tractable alternative to the IRHSM and enabling exact solutions. Building on the foundation of the inelastic Maxwell model (IMM) applied to granular gases, the IRMM extends the mathematical representation to encompass surface roughness and rotational degrees of freedom. The primary objective is to provide exact expressions for the Navier--Stokes--Fourier transport coefficients within the IRMM, including the shear and bulk viscosities, the thermal and diffusive heat conductivities, and the cooling-rate transport coefficient. In contrast to earlier approximations in the IRHSM, our study unveils inherent couplings, such as shear viscosity to spin viscosity and heat conductivities to counterparts associated with a torque-vorticity vector. These exact findings provide valuable insights into refining the Sonine approximation applied to the IRHSM, contributing to a deeper understanding of the transport properties in granular gases with realistic features., Comment: 32 pages, 4 figures (15 panels); v2: several improvements in the text. Includes a correction to Eqs. (57a) and (57b), see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-024-03285-w

We study the Jeans gravitational instability for a mixture of baryonic and dark matter particles, in the post-Newtonian approximation. We adopt a kinetic model consisting of a coupled system of post-Newtonian collisionless Boltzmann equations, for each species, coupled to the post-Newtonian Poisson equations. We derive the stability criterion, accounting for both post-Newtonian corrections and the presence of dark matter. It is shown that both effects give rise to smaller Jeans masses, in comparison with the standard Jeans criterion, meaning that a smaller mass is needed to begin the gravitational collapse. Taking advantage of that, we confront the model with the observational stability of Bok globules, and show that the model correctly reproduces the data.

The non-equilibrium contributions to the post-Newtonian hydrodynamic equations are determined from a relaxation-time model of the post-Newtonian Boltzmann equation. The Chapman-Enskog method is used to calculate the non-equilibrium distribution function. The components of the energy-momentum tensor are found from the knowledge of the non-equilibrium and the post-Newtonian equilibrium Maxwell-J\"uttner distribution functions. The linearized field equations for the mass, momentum and internal energy densities coupled with the three Poisson equations of the post-Newtonian approximation are investigated by considering a plane wave representation of the fields. The constitutive equations for the viscous stress and heat flux vector are obtained and it is shown that the transport coefficients of shear viscosity and heat conductivity do depend on the Newtonian gravitational potential., Comment: 10 pages

The second post-Newtonian hydrodynamic equations are analyzed within the framework of a plane wave solution. The hydrodynamic equations for the mass and momentum density are coupled with six Poisson equations for the Newtonian and post-Newtonian gravitational potentials. Perturbations of the basic fields and gravitational potentials from a background state by assuming plane wave representations lead to a dispersion relation where the Jeans instability condition emerges. The influence of the first and second post-Newtonian approximations on the Jeans mass is determined. It was shown that the relative difference of the first post-Newtonian and the Newtonian Jeans masses is negative while the one of the second post-Newtonian approximation is positive. The two contributions imply a smaller mass needed for an overdensity to initiate the gravitational collapse than the one given by the Newtonian theory., Comment: 7 pages

The most widely used model for granular gases is perhaps the inelastic hard-sphere model (IHSM), where the grains are assumed to be perfectly smooth spheres colliding with a constant coefficient of normal restitution. A much more tractable model is the inelastic Maxwell model (IMM), in which the velocity-dependent collision rate is replaced by an effective mean-field constant. This simplification has been taken advantage of by many researchers to find a number of exact results within the IMM. On the other hand, both the IHSM and IMM neglect the impact of roughness -- generally present in real grains -- on the dynamic properties of a granular gas. This is remedied by the inelastic rough hard-sphere model (IRHSM), where, apart from the coefficient of normal restitution, a constant coefficient of tangential restitution is introduced. In parallel to the simplification carried out when going from the IHSM to the IMM, we propose in this paper an inelastic rough Maxwell model (IRMM) as a simplification of the IRHSM. The tractability of the proposed model is illustrated by the exact evaluation of the collisional moments of first and second degree, and the most relevant ones of third and fourth degree. The results are applied to the evaluation of the rotational-to-translational temperature ratio and the velocity cumulants in the homogeneous cooling state., Comment: 31 pages: 16 (main text) + 7 (appendices) + 8 (references); 4 figures; 5 tables. SharedIt: https://rdcu.be/cVapg

The post-Newtonian Jeans equation for stationary self-gravitating systems is derived from the post-Newtonian Boltzmann equation in spherical coordinates. The Jeans equation is coupled with the three Poisson equations from the post-Newtonian theory. The Poisson equations are functions of the energy-momentum tensor components which are determined from the post-Newtonian Maxwell--J\"uttner distribution function. As an application, the effect of a central massive black hole on the velocity dispersion profile of the host galaxy is investigated and the influence of the post-Newtonian corrections are determined., Comment: 9 pages,3 figures

The post-Newtonian hydrodynamic equations for a non-perfect fluid are developed within the framework of a post-Newtonian Boltzmann equation. The post-Newtonian components of the energy-momentum tensor are determined by considering the relativistic Eckart decomposition for a viscous and heat conducting fluid. From the relativistic Grad distribution function its post-Newtonian expression is derived. The hydrodynamic equations for the mass density, mass-energy density and momentum density are determined from a post-Newtonian transfer equation and Grad's distribution function. In the non-relativistic limit the Newtonian hydrodynamic equations for mass, momentum and energy densities are recovered., Comment: 9 pages

Jeans instability is analysed in an expanding universe within the framework of BGK model of the Boltzmann equation and Poisson equations. The background is characterized by a comoving Maxwellian distribution function and a space-time Newtonian gravitational potential which satisfy the BGK model of the Boltzmann and Poisson equations without the necessity to invoke "Jeans swindle". The perturbations of the distribution function and Newtonian gravitational potentials from their background states are represented by plane waves of small amplitudes and a differential equation for the density contrast is determined. The density contrast differential equation was solved numerically and it is shown: (i) Jeans instability is characterized by perturbation wavelengths larger than Jeans wavelength where the density contrast grows with time. The growth of the density contrast is less accentuated for the case where the particle collisions are considered due to an energy dissipation; (ii) for perturbation wavelengths smaller than Jeans wavelength the density contrast has an oscillatory behavior in time and the oscillations for the case where the collisions are taken into account fade away in time due to the energy dissipation., Comment: 6 pages, 2figures

Jeans instability within the framework of post-Newtonian Boltzmann and Poisson equations are analyzed. The components of the energy-momentum tensor are calculated from a post-Newtonian Maxwell-J\"uttner distribution function. The perturbations of the distribution function and gravitational potentials from their background states with the representation of the perturbations as plane waves lead to a dispersion relation with post-Newtonian corrections. The influence of the post-Newtonian approximation on the Jeans mass is determined and it was shown that the mass necessary for an overdensity to begin the gravitational collapse in the post-Newtonian theory is smaller than the one in the Newtonian theory., Comment: To appear in The European Physical Journal C

A kinetic theory for relativistic gases in the presence of gravitational fields is developed in the second post-Newtonian approximation. The corresponding Boltzmann equation is determined from the evolution of the one-particle distribution function with respect to the proper time along the world line of the particle. From the knowledge of the equilibrium Maxwell-J\"uttner distribution function in the second post-Newtonian approximation the components of the particle four-flow and energy-momentum tensor are obtained. The Eulerian hydrodynamic equations for the mass density, mass-energy density and momentum density in the second post-Newtonian approximation are determined from the Boltzmann equation. It is shown that the combination of the hydrodynamic equations of mass and mass-energy densities leads to the hydrodynamic equation for the internal energy density in the first post-Newtonian approximation., Comment: 12 pages

The objetive of this work is to investigate the influence of the corrections to the spherical symmetrical accretion of an infinity gas cloud characterized by a polytropic equation into a massive object due to the post-Newtonian approximation.The post-Newtonian corrections to the critical values of the flow velocity, sound velocity and radial distance are obtained from the system of hydrodynamics equations in spherical coordinates. The critical point in the post-Newtonian approximation accretion does not correspond to the transonic point like in Newtonian theory. An equation for the Mach number was obtained as a function of a dimensionless radial coordinate. It was considered that the ratio of the sound velocity far the massive body and the speed of light was of order $a_\infty/c=10^{-2}$. The analysis of the solution led to following results: the Mach number for the Newtonian and post-Newtonian accretion have practically the same values for radial distances of order of the critical radial distance; by decreasing the radial distance the Mach number for the Newtonian accretion is bigger than the one for the post-Newtonian accretion; the Mach number increases by decreasing the ratio of the specific heats; the difference between the Newtonian and post-Newtonian Mach numbers when the ratio $a_\infty/c\ll10^{-2}$ is insignificant. The effect of the correction terms in post-Newtonian Bernoulli equation is more perceptive for the lowest values of the radial distance, and the solutions for $a_\infty/c>10^{-2}$ does not lead to a continuous inflow and outflow velocity at the critical point. A comparison of the solutions with those that follow from a relativistic Bernoulli equation shows that the dependence of the Mach number with the radial distance of the former is bigger than the post-Newtonian ones., Comment: To appear in PRD

We examine the evolution of non-relativistic cold dark matter gravitationally coupled to baryons with modes deep inside the Hubble radius (sub-horizon regime) using akinetic theory approach within the realm of Newtonian theory. We obtain the general solution for the total density perturbation and we also show that a baryon perturbation catches up with the dark matter perturbation at late times, which in turn makes possible the formation of bound structures. We extend the linear perturbation analysis by considering the turn-around event, the collapse of matter, and its virialization process., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

In this work we consider a scale-tensor theory in which the space-time is endowed with a Weyl integrable geometrical structure due to the Palatini variational method. Since the scalar field has a geometrical nature (related to non-metricity), the theory is known as \textit{Geometrical Scalar-Tensor}. On the framework of Weyl transformations, a non-minimally coupled scalar-tensor theory on the Jordan frame corresponds to a minimally coupled Einstein-Hilbert action on the Einstein frame. The scalar potential is selected by the Noether symmetry approach in order to obtain conserved quantities for the FRW cosmological model. Exact solutions are obtained and analyzed in the context of the cosmological scenarios consistent with an expanding universe. A particular case is matched in each frame and the role of scalar field as a dark energy component is discussed., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

The objective of this work is to analyze the temperature oscillations that occur in a gas in a circular motion under the action of a Reissner-Nordstr\"om gravitational field, verifying the effect of the charge term of the metric on the oscillations. The expression for temperature oscillations follows from Tolman's law written in Fermi normal coordinates for a comoving observer. The motion of the gas is close to geodesic so the equation of geodesic deviation was used to obtain the expression for temperature oscillations. Then these oscillations are calculated for some compact stars, quark stars, black holes and white dwarfs, using values of electric charge and mass from models found in the literature. Comparing the various models analyzed, it is possible to verify that the role of the charge is the opposite of the mass. While the increase of the mass produces a reduction in the frequencies, amplitude and in the ratio between the frequencies, the increase of the electric charge produces the inverse effect. In addition, it is shown that if the electric charge is proportional to the mass, the ratio between the frequencies does not depend on the mass, but only on the proportionality factor between charge and mass. The ratios between the frequencies for all the models analyzed (except for supermassive black holes in the extreme limit situations) are close to the $3/2$ ratio for twin peak quasi-periodic oscillation frequencies, observed in many galactic black holes and neutron star sources in low-mass X-ray binaries., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures to appear in IJMPD

A linear stability analysis of the hydrodynamic equations with respect to the homogeneous cooling state is carried out to identify the conditions for stability of a granular gas of rough hard spheres. The description is based on the results for the transport coefficients derived from the Boltzmann equation for inelastic rough hard spheres [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022205 (2014)], which take into account the complete nonlinear dependence of the transport coefficients and the cooling rate on the coefficients of normal and tangential restitution. As expected, linear stability analysis shows that a doubly degenerate transversal (shear) mode and a longitudinal ("heat") mode are unstable with respect to long enough wavelength excitations. The instability is driven by the shear mode above a certain inelasticity threshold; at larger inelasticity, however, the instability is driven by the heat mode for an inelasticity-dependent range of medium roughness. Comparison with the case of a granular gas of inelastic smooth spheres confirms previous simulation results about the dual role played by surface friction: while small and large levels of roughness make the system less unstable than the frictionless system, the opposite happens at medium roughness. On the other hand, such an intermediate window of roughness values shrinks as inelasticity increases and eventually disappears at a certain value, beyond which the rough-sphere gas is always less unstable than the smooth-sphere gas. A comparison with some preliminary simulation results shows a very good agreement for conditions of practical interest., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures; v2: new figure and subsection added

In this work we present a stellar structure model from $f(\mathcal{R})$-gravity point of view capable to describe some classes of stars (White Dwarfs, Brown Dwarfs, Neutron stars, Red Giants and the Sun). This model was based on $f(\mathcal{R})$-gravity field equations for $f(\mathcal{R})= \mathcal{R}+ f_2 \mathcal{R}^2$, hydrostatic equilibrium equation and a polytropic equation of state. We compared the results obtained with those found by the Newtonian theory. It has been observed that in these systems, where high curvature regimes emerge, stellar structure equations undergo modifications. Despite the simplicity of this model, the results were satisfactory. The estimated values of pressure, density and temperature of the stars are within those determined by observations. This $f(\mathcal{R})$-gravity model has been proved to be necessary to describe stars with strong fields such as White Dwarfs, Neutron stars and Brown Dwarfs, while stars with weaker fields, such as Red Giants and the Sun, were best described by the Newtonian theory., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure Manuscript accepted for publication in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

In the present work, we calculate the transport coefficients for a relativistic binary mixture of diluted gases of hard-sphere particles. The gas mixture under consideration is studied within the relativistic Boltzmann equation in the presence of a gravitational field described by the isotropic Schwarzschild metric. We obtain the linear constitutive equations for the thermodynamic fluxes. The driving forces for the fluxes of particles and heat will appear with terms proportional to the gradient of gravitational potential. We discuss the consequences of the gravitational dependence on the driving forces. We obtain general integral expressions for the transport coefficients and evaluate them by assuming a hard-sphere interaction amongst the particles when they collide and not very disparate masses and diameters of the particles of each species. The obtained results are expressed in terms of their temperature dependence through the relativistic parameter which gives the ratio of the rest energy of the particles and the thermal energy of the gas mixture. Plots are given to analyze the behavior of the transport coefficients with respect to the temperature when small variations in masses and diameters of the particles of the species are present. We also analyze for each coefficient the corresponding limits to a single gas so the non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limiting cases are recovered as well. Furthermore, we show that the transport coefficients have a dependence on the gravitational field., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures

In the present work, we deal with a binary mixture of diluted relativistic gases within the framework of the kinetic theory. The analysis is made within the framework of the Boltzmann equation. We assume that the gas is under the influence of an isotropic Schwarzschild metric and is composed of particles with speeds comparable with the light speed. Taking into account the constitutive equations for the laws of Fourier and Navier-Stokes, we obtain expressions for the thermal conductivity, the shear, and bulk viscosities. To evaluate the integrals we assume a hard-sphere interaction along with non-disparate masses for the particles of each component. We show the analytical expressions and the behavior of the transport coeffcients with respect to a relativistic parameter which gives the ratio of the rest energy of the particles to the thermal energy of the gas.We also determine the dependence of the transport coeffcients with respect to the gravitational potential and demonstrate that the corresponding one component, Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

We present a model of inflation where the inflaton is accommodated as a phantom field which exhibits an initial transient pole behavior and then decays into a quintessence field which is responsible for a radiation era. We must stress that the present unified model only deals with a single field and that the transition between two eras is achieved in a smooth way, so the model does not suffer from the eternal inflation issue. We explore the conditions for the crossing of the phantom divide line within the inflationary era along with the structural stability of several critical points. We study the behavior of the phantom field within the slow climb approximation along with the necessary conditions to have sufficient inflation. We also examine the model at the level of classical perturbations within the Newtonian gauge and determine the behavior of the gravitational potential, contrast density and perturbed field near the inflation stage and the subsequent radiation era., Comment: 11pp. Accepted for its publication in EPJC. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4629-8

A model for the universe with tachyonic and fermionic fields interacting through a Yukawa-type potential is investigated. It is shown that the tachyonic field answers for the initial accelerated regime and for the subsequent decelerated regime so that it behaves as an inflaton at early times and as a matter field at intermediate times, while the fermionic field has the role of a dark energy constituent, since it leads to an accelerated regime at later times. The interaction between the fields via a Yukawa-type potential controls the duration of the decelerated era, since a stronger coupling makes a shorter decelerated period., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure

We analyze the properties of a generic cosmological fluid described by the van der Waals equation of state. Exact solutions for the energy density evolution are found as implicit functions of the scale factor for a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time. The possible values of the free parameter in the van der Waals equation are selected \emph{a posteriori}, in accordance with asymptotic behaviors that are physically relevant. The stability of the model against small perturbations is studied through the hydrodynamic perturbations of the fluid for the relevant cases. It is found that a van der Waals fluid seems appropriate to describe non-eternal inflationary scenarios., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, left and right frames of fig.1 were not in the correct order as was explained in the text

The dynamics of self-gravitating fluids is analyzed within the framework of a collisionless Boltzmann equation in the presence of gravitational fields and Poisson equation. Two cases are analyzed: a system with baryonic and dark matter in a static universe and a single system in an expanding universe. The amplitudes of the perturbed distribution functions are considered as a linear combination of the collision invariants of the Boltzmann equation. For the system of baryonic and dark matter, the Jeans mass of the combined system is smaller than the one of the single system indicating that a smaller mass is needed to initiate the collapse. For the single system in an expanding universe it is not necessary to make use of Jeans "swindle"and it shown that for small wavelengths the density contrast oscillates while for large wavelengths it grows with time and the Jeans instability emerges., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, new analysis

In this work the dynamics of self-gravitating systems composed by dark and baryonic matter is analyzed. Searching for a description of this dynamics, a system of collisionless Boltzmann equations for the two constituents and the Poisson equation for the gravitational field are employed. Through the solution of these equations the collapse criterion is determined from a dispersion relation. The collapse occurs in an unstable region where the solutions grow exponentially with time. It is shown that the unstable region becomes larger if the dispersion velocity of dark matter becomes larger than the one of the baryonic matter. The results obtained are also compared with the case where only the dark matter is present. The model of the present work has a higher limit of instability and therefore, exhibited an advantage in the structure formation., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, version to be published in IJMP D

In this work we study a r-species mixture of gases within the relativistic kinetic theory point of view. We use the relativistic covariant full Boltzmann equation and we incorporate the Schwarzschild metric. The method of solution of the Boltzmann equation is a combination of the Chapman-Enskog and Grad representations. The thermodynamic fluxes are expressed as functions of the thermodynamic forces so that the generalized expressions for the Navier-Stokes, Fick and Fourier laws are obtained. The constitutive equations for the diffusion and heat fluxes of the mixture are functions of thermal and diffusion forces which depend on the acceleration and the gravitational potential gradient. While this dependence is of relativistic nature for the thermal force, this is not the case for the diffusion forces. We show also that the matrix of the diffusion coefficients is symmetric and the thermal-diffusion coefficient is equal to the diffusion-thermal one, proving the Onsager reciprocity relations. The entropy flux of the mixture is also expressed in terms of the thermal and diffusion forces, so that its dependence on the acceleration and gravitational potential gradient is also determined., Comment: 13 pages

We investigate a Boltzmann gas at equilibrium with its center of mass moving on a circular geodesics in the Schwarzschild field. As a consequence of Tolman's law we find that a central comoving observer measures oscillations of the temperature and of other thermodynamic quantities with twice the frequencies that are known from test-particle motion. We apply this scheme to the gas dynamics in the gravitational fields of the planets of the Solar System as well as to strong-field configurations of neutron stars and black holes., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, matches published version

In this work we analyze the dynamics of collisionless self-gravitating systems described by the f(R)-gravity and Boltzmann equation in the weak field approximation, focusing on the Jeans instability for theses systems. The field equations in this approximation were obtained within the Palatini formalism. Through the solution of coupled equations we achieved the collapse criterion for infinite homogeneous fluid and stellar systems, which is given by a dispersion relation. This result is compared with the results of the standard case and the case for f(R)-gravity in metric formalism, in order to see the difference among them. The limit of instability varies according to which theory of gravity is adopted., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Gravitation, Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Second Argentinian-Brazilian Meeting, 2014, G. S. Vila, F. L. Vieyro and J. Fabris, eds

In this work we address the question of whether a low-density system composed of identical rough particles may reach hydrodynamic states (also called \textit{normal} states), even if energy is not conserved in particle collisions. As a way to measure the ability of the system to present a hydrodynamic behavior, we focus on the so-called homogeneous cooling state of the granular gas and look at the corresponding relaxation time as a function of inelasticity and roughness. We report computer simulation results of the sixth- and eighth-order cumulants of the particle velocity distribution function and study the influence of roughness on their relaxation times and asymptotic values. This extends the results of a previous work [Phys. Rev. E \textbf{89}, 020202(R) (2014], where lower-order cumulants were measured. Our results confirm that the relaxation times are not necessarily longer for stronger inelasticities. This implies that inelasticity by itself does not preclude hydrodynamics. It is also observed that the cumulants associated with the angular velocity distribution may reach very high values in a certain region of (small) roughness and that these maxima coincide with small orientational correlation points., Comment: 8 pages; 4 figures; contributed paper at the 29th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Xi'an, China, July 13-18, 2014)

The search for constituents that can explain the periods of accelerating expansion of the Universe is a fundamental topic in cosmology. In this context, we investigate how fermionic fields minimally and non-minimally coupled with the gravitational field may be responsible for accelerated regimes during the evolution of the Universe. The forms of the potential and coupling of the model are determined through the technique of the Noether symmetry for two cases. The first case comprises a Universe filled only with the fermion field. Cosmological solutions are straightforwardly obtained for this case and an exponential inflation mediated by the fermion field is possible with a non-minimal coupling. The second case takes account of the contributions of radiation and baryonic matter in the presence of the fermion field. In this case the fermion field plays the role of dark energy and dark matter, and when a non-minimal coupling is allowed, it mediates a power-law inflation., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. To appear in Classical and Quantum Gravity

The Boltzmann equation for inelastic and rough hard spheres is considered as a model of a dilute granular gas. In this model, the collisions are characterized by constant coefficients of normal and tangential restitution and hence the translational and rotational degrees of freedom are coupled. A normal solution to the Boltzmann equation is obtained by means of the Chapman-Enskog method for states near the homogeneous cooling state. The analysis is carried out to first order in the spatial gradients of the number density, the flow velocity, and the granular temperature. The constitutive equations for the momentum and heat fluxes and for the cooling rate are derived and the associated transport coefficients are expressed in terms of the solutions of linear integral equations. For practical purposes, a first Sonine approximation is used to obtain explicit expressions of the transport coefficients as nonlinear functions of both coefficients of restitution and the moment of inertia. Known results for purely smooth inelastic spheres and perfectly elastic and rough spheres are recovered in the appropriate limits., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables; v2: 3 new figures added, discussion on the quasismooth limit enlarged

In this work two systems are analyzed within the framework of the relativistic Boltzmann equation. One of them refers to a description of binary mixtures of electrons and protons and of electrons and photons subjected to external electromagnetic fields in special relativity. In this case the Fourier and Ohm laws are derived and the corresponding transport coefficients are obtained. In the other a relativistic gas under the influence of the Schwarzschild metric is studied. It is shown that the heat flux in Fourier's law in the presence of gravitational fields has three contributions, the usual dependence on the temperature gradient, and two relativistic contributions, one of them associated with an acceleration and another to a gravitational potential gradient. Furthermore it is shown that the transport coefficient of thermal conductivity decreases in the presence of a gravitational field. The dependence of the temperature field in the presence of a gravitational potential is also discussed., Comment: 12 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1207.3978

In this work we investigate a universe filled with a fermionic field and a complex scalar field, exchanging energy through a Yukawa potential; the model encodes a symmetry breaking mechanism (on the bosonic sector). In a first case, when the mechanism is not included, the cosmological model furnishes a pure accelerated regime. In a second case, when including the symmetry breaking mechanism, we verify that the fermion and one of the bosons, of Higgs type, become massive, while the other boson is massless. Besides, the mechanism shows to be responsible for a transition from an accelerated to a decelerated regime, which certifies the importance, in cosmological terms, of its role. After symmetry breaking, the total pressure of the fields change its sign from negative to positive corresponding to the accelerated-decelerated transition. For large times the universe becomes a dust (pressureless) dominated Universe., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Modern Physics Letters A

A mixture of relativistic gases of non-disparate rest masses in a Schwarzschild metric is studied on the basis of a relativistic Boltzmann equation in the presence of gravitational fields. A BGK-type model equation of the collision operator of the Boltzmann equation is used in order to compute the non-equilibrium distribution functions by the Chapman-Enskog method. The main focus of this work is to obtain Fick's law without the thermal-diffusion cross-effect. Fick's law has four contributions, two of them are the usual terms proportional to the gradients of concentration and pressure. The other two are of the same nature as those which appears in Fourier's law in the presence of gravitational fields and are related with an acceleration and gravitational potential gradient, but unlike Fourier's law these two last terms are of non-relativistic order. Furthermore, it is shown that the coefficients of diffusion depend on the gravitational potential and they become larger than those in the absence of it., Comment: 13 pages

We analyse a scalar field non-minimally coupled to gravity in the context of a Universe described by the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (F-R-W) metric. The adopted model comprises a Universe filled by the scalar field and standard matter (dark and baryonic). The corresponding field equations are obtained through the Palatini formalism. From the action of the model in the flat F-R-W space-time, a point-like Lagrangian of first order is obtained and the Noether symmetry approach is applied to restrict the forms of the a priori undefined coupling and potential of the scalar field. We show that the massive scalar field is associated with a Noether symmetry of the model. Analytical cosmological solutions for this case are found and their respective importance for the description of the dark energy are discussed., Comment: 5 pages

General cosmological models with spinor and scalar fields playing the role of gravitational sources are analyzed. The Noether symmetry approach is taken as a criterion to constrain the undefined potentials and couplings of the generic actions. For all the found Noether symmetries the corresponding dynamical systems can be analytically integrated. The obtained cosmological solutions describe the early and late Universe as expected by basing on the known eras of the Universe., Comment: 15 pages. To appear in Proceedings of the First Argentine-Brazilian Meeting on Gravitation, Astrophysics and Cosmology. Misprint in eq. (16) corrected

The aim of the present work is to investigate a non-minimally coupled scalar field model through the Noether symmetry approach, with the radiation, matter and cosmological constant eras being analyzed. The Noether symmetry condition allows a conformal coupling and by means of a change of coordinates in the configuration space the field equations can be reduced to a single equation, which is of the form of the Friedmann equation for the $\Lambda$CDM model. In this way, it is formally shown that the dynamical system can furnish solutions with the same form as those of the $\Lambda$CDM model, although the theory here considered is physically different from the former. The conserved quantity associated with the Noether symmetry can be related to the kinetic term of the scalar field and could constrain the possible deviations of the model from the $\Lambda$CDM picture. Observational constraints on the variation of the gravitational constant can be imposed on the model through the initial condition of the scalar field., Comment: 12 pages. Version accepted for publication in CQG

In this work we determine the power spectrum of the gravitational potential of the primordial fluctuations for an inflationary model whose \emph{inflaton} is a non-canonical scalar field of the tachyon-type. The respective background field equations for an inverse-square potential produce a power-law inflation, and it is explicitly shown that for such a potential the power spectrum tends to be scale-independent for highly accelerated regimes in the inflationary expansion., Comment: 4 pages. Version published in PRD

Mixtures of relativistic gases are analyzed within the framework of Boltzmann equation by using Grad's moment method. A relativistic mixture of $r$ constituent is characterized by the moments of the distribution function: particle four-flows, energy-momentum tensors and third-order moment tensors. By using Eckart's decomposition and introducing $13r+1$ scalar fields -- related with the four-velocity, temperature of the mixture, particle number densities, diffusion fluxes, non-equilibrium pressures, heat fluxes and pressure deviator tensors -- Grad's distribution functions are obtained. Grad's distribution functions are used to determine the third-order tensors and their production terms for mixtures whose constituent's rest masses are not too disparate, so that it follows a system of $13r+1$ scalar field equations. By restricting to a binary mixture characterized by the six fields of partial particle number densities, four-velocity and temperature, the remainder 21 scalar equations are used to determine the constitutive equations for the non-equilibrium pressures, diffusion fluxes, pressure deviator tensors and heat fluxes. Hence the Navier-Stokes and generalized Fourier and Fick laws are obtained and the transport coefficients of bulk and shear viscosities, thermal conductivity, diffusion, thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermal are determined. Furthermore, solutions of the relativistic field equations for the binary mixture are obtained in form of forced and free waves. In the low frequency limiting case the phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient are determined for forced waves. In the small wavenumber limiting case it is shown that there exist four longitudinal eigenmodes, two of them corresponding to propagating sound modes and two associated with non-propagating diffusive modes., Comment: 25 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Physics of Fluids

A relativistic gas in a Schwarzschild metric is studied within the framework of a relativistic Boltzmann equation in the presence of gravitational fields, where Marle's model for the collision operator of the Boltzmann equation is employed. The transport coefficients of bulk and shear viscosities and thermal conductivity are determined from the Chapman-Enskog method. It is shown that the transport coefficients depend on the gravitational potential. Expressions for the transport coefficients in the presence of weak gravitational fields in the non-relativistic (low temperatures) and ultra-relativistic (high temperatures) limiting cases are given. Apart from the temperature gradient the heat flux has two relativistic terms. The first one, proposed by Eckart, is due to the inertia of energy and represents an isothermal heat flux when matter is accelerated. The other, suggested by Tolman, is proportional to the gravitational potential gradient and indicates that -- in the absence of an acceleration field -- a state of equilibrium of a relativistic gas in a gravitational field can be attained only if the temperature gradient is counterbalanced by a gravitational potential gradient., Comment: Sign error in the potential in eq. (25) has propagated to eqs. (27)-(29), (31) and (35)-(42). As a consequence the transport coefficients become smaller in the presence of gravitational field, instead of larger as mentioned in the previous version

Binary mixtures of electrons with protons and of electrons with photons subjected to external electromagnetic fields are analyzed by using the Anderson and Witting model equation. The relativistic laws of Ohm and Fourier are determined as well as general expressions for the electrical and thermal conductivities for relativistic ionized gas mixtures. Explicit expressions for the transport coefficients are given for the particular cases: a non-relativistic mixture of protons and non-degenerate electrons; an ultra-relativistic mixture of photons and non-degenerate electrons; a non-relativistic mixture of protons and completely degenerate electrons; an ultra-relativistic mixture of photons and completely degenerate electrons and a mixture of non-relativistic protons and ultra-relativistic completely degenerate electrons., Comment: 17 pages

Relativistic field equations for a gas in special and general relativity are determined from the Boltzmann equation. The constitutive equations are obtained from the Chapman-Enskog methodology applied to a relativistic model equation proposed by Anderson and Witting. Two applications in general relativity are considered: one refers to a gas in a homogeneous and isotropic Universe where irreversible processes are present during its evolution; in the other it is analyzed a gas under the influence of a spherically symmetrical non-rotating and uncharged source of the gravitational field., Comment: 8 pages, contributed paper at the 28th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Zaragoza, Spain, July 9-13, 2012) correction: eqs. (40), (42) and (43)

The time evolution and stationary values of the entropy per particle of a homogeneous freely cooling granular gas, relative to the maximum entropy consistent with the instantaneous translational and rotational temperatures, is analyzed by means of a Sonine approximation involving fourth-degree cumulants. The results show a rich variety of dependencies of the relative entropy on time and on the coefficients of normal and tangential restitution, including a peculiar behavior in the quasi-smooth limit., Comment: 6 pages; 2 figures; contributed paper at the 28th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Zaragoza, Spain, July 9-13, 2012)

Simple bimolecular reactions $A_1+A_2\rightleftharpoons A_3+A_4$ are analyzed within the framework of the Boltzmann equation in the initial stage of a chemical reaction with the system far from chemical equilibrium. The Chapman-Enskog methodology is applied to determine the coefficients of the expansion of the distribution functions in terms of Sonine polynomials for peculiar molecular velocities. The results are applied to the reaction $H_2+Cl\rightleftharpoons HCl+H$, and the influence of the non-Maxwellian distribution and of the activation-energy dependent reactive cross sections upon the forward and reverse reaction rate coefficients are discussed., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, to appear in vol.42 of the Brazilian Journal of Physics

A model for a homogeneous and isotropic spatially flat Universe, composed of baryons, radiation, neutrinos, dark matter and dark energy is analyzed. We infer that dark energy (considered to behave as a scalar field) interacts with dark matter (either by the Wetterich model, or by the Anderson and Carroll model) and with neutrinos by a model proposed by Brookfield et al.. The latter is understood to have a mass-varying behavior. We show that for a very-softly varying field, both interacting models for dark matter give the same results. The models reproduce the expected red-shift performances of the present behavior of the Universe., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Gravitation and Cosmology

A simplified Walecka-type model is investigated in a cosmological scenario. The model includes fermionic, scalar and vector fields as sources. It is shown that their interactions, taking place in a Robertson-Walker metric, could be responsible for the transition of accelerated-decelerated periods in the early universe and a current accelerated regime. It is also discussed the role of the fermionic field as the promoter of the accelerated regimes in the early and the late stages of the universe., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. To appear in EPL

The objective of the present work is to study a cosmological model for a spatially flat Universe whose constituents are a dark energy field and a matter field which includes baryons and dark matter. The constituents are supposed to be in interaction and irreversible processes are taken into account through the inclusion of a non-equilibrium pressure. The non-equilibrium pressure is considered to be proportional to the Hubble parameter within the framework of a first order thermodynamic theory. The dark energy and matter fields are coupled by their barotropic indexes, which are considered as functions of the ratio between their energy densities. The free parameters of the model are adjusted from the best fits of the Hubble parameter data. A comparison of the viscous model with the non-viscous one is performed. It is shown that the equality of the dark energy and matter density parameters and the decelerated-accelerated transition occur at earlier times when the irreversible processes are present. Furthermore, the density and deceleration parameters and the distance modulus have the correct behavior which is expected for a viable scenario of the present status of the Universe., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Brazilian Journal of Physics

This paper consists in analyzing an action that describes boson and fermion fields minimally coupled to the gravity and a common matter field. The self-interaction potentials of the fields are not chosen a priori but from the Noether symmetry approach. The Noether forms of the potentials allow the boson field to play the role of dark energy and matter and the fermion field to behave as standard matter. The constant of motion and the cyclic variable associated with the Noether symmetry allow the complete integration of the field equations, whose solution produces a Universe with alternated periods of accelerated and decelerated expansion., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures. Misprint in eq. (2) corrected

In this work we discuss if fermionic sources could be responsible for accelerated periods in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spatially flat universe, including a usual self-interaction potential of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio type together with a fermion-scalar interaction potential of the Yukawa type. The results show that the combination of these potentials could promote an initially accelerated period, going through a middle decelerated era, with a final eternal accelerated period, where the self-interaction contribution dominates., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. To appear in Europhysics Letters

We consider a dilute granular gas of hard spheres colliding inelastically with coefficients of normal and tangential restitution $\alpha$ and $\beta$, respectively. The basic quantities characterizing the distribution function $f(\mathbf{v},\bm{\omega})$ of linear ($\mathbf{v}$) and angular ($\bm{\omega}$) velocities are the second-degree moments defining the translational ($T^\text{tr}$) and rotational ($T^\text{rot}$) temperatures. The deviation of $f$ from the Maxwellian distribution parameterized by $T^\text{tr}$ and $T^\text{rot}$ can be measured by the cumulants associated with the fourth-degree velocity moments. The main objective of this paper is the evaluation of the collisional rates of change of these second- and fourth-degree moments by means of a Sonine approximation. The results are subsequently applied to the computation of the temperature ratio $T^\text{rot}/T^\text{tr}$ and the cumulants of two paradigmatic states: the homogeneous cooling state and the homogeneous steady state driven by a white-noise stochastic thermostat. It is found in both cases that the Maxwellian approximation for the temperature ratio does not deviate much from the Sonine prediction. On the other hand, non-Maxwellian properties measured by the cumulants cannot be ignored, especially in the homogeneous cooling state for medium and small roughness. In that state, moreover, the cumulant directly related to the translational velocity differs in the quasi-smooth limit $\beta\to -1$ from that of pure smooth spheres ($\beta=-1$). This singular behavior is directly related to the unsteady character of the homogeneous cooling state and thus it is absent in the stochastic thermostat case., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures; v2: some parts rewritten, new references added; published in a special topic decicated to Carlo Cercignani