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Aplastic anemia is a state of profound bone marrow hematopoietic impairment. As a consequence, leads to the occurrence of pancytopenia. Clinical symptoms are related to the main bone marrow damage, or incidentally the disease is diagnosed during screening. The aim of this study is to present the health problems of a patient with severe aplastic anemia.

At present, the most effective method of treatment for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is the promptest possible canalisation of the infarct-related vessel by means of the percutaneous coronary intervention method (PCI), which also affects the mode of nursing procedure. There is currently no functional model of care with regard to post-PCI patients, while previous attempts at implementing it have failed to include verification of patients' opinions. The purpose of the work was to indicate what problems of biopsychosocial nature occurred among post-PCI patients and to what extent they were resolved by the nurses. 100 ACS-affected patients treated with the PCI method were subjected to the study. The study utilised data collected on the basis of a survey questionnaire, medical records, and direct observation. It follows from the obtained data that the major problems occurring among post-PCI patients included: pain complaints, dyspnea, difficult urination, weakness, increased thirst, disturbed sleep rhythm, fear and anxiety, insufficient knowledge relating to disease risk factors. The patients were satisfied with nursing care involving the fulfillment of their biological needs, while significantly less with emotional and value-oriented support. 88% of the subjects reported an absence of health-related information and education. Among the patients treated with the PCI method due to the ACS causes, a high level of satisfaction was found with regard to nursing activities aimed at resolving biological problems. Improvements in the areas of emotional support, information, and health education are required.

An introduction to clinical practice of percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures (PCI) has a significant effect on the results of coronary heart disease treatment and, consequently, on the prolongation of a patient's life and an improvement of its quality. Those procedures are of an invasive nature, whereby they are burdened with the risk of an occurrence of complications. The purpose of this paper is to present a nursing care plan for patients subjected to percutaneous coronary intervention.

The thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a disease usually occurring among young men. It ordinarily arises at the age between thirty and forty years, especially among cigarette smokers. A significant role in the therapeutical and nursing-care process is played by the planning of care based on the observation of the patient's health needs and problems. The work presents a patient's health problems on the basis of their case study. Purpose of work. analysis of the biopsychosocial situation of the patient affected by Buerger's disease; specification of the patient's health problems. A medical history was described with regard to a patient suffering from Buerger's disease, that accomplished by employing the method of their individual case. The research techniques included interviews with the patient and the medical staff, analysis of medical records, and day-to-day observation of the patient during their stay at the angiology ward. The study was conducted for the duration of the patient's 18-day hospital-stay period, following the patient's prior consent obtained for the conduct of the study. Ten nursing-care problems were diagnosed in the patient, out of which the most prominent was the deficit of self-care caused by chronic pain, right-foot ulceration, and depression. In the course of the patient's stay at the angiology ward, the effects achieved included an alleviation of their pain complaints, a reduction of ulceration areas, an increase of psychophysical activity, mood enhancement. As a result of the therapeutical and nursing-care procedures that had been adopted, the patient was able, when leaving the hospital, to exercise self-care with respect to safe movement, selfobservation focussing on the course of the disease, the rules of feet care, physical activity, application of a diet, taking prescribed medication, regular follow-up evaluations at an angiology outpatient clinic. The patient requires emotional, information-related, and social support and encouragement provided on a regular basis.

Cardiovascular-system diseases account for 70-80% of deaths in economically developed countries and 40-50% in developing countries. The major influence on limiting the frequency of their occurrence is exerted by a healthy lifestyle, which amounts to an individual conduct conducive to maintaining or strengthening health. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the risk factors of the ischaemic heart disease among women performing mental work. The study was conducted in a group of 232 women performing mental work within the age range of 20-59 years. The study employed the method of a diagnostic survey and an analysis of medical records. 87% of the subjects judged their health to be good or very good, younger persons claiming so significantly more frequently (p < 0.001). The source of knowledge regarding health most often indicated by the surveyed women included newspapers, periodicals, and books (81.5%). 16.4% of the examined population admitted to regular smoking. The majority of the examined persons favoured passive recreation - 74.1% were most willing to watch television in their leisure time. Elevated values of total cholesterol were found among 32% of the surveyed women. An elevated blood-glucose level was found among 14% of the group subjected to the study. Overweight affected 26.7%, while obesity 11.2% of the women. 10.8% of the examined persons exhibited elevated values of systolic arterial blood pressure. The subjects were generally aware of their health condition and correctly interpreted the study results obtained. More than half the number of the subjects deemed the conditions of their work to be stressful, while every fifth examined person was found to exhibit somatic symptoms of increased emotional tension. The majority of the surveyed women indicated measures representing evasive techniques of coping with difficult situations (i.e. routine domestic tasks - 44.8%, conversation with a friend - 30.6%). Despite a satisfactory level of knowledge regarding a proper health-promoting lifestyle and an awareness of their own health condition, the majority of the surveyed women were found to exhibit modifiable risk factors pertaining to the cardiovascular system.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent disease: around 2 million Poles suffer of the COPD. The disease usually begins at the age of 30 and can continue for several decades. Development of the COPD is mainly caused by an active smoking, passive exposure to tobacco smoke and also certain occupational exposition on harmful smokes, dusts, gases, air pollution, as well as the infection of the respiratory system in childhood and such other factors as: a deficient of the a-1 antitripsine and the development disorder of lungs during the embryonic life period. The aim of the paper was to evaluate: - the level of COPD-affected patients’ knowledge on the subject of harmfulness of smoking and the latter's influence on the development of the disease; - patients' attempt to quit the addiction. The study employed a questionnaire consisting of two parts and containing 37 questions. The first part contained socioeconomic questions characterizing the examined group of COPD-diagnosed patients, while the second part included questions relating to the length of duration of the disease, occurrence of individual risk factors, the respondents' smoking record, their sources and level of knowledge concerning COPD. The survey comprised a group of 30 patients (4 women and 26 men) hospitalized as a result of an aggravation of the COPD. Only one of the respondents had never smoked. The remaining respondents, i.e. 97%, were smokers at the moment of COPD diagnosis. At present, approximately 3/4 of the surveyed COPD-diagnosed patients have ceased smoking. The primary factor which induced them to abandon the habit was the diagnosis of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. However, despite disease exacerbation 23% of the respondents still smoke. The analysis of the survey indicates that nearly 2/3 of the respondents possess knowledge with regard to the significance of smoking in the development and the course of COPD. Moreover, the majority of the surveyed population, i.e. 94%, is aware of the addictive impact of nicotine. All the patients realize the harm caused by smoking in respiratory, cardiovascular and alimentary system. The conducted study demonstrated that the majority of the respondents possessed correct information concerning the effects of smoking on the development and the course of COPD. For the majority of the smokers, the diagnosis of COPD entailed discontinuance of the smoking addiction. However, almost every fourth of the respondents smoke in spite of the diagnosis of the COPD.

In the epidemiological analysis of chronic diseases (most often cardiovascular or cancer) the main problem of interest is the estimation of the risk of death (or getting ill) related to set of characteristics called risk factors. For epidemiological studies typical features are: - large sample size (at least 1000 persons), - long follow up period for survival analysis (5 or more years), - large percentage of censored observations (patients who survive the whole time of study, more than 90%), - large number of registered risk factors. Some practical problems that concern the statistical analysis of the epidemiological data are following: - selection of the survival function model, - selection of the variables included into the model, - inclusion of interaction and/or higher order effect into the model. Some solutions of presented problems were applied to the Polish Part of Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Program (Euro 8202). The program was conducted in 1976-1982 years with long follow up period concerning mortality till 1994 year. The program covered 8603 working men aged 40-59 years in two regions - Warsaw and South-Eastern Poland. Most of statistical analyses were performed on the basis of standard Statistical Analysis System (SAS) package. Jednym z głównych celów epidemiologicznych badań nad chorobami przewlekłymi (najczęściej układu krążenia lub nowotworowymi) jest oszacowanie ryzyka zachorowania lub zgonu w zależności od zespołu cech - czynników ryzyka. Badania epidemiologiczne charakteryzują się najczęściej następującymi własnościami: - duża liczebność próby, powyżej 1000 badanych; długi okres obserwacji badanych osób, ponad kilka lat; - wysoka frakcja (ok. 90%) osób, które przeżyły cały okres badania bez incydentu chorobowego, tzw. cenzorowanie administracyjne; - duża liczba czynników ryzyka rejestrowanych w badaniu. Analiza statystyczna badania epidemiologicznego wymaga, między innymi, rozwiązania następujących problemów: - wybór modelu funkcji oceniającej ryzyko, - selekcja badanych w modelu czynników ryzyka, - ocena wzajemnego oddziaływania (interakcji) badanych czynników i ocena nieliniowych efektów ich oddziaływania. Rozwiązanie przedstawionych zadań przeprowadzono na przykładzie analizy wyników Polskiego Programu Prewencji Chorób Układu Krążenia przeprowadzonego w latach 1976-1982, obejmującego 8603 mężczyzn zatrudnionych w zakładach pracy w dwóch regionach Polski -Warszawy i Polski Południowo-Wschodniej i rozszerzonego o obserwację postępującą w zakresie zgonu do roku 1994. Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę