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Auditing is a collective process conducted by a professional accounting team with a wide range of skills and experience. Audit work is labor-intensive, and audit team diversity, particularly gender diversity, is considered to have both auditing and economic effects. However, there is scant empirical research on the way that audit engagements are conducted and the role of audit team leaders (ATLs), specifically female ATLs, in the audit effort, because they and other audit team members mainly develop audit strategies in practice during the planification period. A hand-collected private data set was gathered from Spanish small and medium-sized audit firms from 2001 to 2015. After controlling for endogeneity, the analysis shows a more efficient audit effort by female ATLs and their audit teams when task complexity increases. Furthermore, the findings show a masculinization process by female ATLs when their experience rises, which may be interpreted as intrinsic motivation for future promotions. Additional analyses also reveal differences in female ATLs’ behavior when there are shorter audit firm tenures and larger audit firm sizes. Overall, our empirical evidence is in line with the idea that gender diversity is positive for audit efficiency. Our study responds to calls from regulators to consider audit team attributes as a relevant factor in the quality of audit quality practices.

The role of e-learning in the existing and challenging educational era is crucial. However, it is necessary to overcome some drawbacks such as feelings of isolation and a lack of emotional contact. In this sense, emotion management is a key driver of student satisfaction in e-learning, which is significantly related to students’ motivation, learning, cognitive strategies, self-regulation, and personality antecedents in the classroom. This article examines an online postgraduate course in financial statements auditing, describing the resources used by the e-tutor to conduct affective tutorials, reduce students’ feelings of isolation, increase student involvement, and achieve success in e-learning. The results of a survey administered to 125 students over the period 2015 to 2020 indicate that students who receive emotional support have higher levels of satisfaction with the course in terms of all satisfaction indicators. In addition, female e-learning students are more satisfied with intensive e-tutor monitoring overall but are less gratified by non-face-to-face e-tools. Our study responds to the calls in the 2021–2027&nbsp, Digital Education Action Plan to improve and reset education and training for the digital age.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si los auditores son capaces de detectar la gestión de resultados en sus empresas auditadas y si ante un incremento en el esfuerzo, el nivel de devengos discrecionales será menor. Como singular contribución, se mide el esfuerzo del auditor mediante las horas efectivamente empleadas, al contrario que trabajos anteriores que se basan en honorarios u horas estimadas o subrogados de estas. Asimismo, la muestra utilizada está compuesta por pequeñas y medianas firmas de auditoría, lo que le aporta un valor añadido por ser este segmento del mercado de auditoría más competitivo. Los resultados evidencian que el cliente reduce los devengos anormales positivos del resultado ante un incremento del esfuerzo del auditor, poniendo así en valor su figura como garante de la información financiera, contribuyendo al debate sobre la calidad de las pequeñas firmas. En lo que respecta a los ajustes por devengo negativos, se puede interpretar una pasividad del auditor ante el conservadurismo contable y un efecto aprendizaje en el cliente, que aumenta la manipulación negativa de resultados conforme se incrementa la duración contractual con el auditor. The objective of this paper is to analyze if small and medium auditors are able to detect the earning managments in their audited companies and, in that case, if the increase of the audit effort produces a lower level of discretionary accruals. As a particular contribution, the auditor's effort has been measured through the hours actually spent, unlike previous work based on estimated or subrogated fees or hours. Similarly, the sample used is composed of small and medium-sized audit firms, which gives added value for this segment of the most competitive audit market. The results show that the client reduces the positive abnormal accruals if the audit effort increases, thus valuing his figure as guarantor of the financial information, contributing to the debate on the quality of small firms. Regarding the negative accrual adjustments, it could be interpreted as an auditor passivity against the accounting conservatism and a learning effect on the client, which increases the negative discretional accruals as the contractual relationship with the auditor increases.

Este estudio investiga la aplicación, por parte de las socias auditoras, de una prima de riesgo en las auditoras españolas de pequeñas y medianas empresas como herramienta de cobertura. Mediante técnicas econométricas se ha realizado un análisis univariante y multivariante a 2.536 observaciones de clientes auditados por veintiuna firmas de auditoría de pequeña y media dimensión durante el periodo 2002 y 2014. Los resultados sugieren que las empresas auditadas pagan unas tarifas de auditoría más altas cuando el informe de auditoría es firmado por una mujer. La evidencia combinada en este estudio sugiere la existencia de una prima de riesgo femenina. Esta prima en los honorarios puede existir por las diferencias de género existentes a la hora de percibir y tolerar el riesgo. A diferencia de estudios anteriores se controla el esfuerzo del auditor a través de las horas dedicadas en cada uno de los trabajos, centrando el análisis en el segmento de pequeñas y medianas firmas de auditoría. This study investigates the application by auditor women of a risk premium in Spanish audit firms of SME companies as a hedging tool. Using econometric models, it has been developed univariate and multivariate analysis over 2,536 observations of clients audited by twenty one small and medium-sized audit firms for the period of 2002 to 2012. In short, the results suggest that the audited companies pay higher tariffs audit when the audit report is signed by a woman. The combined evidence in this study suggests the existence of a female risk premium. This premium in fees may exist due to gender differences existing when perceiving and tolerating risk. Unlike previous studies, the audit effort has been controlled by the hours dedicated to each of the works and focused the analysis on the segment of SME audit firms.