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Human-in-the-loop (HITL) feedback mechanisms can significantly enhance machine learning models, particularly in financial fraud detection, where fraud patterns change rapidly, and fraudulent nodes are sparse. Even small amounts of feedback from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) can notably boost model performance. This paper examines the impact of HITL feedback on both traditional and advanced techniques using proprietary and publicly available datasets. Our results show that HITL feedback improves model accuracy, with graph-based techniques benefiting the most. We also introduce a novel feedback propagation method that extends feedback across the dataset, further enhancing detection accuracy. By leveraging human expertise, this approach addresses challenges related to evolving fraud patterns, data sparsity, and model interpretability, ultimately improving model robustness and streamlining the annotation process., Comment: International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications 2024

As the availability of financial services online continues to grow, the incidence of fraud has surged correspondingly. Fraudsters continually seek new and innovative ways to circumvent the detection algorithms in place. Traditionally, fraud detection relied on rule-based methods, where rules were manually created based on transaction data features. However, these techniques soon became ineffective due to their reliance on manual rule creation and their inability to detect complex data patterns. Today, a significant portion of the financial services sector employs various machine learning algorithms, such as XGBoost, Random Forest, and neural networks, to model transaction data. While these techniques have proven more efficient than rule-based methods, they still fail to capture interactions between different transactions and their interrelationships. Recently, graph-based techniques have been adopted for financial fraud detection, leveraging graph topology to aggregate neighborhood information of transaction data using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Despite showing improvements over previous methods, these techniques still struggle to keep pace with the evolving camouflaging tactics of fraudsters and suffer from information loss due to over-smoothing. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that employs an efficient neighborhood sampling method, effective for camouflage detection and preserving crucial feature information from non-similar nodes. Additionally, we introduce a novel GNN architecture that utilizes attention mechanisms and preserves holistic neighborhood information to prevent information loss. We test our algorithm on financial data to show that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art graph algorithms., Comment: International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications 2024

With the increasing number of financial services available online, the rate of financial fraud has also been increasing. The traffic and transaction rates on the internet have increased considerably, leading to a need for fast decision-making. Financial institutions also have stringent regulations that often require transparency and explainability of the decision-making process. However, most state-of-the-art algorithms currently used in the industry are highly parameterized black-box models that rely on complex computations to generate a score. These algorithms are inherently slow and lack the explainability and speed of traditional rule-based learners. This work introduces SR-MCTS (Symbolic Regression MCTS), which utilizes a foundational GPT model to guide the MCTS, significantly enhancing its convergence speed and the quality of the generated expressions which are further extracted to rules. Our experiments show that SR-MCTS can detect fraud more efficiently than widely used methods in the industry while providing substantial insights into the decision-making process., Comment: ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management 2024 RAG - Enterprise

In this work, we study the thermodynamic properties of quark-gluon plasma using Kramer's $q-potential$ method. We propose a modification in the first law of thermodynamics by including a temperature-dependent term when single particle energies themselves are temperature-dependent. With this modified first law, we derive an expression for pressure starting from Kramer's $q-potential$. We find that to maintain thermodynamic consistency, pressure receives an additional term solely due to medium-dependent dispersion relation. The energy density, by definition, remains a sum over all the single-particle energies with an appropriate weight factor. We confront this quasiparticle model with the lattice QCD data of SU(3) pure gluon plasma., Comment: 5 pages, 1 captioned figure

In this paper, we have outlined the development of an autonomous dynamical system within a general scalar-tensor gravity framework. This framework encompasses the overall structure of the non-minimally coupled scalar field functions for both the torsion scalar ($T$) and the boundary term ($B$). We have examined three well-motivated forms of potential functions and constrained the model parameters through dynamical system analysis. This analysis has played a crucial role in identifying cosmologically viable models. We have analysed the behaviour of dynamical parameters such as equation-of-state parameters for dark energy and the total, as well as all the standard density parameters for radiation, matter, and dark energy to assess their compatibility with current observational data. The phase space diagrams are presented to support the stability conditions of the corresponding critical points. The Universe is apparent in its late-time cosmic acceleration phase via the dark energy-dominated critical points. Additionally, we compare our findings with the most prevailing $\Lambda$CDM model. The outcomes are further inspected using the cosmological data sets of Supernovae Ia and the Hubble rate H(z)., Comment: 30 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables

The construction of gauge invariant states of SU(3) lattice gauge theories has garnered new interest in recent years, but implementing them is complicated by the need for SU(3) Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. In the loop-string-hadron (LSH) approach to lattice gauge theories, the elementary excitations are strictly gauge invariant, and constructing the basis requires no knowledge of Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Originally developed for SU(2), the LSH formulation was recently generalized to SU(3), but limited to one spatial dimension. In this work, we generalize the LSH approach to constructing the basis of SU(3) gauge invariant states at a trivalent vertex - the essential building block to multidimensional space. A direct generalization from the SU(2) vertex yields a legitimate basis; however, in certain sectors of the Hilbert space, the naive LSH basis vectors so defined suffer from being nonorthogonal. The issues with orthogonality are directly related to the `missing label' or `outer multiplicity' problem associated with SU(3) tensor products, and may also be phrased in terms of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients or the need for a `seventh Casimir' operator. The states that are unaffected by the problem are orthonormalized in closed form. For the sectors that are afflicted, we discuss the nonorthogonal bases and their orthogonalization. A few candidates for seventh Casimir operators are readily constructed from the suite of LSH gauge-singlet operators. The diagonalization of a seventh Casimir represents one prescriptive solution towards obtaining a complete orthonormal basis, but a closed-form general solution remains to be found., Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

In this paper, we investigate the role of scalar field potentials in the dynamical evolution of the Universe. A gravity theory with a non-minimally coupled scalar field with torsion in the geometrical action simulating effective dark energy is considered to study an extended matter bounce scenario. The dynamical behaviour of the equation of state parameter has been studied near the bouncing epoch. Keeping in mind the inflationary behaviour near the bounce, five different scalar field potential functions are explored, and their effect on the equation of state parameter is investigated., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, Constructive comments are welcome

Spiral structures and cold fronts in X-rays are frequently observed in cool core galaxy clusters. However, studies on radio mini-haloes associated with such spirals and their physical connections are rare. Here, we present the detection of an extended diffuse radio emission entrained in the X-ray spiral structure in a known cool core cluster Abell 795 (A795). Though the cool core is a sign of the relaxed nature of the clusters, our re-analysed 30 ks Chandra X-ray data of cluster A795 confirms the presence of an interesting log spiral structure of X-ray deficit region complemented by an X-ray excess counter spiral in the residual map, exposing its dynamical activity. Our new analysis of 150 $\&$ 325 MHz GMRT archival data of the cluster confirms the detection of a $\sim180$ kpc ultra-steep ($\alpha\sim-2.7$) diffuse radio structure which was previously reported as a candidate radio mini halo from low sensitive survey maps. This radio emission spans the entire spiral structure ($\sim186$ kpc), enclosed by two previously reported cold fronts. Furthermore, SDSS DR13 optical spectra, as well as GALEX's FUV data, show a considerably low total star formation rate of 2.52 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ and having no significant variation in metallicity distribution. We argued that the two-phase (hot and cold) plasma at the cluster core with differential velocity has probably caused the spiral formation and has redistributed the secondary electrons from the central BCG or the pre-accelerated electrons which have been (re-)accelerated by the sloshing turbulence to form the observed candidate radio mini-halo structure. This has been supported by a few previous studies that indicate spiral formation and sloshing turbulence may quench star formation and facilitate smooth metallicity distribution by mixing the gas in the core., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

This paper presents properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) in the environment of a cool core cluster Abell 2566 (redshift $z$ = 0.08247) based on the analysis of 20 ks Chandra X-ray data. 2D imaging analysis of the Chandra data from this cluster revealed spiral structures in the morphology of X-ray emission from within the central 109 kpc formed due to gas sloshing. This analysis also witness sharp edges in the surface brightness distribution along the south-east and north-west of the X-ray peaks at 41.6 kpc and 77.4 kpc, respectively. Spectral analysis of 0.5 - 7 keV X-ray photons along these discontinuities exhibited sharp temperature jumps from 2.3 to 3.1 keV and 1.8 to 2.8 keV, respectively, with consistency in the pressure profiles, implying their association with cold fronts due to gas sloshing of the gas. Further confirmation for such an association was provided by the deprojected broken power-law density function fit to the surface brightness distribution along these wedge shaped sectorial regions. This study also witness an offset of 4.6 arcsec (6.8 kpc) between the BCG and the X-ray peak, and interaction of the BCG with a sub-system in the central region, pointing towards the origin of the spiral structure due to a minor merger., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for New Astronomy

In this paper, we have presented a power law cosmological model and its dynamical system analysis in $f(T,\phi)$ gravity, where $T$ is the torsion scalar and $\phi$ is the canonical scalar field. The two well-motivated forms of the non-minimal coupling function $F(\phi)$, the exponential form and the power law form, with exponential potential function, are investigated. The dynamical system analysis is performed by establishing the dimensionless dynamical variables, and the critical points were obtained. The evolution of standard density parameters is analysed for each case. The behaviour of the equation of state (EoS) and deceleration parameter show agreement with the result of cosmological observations. The model parameters are constrained using the existence and the stability conditions of the critical points describing different epochs of the evolution of the Universe., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, constructive comments appreciated

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of 30 ks Chandra and 46.8 ks (13 Hr) 1.4 GHz GMRT radio data on the cool-core cluster RXCJ0352.9+1941 with an objective to investigate AGN activities at its core. This study confirms a pair of X-ray cavities at projected distances of about 10.30 kpc and 20.80 kpc, respectively, on the NW and SE of the X-ray peak. GMRT L band (1.4 GHz) data revealed a bright radio source associated with the core of this cluster hosting multiple jet-like emissions. The spatial association of the X-ray cavities with the inner pair of radio jets confirm their origin due to AGN outbursts. The 1.4 GHz radio power ${\rm 7.4 \pm 0.8 \times 10^{39} \, erg\, s^{-1}}$ is correlated with the mechanical power stored in the X-ray cavities ($\sim7.90\times 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$), implying that the power injected by radio jets in the ICM is sufficient enough to offset the radiative losses. The X-shaped morphology of diffuse radio emission seems to be comprised of two pairs of orthogonal radio jets, likely formed due to a spin-flip of jets due to the merger of two systems. The X-ray surface brightness analysis of the ICM in its environment revealed two non-uniform, extended spiral-like emission structures on either side of the core, pointing towards the sloshing of gas due to a minor merger and might have resulted in a cold front at $\sim$31 arcsec (62 kpc) with a temperature jump of 1.44 keV., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy

Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are the oldest dated solid materials in the solar system, found as light-coloured crystalline ingredients in meteorites. Their formation time is commonly associated with age zero of the Solar System. Yet, the physical and chemical processes that once led to the formation of these sub-millimetre to centimetre-sized mineral particles in the early solar nebula are still a matter of debate. This paper proposes a pathway to form such inclusions during the earliest phases of disc evolution. We combine 1D viscous disc evolutionary models with 2D radiative transfer, equilibrium condensation, and new dust opacity calculations. We show that the viscous heating associated with the high accretion rates in the earliest evolutionary phases causes the midplane inside of about 0.5 au to heat up to limiting temperatures of about 1500-1700 K, but no further. These high temperatures force all refractory material components of the inherited interstellar dust grains to sublimate - except for a few Al-Ca-Ti oxides such as Al2O3, Ca2Al2SiO7, and CaTiO3. Once the Mg-Fe silicates are gone, the dust becomes more transparent and the heat is more efficiently transported to the disc surface, which prevents any further warm-up. This thermostat mechanism keeps these minerals above their annealing temperature for hundreds of thousands of years, which creates large, pure and crystalline particles. These particles are dragged out by the viscously spreading disc. Beyond about 0.5 au, the silicates re-condense on the Ca-Al-rich particles, adding an amorphous silicate matrix. We estimate that this mechanism to produce CAIs works during the first 50000 years of disc evolution. These particles then continue to move outward and populate the entire disc up to radii of about 50 au, before, eventually, the accretion rate subsides, the disc cools, and the particles start to drift inwards., Comment: accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics, 17 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables

The explosive growth of online content demands robust Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques that can capture nuanced meanings and cultural context across diverse languages. Semantic Textual Relatedness (STR) goes beyond superficial word overlap, considering linguistic elements and non-linguistic factors like topic, sentiment, and perspective. Despite its pivotal role, prior NLP research has predominantly focused on English, limiting its applicability across languages. Addressing this gap, our paper dives into capturing deeper connections between sentences beyond simple word overlap. Going beyond English-centric NLP research, we explore STR in Marathi, Hindi, Spanish, and English, unlocking the potential for information retrieval, machine translation, and more. Leveraging the SemEval-2024 shared task, we explore various language models across three learning paradigms: supervised, unsupervised, and cross-lingual. Our comprehensive methodology gains promising results, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. This work aims to not only showcase our achievements but also inspire further research in multilingual STR, particularly for low-resourced languages., Comment: 8 pages

Quantum simulation holds promise of enabling a complete description of high-energy scattering processes rooted in gauge theories of the Standard Model. A first step in such simulations is preparation of interacting hadronic wave packets. To create the wave packets, one typically resorts to adiabatic evolution to bridge between wave packets in the free theory and those in the interacting theory, rendering the simulation resource intensive. In this work, we construct a wave-packet creation operator directly in the interacting theory to circumvent adiabatic evolution, taking advantage of resource-efficient schemes for ground-state preparation, such as variational quantum eigensolvers. By means of an ansatz for bound mesonic excitations in confining gauge theories, which is subsequently optimized using classical or quantum methods, we show that interacting mesonic wave packets can be created efficiently and accurately using digital quantum algorithms that we develop. Specifically, we obtain high-fidelity mesonic wave packets in the $Z_2$ and $U(1)$ lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter in 1+1 dimensions. Our method is applicable to both perturbative and non-perturbative regimes of couplings. The wave-packet creation circuit for the case of the $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory is built and implemented on the Quantinuum H1-1 trapped-ion quantum computer using 13 qubits and up to 308 entangling gates. The fidelities agree well with classical benchmark calculations after employing a simple symmetry-based noise-mitigation technique. This work serves as a step toward quantum computing scattering processes in quantum chromodynamics., Comment: 44 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables, v3: Version accepted to Quantum. Typos fixed, two new figures added, and minor structural changes to improve readability and address referees' suggestions

The evolutionary behavior of the Universe has been analysed through the dynamical system analysis in $f(T,B,T_G,B_G)$ gravity, where $T$, $B$, $T_G$, and $B_G$ respectively represent torsion, boundary term, teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet term and Gauss-Bonnet boundary term. We use the transformation, $f(T,B,T_G,B_G)=-T+\mathcal{F}(T, B, T_G, B_G)$ in order to obtain the deviation from the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR). Two cosmological models pertaining to the functional form of $\mathcal{F}(T, B, T_G, B_G)$ have been studied. The well motivated forms are: (i) $\mathcal{F}(T, B, T_G, B_G) = f_{0} T^{m} B^{n}T_{G}^{k}$ and (ii) $\mathcal{F}(T, B, T_G, B_G)=b_{0} B + g_{0} T_{G}^{k} $. The evolutionary phases of the Universe have been identified through the detailed analysis of the critical points. Further, with the eigenvalues and phase space diagrams, the stability and attractor nature of the accelerating solution have been explored. The evolution plots have been analyzed for the corresponding cosmology and compatibility with the present observed value of standard density parameters have been shown., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables. Constructive comments are welcome

For a ring $R$, the zero-divisor graph is a simple graph $\Gamma(R)$ whose vertex set is the set of all non-zero zero-divisors in a ring $R$, and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy=0$ or $yx=0$ in $R$. By using Weyl's inequality we give bounds on eigenvalues of adjacency matrix of $\Gamma(M_2(F))$, where $M_2(F)$ is a $2 \times 2$ matrix ring over a finite field $F$.

Double beta decays are rare nuclear processes that can occur in two modes: two-neutrino double beta decay, observed in the Standard Model, and neutrinoless double beta decay, a hypothetical process with profound implications for Particle Physics. To draw reliable conclusions from their experimental constraints, it is necessary to have accurate predictions of the underlying hadronic interactions described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a non-Abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group SU(3). QCD predictions require non-perturbative methods for calculating observables, and lattice QCD (LQCD), a numerical method based on QCD formulated on a finite space-time grid, is the only reliable first-principles technique for obtaining quantitative results. However, LQCD needs formal prescriptions to match numerical results with observables. This thesis provides such prescriptions for double beta decays using the finite volume effects in the LQCD framework. Matching relations that connect two-nucleon double beta decay amplitudes to quantities accessible via LQCD calculations, namely the nuclear matrix elements and two-nucleon energy spectra in a finite volume are provided. The impact of uncertainties is examined on the precision with which low-energy constants of the corresponding effective field theories can be determined from future LQCD calculations. Hamiltonian simulation of QCD is another non-perturbative method of solving QCD which can be more suitable in some cases than the conventional LQCD. The rise of tensor network methods and quantum simulation has made Hamiltonian simulation of lattice gauge theories (LGTs) a reality. Towards the goal of simulating QCD, a loop-string-hadron (LSH) formulation of an SU(3) LGT with matter in 1+1 dimensions is developed in this thesis, motivated by recent studies that showed the LSH formulation of an SU(2) LGT to be advantageous over other formulations., Comment: PhD Thesis: 324 pages, 38 figures