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Nutrition plays a significant role in the increasing prevalence of metabolic and brain disorders. Here we employ systems nutrigenomics to scrutinize the genomic bases of nutrient-host interaction underlying disease predisposition or therapeutic potential. We conducted transcriptome and epigenome sequencing of hypothalamus (metabolic control) and hippocampus (cognitive processing) from a rodent model of fructose consumption, and identified significant reprogramming of DNA methylation, transcript abundance, alternative splicing, and gene networks governing cell metabolism, cell communication, inflammation, and neuronal signaling. These signals converged with genetic causal risks of metabolic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders revealed in humans. Gene network modeling uncovered the extracellular matrix genes Bgn and Fmod as main orchestrators of the effects of fructose, as validated using two knockout mouse models. We further demonstrate that an omega-3 fatty acid, DHA, reverses the genomic and network perturbations elicited by fructose, providing molecular support for nutritional interventions to counteract diet-induced metabolic and brain disorders. Our integrative approach complementing rodent and human studies supports the applicability of nutrigenomics principles to predict disease susceptibility and to guide personalized medicine.

WISP1/CCN4 (hereafter referred to as WISP1), a member of the CCN family, is found in mineralized tissues and is produced by osteoblasts and their precursors. In this study, Wisp1-deficient (Wisp1(-/-)) mice were generated. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, we showed that by 3 months, the total bone mineral density of Wisp1(-/-) mice was significantly lower than that of WT mice. Further investigation by micro-computed tomography showed that female Wisp1(-/-) mice had decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume and that both male and female Wisp1(-/-) mice had decreased cortical bone thickness accompanied by diminished biomechanical strength. The molecular basis for decreased bone mass in Wisp1(-/-) mice arises from reduced bone formation likely caused by osteogenic progenitors that differentiate poorly compared with WT cells. Osteoclast precursors from Wisp1(-/-) mice developed more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in vitro and in transplants, suggesting that WISP1 is also a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. When bone turnover (formation and resorption) was induced by ovariectomy, Wisp1(-/-) mice had lower bone mineral density compared WT mice, confirming the potential for multiple roles for WISP1 in controlling bone homeostasis. Wisp1(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells had reduced expression of β-catenin and its target genes, potentially caused by WISP1 inhibition of SOST binding to LRP6. Taken together, our data suggest that the decreased bone mass found in Wisp1(-/-) mice could potentially be caused by an insufficiency in the osteodifferentiation capacity of bone marrow stromal cells arising from diminished Wnt signaling, ultimately leading to altered bone turnover and weaker biomechanically compromised bones.

The repair of injured tendons remains a great challenge, largely owing to a lack of in-depth characterization of tendon cells and their precursors. We show that human and mouse tendons harbor a unique cell population, termed tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs), that has universal stem cell characteristics such as clonogenicity, multipotency and self-renewal capacity. The isolated TSPCs could regenerate tendon-like tissues after extended expansion in vitro and transplantation in vivo. Moreover, we show that TSPCs reside within a unique niche predominantly comprised of an extracellular matrix, and we identify biglycan (Bgn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) as two critical components that organize this niche. Depletion of Bgn and Fmod affects the differentiation of TSPCs by modulating bone morphogenetic protein signaling and impairs tendon formation in vivo. Our results, while offering new insights into the biology of tendon cells, may assist in future strategies to treat tendon diseases., Author(s): Yanming Bi [1]; Driss Ehirchiou [2]; Tina M Kilts [1]; Colette A Inkson [1]; Mildred C Embree [1]; Wataru Sonoyama [1]; Li Li [1]; Arabella I Leet [3]; Byoung-Moo [...]

The article discusses a study which found that Wnt-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) regulates osteogenesis by enhancing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) activity. The study analyzed the influence of WISP-1 on integrin expression to understand how WISP-1 enhanced BMP-2 signaling. Based on antibody-blocking experiments, the researchers found the complete neutralization of the BMP-2 binding to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) by treatment with anti-integrin α5β1 antibody.

The repair of injured tendons remains a great challenge, largely owing to a lack of in-depth characterization of tendon cells and their precursors. We show that human and mouse tendons harbor a unique cell population, termed tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs), that has universal stem cell characteristics such as clonogenicity, multipotency and self-renewal capacity. The isolated TSPCs could regenerate tendon-like tissues after extended expansion in vitro and transplantation in vivo. Moreover, we show that TSPCs reside within a unique niche predominantly comprised of an extracellular matrix, and we identify biglycan (Bgn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) as two critical components that organize this niche. Depletion of Bgn and Fmod affects the differentiation of TSPCs by modulating bone morphogenetic protein signaling and impairs tendon formation in vivo. Our results, while offering new insights into the biology of tendon cells, may assist in future strategies to treat tendon diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WISP1/CCN4 (hereafter referred to as WISP1), a member of the CCN family, is found in mineralized tissues and is produced by osteoblasts and their precursors. In this study, Wisp1-deficient (Wisp1-/-) mice were generated. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, we showed that by 3 months, the total bone mineral density of Wisp1-/- mice was significantly lower than that of WT mice. Further investigation by micro-computed tomography showed that female Wisp1-/- mice had decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume and that both male and female Wisp1-/- mice had decreased cortical bone thickness accompanied by diminished biomechanical strength. The molecular basis for decreased bone mass in Wisp1-/- mice arises from reduced bone formation likely caused by osteogenic progenitors that differentiate poorly compared with WT cells. Osteoclast precursors from Wisp1-/- mice developed more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in vitro and in transplants, suggesting that WISP1 is also a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. When bone turnover (formation and resorption) was induced by ovariectomy, Wisp1-/- mice had lower bone mineral density compared WT mice, confirming the potential for multiple roles for WISP1 in controlling bone homeostasis. Wisp1-/- bone marrow stromal cells had reduced expression of β-catenin and its target genes, potentially caused by WISP1 inhibition of SOST binding to LRP6. Taken together, our data suggest that the decreased bone mass found in Wisp1-/- mice could potentially be caused by an insufficiency in the osteodifferentiation capacity of bone marrow stromal cells arising from diminished Wnt signaling, ultimately leading to altered bone turnover and weaker biomechanically compromised bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a severe and potentially lethal autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism most frequently caused by mutations in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase ( MMUT ) gene. Proof-of-concept adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy studies using mouse models of MMA have demonstrated promise for this therapeutic approach but translation to the clinic could be limited by preexisting capsid immunity and vector potency. Here we explore the efficacy of a novel clade E capsid, 44.9, as a serotype for systemic AAV gene therapy for MMA. An anti-AAV44.9 neutralizing antibody (NAb) survey in adult volunteers (n = 19) and a large cohort of MMA patients (n = 48) revealed a seroprevalence rate of ∼26% and 13%, respectively. The efficacy of AAV44.9 gene delivery was examined in two murine models of MMA, representing neonatal lethal and juvenile phenotypes of MMA. Systemic delivery of the AAV44.9- Mmut vector prevented lethality and lowered disease-related metabolites in MMA mice. Tissue biodistribution and transgene expression studies in treated MMA mice showed that AAV44.9 was efficient at transducing the liver and heart. In summary, we establish that AAV44.9 exhibits a low prevalence of preexisting NAb in humans, is highly efficacious in the treatment of clinically severe MMA mouse models and is therefore a promising vector for clinical translation., Competing Interests: R.J.C., G.D., J.A.C., and C.P.V. are inventors on a patent application filed by NIH on their behalf on the use of AAV44.9 as a gene therapy vector to treat MMA., (© 2022.)

Tendon is a vital musculoskeletal tissue that is prone to degeneration. Proper tendon maintenance requires complex interactions between extracellular matrix components that remain poorly understood. Collagen VI and biglycan are two matrix molecules that localize pericellularly within tendon and are critical regulators of tissue properties. While evidence suggests that collagen VI and biglycan interact within the tendon matrix, the relationship between the two molecules and its impact on tendon function remains unknown. We sought to elucidate potential coordinate roles of collagen VI and biglycan within tendon by defining tendon properties in knockout models of collagen VI, biglycan, or both molecules. We first demonstrated co-expression and co-localization of collagen VI and biglycan within the healing tendon, providing further evidence of cooperation between the two molecules during nascent tendon matrix formation. Deficiency in collagen VI and/or biglycan led to significant reductions in collagen fibril size and tendon mechanical properties. However, collagen VI-null tendons displayed larger reductions in fibril size and mechanics than seen in biglycan-null tendons. Interestingly, knockout of both molecules resulted in similar properties to collagen VI knockout alone. These results indicate distinct and non-additive roles for collagen VI and biglycan within tendon. This work provides better understanding of regulatory interactions between two critical tendon matrix molecules., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.)