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Context: Identification of unknown corpse can be established by their body features and belongings; when the features are distorted, it becomes a challenge for the forensic experts. Orthopantamograph (OPG) analysis is a simple, noninvasive, economic, and reliable method to sort for identification of the unidentified. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of OPG in age and sex determination. The objective of our study was to evaluate various measurements on the mandibular ramus and to correlate them with the age and sex of an individual. Settings and Design: A retrospective study was conducted using 150 OPGs that were taken in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology using Orthophos XG3 OPG machine. The mandibular ramus measurements were carried out using WebPlot Digitizer v 4.1. The measurement was statistically assessed. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 20 was used for discriminate analysis, correlation, and regression analysis. Results: The male population showed higher values of ramus measurements compared to the female population. A regression equation was positively drawn to estimate the age of the unknown individual. Conclusions: Coronoid height is the main predictive factor in age estimation of an individual irrespective of the gender whereas gonial angle is the extrapolative tool in gender prediction.

Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remains undertreated despite multiple potentially curative options. Both radical cystectomy (RC) with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy and trimodal therapy (TMT), including transurethral resection of bladder tumor followed by chemoradiotherapy, are standard treatments., Objective: To evaluate real-world clinical outcomes of RC with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RC-NAC), RC without NAC, TMT with National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline-preferred radiosensitizing chemotherapy including cisplatin or mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil (pTMT), and TMT with nonpreferred chemotherapy (npTMT)., Design Setting and Participants: US veterans with nonmetastatic MIBC (T2-4aN0-3M0) were studied., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Overall mortality (OM) was evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. Bladder cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) was evaluated with multivariable Fine-Gray regression. Salvage cystectomy rates were obtained by chart review., Results and Limitations: Overall 2306 patients were included: 1472 (64%) with RC without NAC, 506 (22%) with RC-NAC, 163 (7%) with pTMT, and 165 (7%) with npTMT. On multivariable analysis, pTMT was associated with similar OM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-1.50; p  = 0.15) and BCSM (HR 1.34; 95% CI 0.99-1.83; p  = 0.06) to RC-NAC; npTMT was associated with worse OM (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04-1.61; p  = 0.02) and BCSM (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.09-1.94; p  = 0.01). RC without NAC was associated with similar OM (HR 1.08; 95% CI 0.95-1.24; p  = 0.24) and BCSM (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.86-1.21; p  = 0.79). When stratified by age, among patients ≥65 yr of age, treatment with pTMT was associated with similar OM (HR 1.14; 95% CI 0.87-1.50; p  = 0.35) and BCSM (HR 1.11; 95% CI 0.76-1.62; p  = 0.60). Among patients <65 yr of age, pTMT was associated with worse OM (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.14-2.91; p  = 0.01) and BCSM (HR 2.51; 95% CI 1.52-4.13; p  < 0.01). The 5-yr cumulative incidence of salvage cystectomy in the TMT group was 3.6%., Conclusions: In MIBC, patients receiving pTMT have comparable survival in RC-NAC patients ≥65 yr and inferior survival in RC-NAC patients <65 yr. Salvage cystectomy rates were low., Patient Summary: Management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a multidisciplinary effort requiring thoughtful discussions with patients about treatment options, including trimodal therapy, which is an effective treatment option., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular cell proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis. TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) is a receptor for double-stranded RNA and has been recently implicated in vascular protection., Objectives: To study the expression and role of TLR3 in PAH and to determine whether a TLR3 agonist reduces pulmonary hypertension in preclinical models., Methods: Lung tissue and endothelial cells from patients with PAH were investigated by polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and apoptosis assays. TLR3 -/- and TLR3 +/+ mice were exposed to chronic hypoxia and SU5416. Chronic hypoxia or chronic hypoxia/SU5416 rats were treated with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly[I:C])., Measurements and Main Results: TLR3 expression was reduced in PAH patient lung tissue and endothelial cells, and TLR3 -/- mice exhibited more severe pulmonary hypertension following exposure to chronic hypoxia/SU5416. TLR3 knockdown promoted double-stranded RNA signaling via other intracellular RNA receptors in endothelial cells. This was associated with greater susceptibility to apoptosis, a known driver of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Poly(I:C) increased TLR3 expression via IL-10 in rat endothelial cells. In vivo, high-dose Poly(I:C) reduced pulmonary hypertension in both rat models in proof-of-principle experiments. In addition, Poly(I:C) also reduced right ventricular failure in established pulmonary hypertension., Conclusions: Our work identifies a novel role for TLR3 in PAH based on the findings that reduced expression of TLR3 contributes to endothelial apoptosis and pulmonary vascular remodeling.