Search

Einleitung: Das Sjögren Syndrom ist eine autoimmune entzündliche Erkrankung bei der insbesondere Speicheldrüsen und Tränendrüsen angegriffen werden. Es können aber auch innere Organe und das periphere Nervensystem von der Entzündung betroffen sein. Das Ziel der vorliegenden[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 47. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie (DGRh), 33. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädische Rheumatologie (DGORh), 29. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie (GKJR)

The depiction and description of body techniques of combat have always been a part of martial arts culture. For example, self-defence techniques of the Israeli system of Krav Maga have routinely been depicted and described in books. More recently, the dissemination of similar knowledge has been presented within emerging modern technologies such as online videos and blogs. We argue, however, that such approaches limit and may even harm the development of professional judgement and decision making of self-defence coaches. By focusing on (a) the distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge and (b) the complexity and non-linearity of self-defence situations, we point out the limitations of the depicted and described knowledge in these media (or channels) of communication. In essence, we argue that the focus on providing procedural knowledge to coaches promotes a view that self-defence skill development is linear. These foci ultimately will limit the adaptability of the coach in creating effective skill development programs for practitioners who need to be able to cope with complex dynamics of real world violence.

The crystallisation of sputter-deposited, amorphous In2O3:H films was investigated. The influence of deposition and crystallisation parameters onto crystallinity and electron hall mobility was explored. Significant precipitation of metallic indium was discovered in the crystallised films by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Melting of metallic indium at ~160 &deg, C was suggested to promote primary crystallisation of the amorphous In2O3:H films. The presence of hydroxyl was ascribed to be responsible for the recrystallization and grain growth accompanying the inter-grain In-O-In bounding. Metallic indium was suggested to provide an excess of free electrons in as-deposited In2O3 and In2O3:H films. According to the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, the work function of In2O3:H increased during crystallisation from 4 eV to 4.4 eV, which corresponds to the oxidation process. Furthermore, transparency simultaneously increased in the infraredspectral region. Water was queried to oxidise metallic indium in UHV at higher temperature as compared to oxygen in ambient air. Secondary ion mass-spectroscopy results revealed that the former process takes place mostly within the top ~50 nm. The optical band gap of In2O3:H increased by about 0.2 eV during annealing, indicating a doping effect. This was considered as a likely intra-grain phenomenon caused by both (In0)O&bull, &bull, and (OH&minus, )O&bull, point defects. The inconsistencies in understanding of In2O3:H crystallisation, which existed in the literature so far, were considered and explained by the multiplicity and disequilibrium of the processes running simultaneously.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive, fatal motor neuron disease with a variable natural history. There are no accurate models that predict the disease course and outcomes, which complicates risk assessment and counselling for individual patients, stratification of patients for trials, and timing of interventions. We therefore aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting a composite survival endpoint for individual patients with ALS. Methods: We obtained data for patients from 14 specialised ALS centres (each one designated as a cohort) in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, and the UK. All patients were diagnosed in the centres after excluding other diagnoses and classified according to revised El Escorial criteria. We assessed 16 patient characteristics as potential predictors of a composite survival outcome (time between onset of symptoms and noninvasive ventilation for more than 23 h per day, tracheostomy, or death) and applied backward elimination with bootstrapping in the largest population-based dataset for predictor selection. Data were gathered on the day of diagnosis or as soon as possible thereafter. Predictors that were selected in more than 70% of the bootstrap resamples were used to develop a multivariable Royston-Parmar model for predicting the composite survival outcome in individual patients. We assessed the generalisability of the model by estimating heterogeneity of predictive accuracy across external populations (ie, populations not used to develop the model) using internal–external cross-validation, and quantified the discrimination using the concordance (c) statistic (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve) and calibration using a calibration slope. Findings: Data were collected between Jan 1, 1992, and Sept 22, 2016 (the largest data-set included data from 1936 patients). The median follow-up time was 97·5 months (IQR 52·9–168·5). Eight candidate predictors entered the prediction model: bulbar versus non-bulbar onset (univariable hazard ratio [HR] 1·71, 95% CI 1·63–1·79), age at onset (1·03, 1·03–1·03), definite versus probable or possible ALS (1·47, 1·39–1·55), diagnostic delay (0·52, 0·51–0·53), forced vital capacity (HR 0·99, 0·99–0·99), progression rate (6·33, 5·92–6·76), frontotemporal dementia (1·34, 1·20–1·50), and presence of a C9orf72 repeat expansion (1·45, 1·31–1·61), all p

When designing silicon heterojunction SHJ solar cells with a rear emitter RE configuration the requirements of the conductivity of the transparent conducting oxide TCO at the front side are relaxed due to the contribution of lateral current flow within the silicon wafer. In this study, we analyze two approaches that can be implemented to benefit from this. Firstly, the absorption of the TCO can be reduced by designing a thinner TCO layer than the single layer anti reflective optimum. In this case, a second anti reflecting coating has to be deposited on top of the TCO to minimize reflection losses. Secondly, less conductive and more cost effective materials can be used without strongly compromising the device s series resistance Rs and FF and, hence, the cell performance. To quantify the optoelectronic potential of these approaches in detail, we performed a comparative study of three different TCOs indium tin oxide ITO , aluminum doped zinc oxide ZnO Al , and hydrogenated indium oxide IO H on rear emitter SHJ solar cells. From simulations and experimental results, we conclude that, as expected, solar cells with IO H as the front TCO reach the higheest efficiency. However, low cost and higher resistive materials such as ZnO Al can be implemented, without having a mayor efficiency penalty making them, moreover, competitive to the mainstream used ITO

Expert performance in self-defence situations has not been the subject of rigorous empirical investigation. This study aims is broaden knowledge in self-defence, its development and the role of contact, pain and inju- ry in training, in order to stimulate future research activity. Semi-structured interviews with two Israeli krav maga experts centred on the development of expertise in self-defence. The interviews were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological framework; an induc- tive approach that captures the richness and complexity of the lived experience. Two analytically leading themes emerged concerning a) the characteristics of expert self-defence performance and b) the benefits, drawbacks and limitations of contact and pain in training activities. By examining the analytic observation through a theoretical lens with regards to (a) the key components of decision-making and mind-set and (b) contact, pain and injury in the training process, we point the direction for further avenues of inquiry in the context of self-defence performance and the development of the associated skills.

International audience; A framework has been developed that allows validating CO2 column averaged volume mixing ratios (VMRs) retrieved from ground-based solar absorption measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTS) against measurements made in-situ (such as from aircrafts and tall towers). Since in-situ measurements are done frequently and at high accuracy on the global calibration scale, linking this scale with FTS total column retrievals ultimately provides a calibration scale for remote sensing. FTS, tower and aircraft data were analyzed from measurements during the CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) from May to June 2005 in Biscarrosse, France. Carbon dioxide VMRs from the MetAir Dimona aircraft, the TM3 global transport model and Observations of the Middle Stratosphere (OMS) balloon based experiments were combined and integrated to compare with the FTS measurements. The comparison allows for calibrating the retrieved carbon dioxide VMRs from the FTS. The Stochastic Time Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model was then utilized to identify differences in surface influence regions or footprints between the FTS and the aircraft CO2 concentrations. Additionally, the STILT model was used to compare carbon dioxide concentrations from a tall tower situated in close proximity to the FTS station. The STILT model was then modified to produce column concentrations of CO2 to facilitate comparison with the FTS data. These comparisons were additionally verified by using the Weather Research and Forecasting ? Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (WRF-VPRM). The differences between the model-tower and the model-FTS were then used to calculate an effective bias of approximately ?2.5 ppm between the FTS and the tower. This bias is attributed to the scaling factor used in the FTS CO2 data, which was to a large extent derived from the aircraft measurements made within a 50 km distance from the FTS station: spatial heterogeneity of carbon dioxide in the coastal area caused a low bias in the FTS calibration. Using STILT for comparing remotely sensed CO2 data with tower measurements of carbon dioxide and quantifying this comparison by means of an effective bias, provided a framework or a "transfer standard" that allowed validating the FTS retrievals versus measurements made in-situ.

We extend the analysis of a global CH4 data set retrieved from SCIAMACHY (Frankenberg et al., 2006) by making a detailed comparison with inverse TM5 model simulations for 2003 that are optimized versus high accuracy CH4 surface measurements from the NOAA ESRL network. The comparison of column averaged mixing ratios over remote continental and oceanic regions shows that major features of the atmospheric CH4 distribution are consistent between SCIAMACHY observations and model simulations. However, the analysis suggests that SCIAMACHY CH4 retrievals may have some bias that depends on latitude and season (up to 30 ppb). Large enhancements of column averaged CH4 mixing ratios ( 50–100 ppb) are observed and modeled over India, Southeast Asia, and the tropical regions of South America, and Africa. We present a detailed comparison of observed spatial patterns and their seasonal evolution with TM5 1 1 zoom simulations over these regions. Application of a new wetland inventory leads to a significant improvement in the agreement between SCIAMACHY retrievals and model simulations over the Amazon basin during the first half of the year. Furthermore, we present an initial coupled inversion that simultaneously uses the surface and satellite observations and that allows the inverse system to compensate for the potential systematic bias. The results suggest significantly greater tropical emissions compared to either the a priori estimates or the inversion based on the surface measurements only. Emissions from rice paddies in India and Southeast Asia are relatively well constrained by the SCIAMACHY data and are slightly reduced by the inversion.

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations, retrieved from spectral measurements made in the near infrared (NIR) by the SCIAMACHY instrument, using Full Spectral Initiation Weighting Function Modified Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (FSI WFM-DOAS), are compared to ground based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data and to the output from a global chemistry-transport model. Analysis of the FSI WFM-DOAS retrievals with respect to the ground based FTIR instrument, located at Egbert, Canada, show good agreement with an average negative bias of approximately -4.0% with a standard deviation of similar to 3.0%. This bias which exhibits an apparent seasonal trend, is of unknown origin, though slight differences between the averaging kernels of the instruments and the limited temporal coverage of the FTIR data may be the cause. The relative scatter of the retrieved vertical column densities is larger than the spread of the FTIR measurements. Normalizing the CO2 columns using the surface pressure does not affect the magnitude of this bias although it slightly decreases the scatter of the FSI data. Comparisons of the FSI retrievals to the TM3 global chemistry-transport model, performed over four selected Northern Hemisphere scenes show reasonable agreement. The correlation, between the time series of the SCIAMACHY and model monthly scene averages, are similar to 0.7 or greater, demonstrating the ability of SCIAMACHY to detect seasonal changes in the CO2 distribution. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle, peak to peak, observed by SCIAMACHY however, is larger by a factor of 2-3 with respect to the model, which cannot be explained. The yearly means detected by SCIAMACHY are within 2% of those of the model with the mean difference between the CO2 distributions also approximately 2.0%. Additionally, analysis of the retrieved CO2 distributions reveals structure not evident in the model fields which correlates well with land classification type. From these comparisons, it is estimated that the overall bias of the CO2 columns retrieved by the FSI algorithm is < 4.0% with the precision of monthly 1 degrees x1 degrees gridded data close to 1.0%. [References: 41]

The UV/Vis/near infrared spectrometer SCIAMACHY on board the European ENVISAT satellite enables total column retrieval of atmospheric methane with high sensitivity to the lower troposphere. The vertical column density of methane is converted to column averaged mixing ratio by using carbon dioxide retrievals as proxy for the probed atmospheric column. For this purpose, we apply concurrent total column measurements of CO2 in combination with modeled column-averaged CO2 mixing ratios. Possible systematic errors are discussed in detail while the precision error is 1.8% on average. This paper focuses on methane retrievals from January 2003 through December 2004. The measurements with global coverage over continents are compared with model results from the chemistry–transport model TM4. In the retrievals, the north-south gradient as well as regions with enhanced methane levels can be clearly identified. The highest abundances are found in the Red Basin of China, followed by northern South America, the Gangetic plains of India and central parts of Africa. Especially the abundances in northern South America and the Red Basin are generally higher than modeled. Further, we present the seasonal variations within the investigated time period. Peak values in Asia due to rice emissions are observed from August through October. We expand earlier investigations that suggest underestimated emissions in the tropics. It is shown that these underestimations show a seasonal behavior that peaks from August through December. The global measurements may be used for inverse modeling and are thus an important step towards better quantification of the methane budget.

International audience; The three carbon gases carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) are important atmospheric constituents affecting air quality and climate. The near-infrared nadir spectra measured by SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT contain information on the vertical columns of these gases which we retrieve using a modified DOAS algorithm (WFM-DOAS or WFMD). Our main data products are CO vertical columns and dry-air column averaged mixing ratios of methane (CH4) and CO2 (denoted XCH4 and XCO2). For CO and CH4 we present new results for the year 2003 obtained with an improved version of WFM-DOAS (WFMDv0.5) retrieved from Level 1 version 4 (Lv1v4) spectra. This data set has recently been compared with a network of ground based FTIR stations. Here we describe the WFMDv0.5 algorithm, present global and regional maps, and comparisons with global reference data. We show that major problems of the previous versions (v0.4 and v0.41) related to the varying ice-layer on the SCIAMACHY channel 8 detector have been solved. Compared to MOPITT the SCIAMACHY CO columns are on average higher by about 10?20%. Regionally, however, especially over central South America, differences can be much larger. For methane we present global and regional maps which are compared to TM5 model simulations performed using standard methane emission inventories. We show that methane source regions can be clearly detected with SCIAMACHY. We also show that the methane data product can be significantly further improved using Lv1v5 spectra with improved calibration. For CO2 we present three years of SCIAMACHY CO2 measurements over Park Falls, Wisconsin, USA, retrieved from Lv1v5. We show that the quality of CO2 retrieved from these spectra is significantly higher compared to WFMDv0.4 XCO2 retrieved from Lv1v4.

The three carbon gases carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) are important atmospheric constituents affecting air quality and climate. The nadir spectra of reflected and scattered solar radiation in the near-infrared region, as observed by SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT, contain information on the vertical columns of these gases. A modified DOAS algorithm (WFM-DOAS) has been developed to retrieve this information. The main SCIAMACHY/WFM-DOAS data products are CO vertical columns and dry-air column averaged mixing ratios of methane and CO2, denoted XCH4 and XCO2, respectively. For CO and methane we present new results obtained with an improved version of WFM-DOAS (v0.5). The SCIAMACHY data products have been compared with global reference data (MOPITT for CO, TM5 model simulations for XCH4). The comparisons indicate that major problems of the previous version of WFM-DOAS (v0.4x) related to the varying ice-layer on the SCIAMACHY channel 8 detector have been solved. On average, the SCIAMACHY CO agrees within 10% (standard deviation 30%) with MOPITT but regionally, especially over northern South America, large differences have been found (up to about 80%). For methane we present global and regional maps which are compared to TM5 model simulations performed using standard emission inventories. Overall, there is good agreement but regionally there are substantial differences, e.g., due to limitations of current methane emission inventories. It still needs to be assessed by how much emission inventories can be improved by using the SCIAMACHY data. Concerning CO2 we present a comparison of SCIAMACHY XCO2 (WFM-DOAS v0.4) with TM3 model simulations over Park Falls, Wisconsin, USA. The peak-to-peak XCO2 variability as measured by SCIAMACHY (seasonal cycle of year 2003?2005 data) is ~13 ppmv, in good agreement with preliminary analysis of ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) measurements, which is a factor of 2.3 larger than the XCO2 variability of TM3 model simulation for 2003. Park Falls is one of the few FTS ground stations which measure column averaged CO2 and detailed comparison with these measurements (after data release) will help identifying the reason for the observed differences between SCIAMACHY and global (atmospheric) carbon models such as TM3 as reported here and in previous studies. For all three carbon gases we present regional results including seasonal variation focusing on China.

Column-averaged volume mixing ratios of CO2 have been obtained by ground based high-resolution solar absorption spectrometry at Ny-Alesund (Spitsbergen, 79°N) in 20022003 and during two ship cruises (54°N34°S) on the Atlantic in 2003. Precisions are better than 0.4% at Ny-Alesund and better than 0.6% for the cruises. The observed 11 ppmv (part per million by volume) seasonal amplitude of the CO2 column at Ny-Alesund is about 5 ppmv smaller than surface in situ data and 24 ppmv greater than model-predictions. The latitudinal gradient of column CO2 inferred from shipborne measurements is less than 2 ppmv in Oct/Nov 2003. During the cruise in Jan/Feb 2003 the observed latitudinal variation is about 7 ppmv. This strong variation is caused by pollution events (biomass burning) and natural variations. Low CO2 columns observed between 5°S15°S are attributed to a strong seasonal amplitude of CO2 over Central Africa.