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Background Cross-country skiers train and compete during the winter for long periods of time in subfreezing conditions, which strains the airways and provokes respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of exercise-related symptoms and prolonged cough in competitive cross-country skiers versus the general population and to investigate the association between these symptoms and asthma. Methods A questionnaire was sent to Finnish cross-country skiers (n=1282) and a random sample of the general population (n=1754), with response rates of 26.9% and 19.0%, respectively. Results Both groups were mostly asymptomatic at rest, but symptoms were increased in both groups during and after exercise. Cough was more prevalent after exercise in skiers and phlegm production was more common during and after exercise in skiers. Asthma did not provoke specific symptoms, but symptom prevalence was higher in asthmatic individuals. Skiers had a higher prevalence of cough after exercise (60.6% vs 22.8%, p

Additional file 1. Describing the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the transbronchial lung cryobiopsy protocol in detail as well as including. Tables S1–2 Describing immunosuppressive therapiesand causes of death in detail.

Additional file 1. The first questionnaire.

Additional file 5. The cluster analysis by excluding those background variables with no plausible biological association with cough among 975 subjects with current cough. The ten most important variables are expressed, in order of importance. The order was defined by the p value obtained by Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test between the clusters. The values are expressed by either means (standard deviations) or percentages, unless stated otherwise stated.

Additional file 2. The number of NbClust criteria suggesting the best number of clusters in the total population, among subjects living in Jyväskylä, and among subjects living in Kuopio. The maximal number is 24 criteria.

Additional file 4. The clusters and their defining variables among 444 subjects with current cough living in the town Kuopio. The ten most important variables are expressed, in order of importance. The order was defined by the p value obtained by Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test between the clusters. The values are expressed by either means (standard deviations) or percentages, unless stated otherwise.

Teema : aikuisten astma. English summary

Teema : aikuisten astma. English summary

Keuhkoputkien supistumisherkkyyden mittaukseen suositellaan tästedes aina metakoliinialtistusta, kuten uusissa kansainvälisissä suosituksissakin. Muutoksia on tuomassa myös pitkään käytetyn annostelulaitteen valmistuksen lopettaminen.

Aims Pneumonia and acute exacerbations of obstructive lung diseases (AEOLD) are associated with a significant long‐term mortality. Elevated level of amino‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a predictor of late all‐cause mortality in these disorders but the pathophysiological basis for this is unknown. The present study was conducted to define the predictive role of NT‐proBNP on late cardiovascular mortality among patients with acute lung disorders. Methods and results This prospective, observational cohort study included 269 hospitalized patients with pneumonia or AEOLD. Plasma level of NT‐proBNP, age, sex, body mass index, arterial blood oxygen saturation, C‐reactive protein, and urea were recorded. The survival and causes of death were recorded after a median of six years. NT‐proBNP > 666 ng/mL was related to cardiovascular mortality with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.93 (1.19–7.18). This risk was of similar magnitude to that associated with diabetes and greater than that associated with arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking. NT‐proBNP was also related to all‐cause mortality with adjusted hazard ratio of 2.39 (1.49–3.85) per 10 times increase in NT‐proBNP concentration. However, the association between NT‐proBNP and non‐cardiovascular mortality did not reach statistical significance [adjusted hazard ratio 1.89 (0.93–3.85)]. Conclusion NT‐proBNP concentration during pneumonia or AEOLD was strongly associated with late cardiovascular mortality but not with non‐cardiovascular mortality. The results suggest that the increase in NT‐proBNP during acute lung disorders may reveal occult cardiac diseases arousing a question whether patients with acute pulmonary disorders with elevated NT‐proBNP levels should be subjected to further diagnostic or therapeutic cardiovascular interventions.