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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target to treat obesity and diabetes, dissipating energy as heat. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with obesogenic diets; however, T2D was also reported in lean individuals to be associated with genetic factors. We aimed to investigate the differences between obese and lean models of insulin resistance (IR) and elucidate the mechanism associated with BAT metabolism and dysfunction in different IR animal models: a genetic model (lean GK rats) and obese models (diet-induced obese Wistar rats) at 8 weeks of age fed a high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) diet, or high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks. At 15 weeks of age, BAT glucose uptake was evaluated by 18F-FDG PET under basal (saline administration) or stimulated condition (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist). After CL316, 243 administrations, GK animals showed decreased glucose uptake compared to HC animals. At 16 weeks of age, the animals were euthanized, and the interscapular BAT was dissected for analysis. Histological analyses showed lower cell density in GK rats and higher adipocyte area compared to all groups, followed by HFHS and HF compared to HC. HFHS showed a decreased batokine FGF21 protein level compared to all groups. However, GK animals showed increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (CPT1 and CPT2), BAT metabolism (Sirt1 and Pgc1-α), and obesogenic genes (leptin and PAI-1) but decreased gene expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) compared to other groups. Our data suggest impaired BAT function in obese Wistar and GK rats, with evidence of a whitening process in these animals.

Background Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, not all patients with T2DM are obese. The Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rat is an experimental model of spontaneous and non‐obese T2DM. There is evidence that the intestine contributes to IR development in GK animals. This information prompted us to investigate small intestine remodeling in this animal model. Methods Four‐month‐old male Wistar (control) and GK rats were utilized for the present study. After removing the small intestine, the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and distal ileum were separated. We then measured villi and muscular and mucosa layer histomorphometry, goblet cells abundance, total myenteric and submucosal neuron populations, and inflammatory marker expression in the small intestinal segments and intestinal transit of both groups of animals. Key Results We found that the GK rats exhibited decreased intestinal area (p, Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rat is an experimental model of spontaneous and non‐obese type‐2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM).GK rats exhibit decreased small intestinal area, increased crypt depth, villi height and thickness, and muscular layer thickness, increased content of IL‐1β and NF‐κB p65, decreased density of submucosal neurons, myenteric and submucosal neuronal and ganglionic hypertrophy, and decreased intestinal transit.The development of IR and T2DM in GK rats is associated with small intestine remodeling with marked changes in morphology, enteric nervous system, and transit.

Aging can promote significant morphofunctional changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Regulation of GIT motility is mainly controlled by the myenteric neurons of the enteric nervous system. Actions that aim at decreasing the aging effects in the GIT include those related to diet, with caloric restriction (CR). The CR is achieved by controlling the amount of food or by manipulating the components of the diet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of CR on the plasticity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate– (NADPH-) reactive myenteric neurons in the colon of Wistar rats during the aging process using ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and morphoquantitative analysis. Wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were distributed into 4 groups (n = 10/group): C, 6-month-old animals; SR, 18-month-old animals fed a normal diet; CRI, 18-month-old animals fed a 12% CR diet; CRII, 18-month-old animals fed a 31% CR diet. At 6 months of age, animals were transferred to the laboratory animal facility, where they remained until 18 months of age. Animals of the CRI and CRII groups were submitted to CR for 6 months. In the ultrastructural analysis, a disorganization of the periganglionar matrix with the aging was observed, and this characteristic was not observed in the animals that received hypocaloric diet. It was observed that the restriction of 12.5% and 31% of calories in the diet minimized the increase in density and cell profile of the reactive NADPH neurons, increased with age. This type of diet may be adapted against gastrointestinal disturbances that commonly affect aging individuals.

A subnutrição é uma doença causada pela ingestão inadequada e/ou insuficiente de energia ou de outras biomoléculas, que pode comprometer o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos tecidos. Em conjunto, a cartilagem do processo condilar da mandíbula e a sincondrose basioccipital representam os dois centros efetivos do crescimento craniofacial, que depende, dentre outros, de fatores locais como a produção do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I) e seu receptor (IGF-IR). Alterações tanto no peptídeo quanto no receptor estão associadas a graves atrasos no crescimento e desenvolvimento ósseo. Dentre os nutrientes alternativos com a capacidade de promoção da recuperação nutricional, destaca-se o resveratrol, um polifenol contido na uva e derivados que pode promover a melhora do crescimento através de propriedades osteogênicas, além de atuar como condroprotetor. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da subnutrição proteica na cartilagem do processo condilar da mandíbula (PC) e na sincondrose basioccipital (SBo) de ratos, bem como os processos de renutrição e suplementação com resveratrol nos períodos pré-púbere (21 dias) e púbere (60 dias). Os grupos nutrido (N) e subnutrido (S) foram formados por filhotes cujas mães receberam dieta normoproteica e hipoproteica, respectivamente, desde o período de acasalamento; ao completarem 21 dias de vida extrauterina, época determinada para o desmame, os filhotes foram eutanasiados. A partir do 22° dia de vida, filhotes dos grupos N e S foram mantidos com as respectivas dietas até o 60° dia de vida quando constituíram, respectivamente, os grupos NN e SS. Dois grupos considerados renutridos foram formados por animais do grupo S, que a partir do 22° dia passaram a receber, o primeiro, a dieta normoproteica com 20% de caseína (grupo RN), e o segundo, a dieta normoproteica acrescida de resveratrol (RRv). A cartilagem do PC e a SBo foram processadas através das técnicas histológicas rotineiras e posteriormente submetidas às colorações da HE, Picrossíruis e Safranina-O, para a evidenciação dos componentes celular e colágeno e imunohistoquímica para a marcação de células reativas ao IGF-I e IGF-IR. Os aspectos ultraestruturais também foram analisados através da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados mostraram que a subnutrição foi capaz de alterar os componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC), acarretando em modificações na secreção das fibrilas colágenas e acúmulo de proteoglicanas nos tecidos; diminuição do número de células imunorreativas ao IGF-I e IGF-IR na cartilagem do PC e atraso no crescimento ósseo endocondral, comprovado através das avaliações quantitativas e morfométricas, em ambos os tecidos. A renutrição com dieta normal foi parcialmente eficaz na recuperação dos parâmetros avaliados, e pode ter provocado uma diminuição da capacidade de resposta celular ao IGF-I. Os efeitos condroprotetores do resveratrol foram fundamentados através da recuperação dos componentes da MEC e organelas dos condrócitos e uma possível diminuição da insensibilidade ao IGF-I; o atraso no crescimento ósseo endocondral foi minimizado através do seu potencial osteogênico (mais acentuado na SBo). Muito embora a recuperação dos tecidos não tenha ocorrido totalmente, diante dos dados apresentados, pode-se afirmar que a suplementação de resveratrol na dieta auxiliou de forma mais efetiva no restabelecimento dos parâmetros afetados pela subnutrição do que somente a recuperação proteica com dieta normal Undernutrition is a disease caused by inadequate and / or insufficient intake of energy or other biomolecules, which can compromise growth and development of tissues. Together, the mandibular condylar cartilage and basioccipital synchondrosis represent the two effective centers of craniofacial growth, which depends of the factors such as the local production of insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) and receptor (IGF-IR). Changes in both the peptide and receptor are associated with serious delays in growth and bone development. Among the alternative nutrients to the promotion capacity of nutritional recovery, there is resveratrol, a polyphenol contained in grapes and derivatives that can promote improved growth through osteogenic properties, besides acting as chondroprotective. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate in rats the effects of protein undernutrition in the mandibular condylar cartilage and basioccipital synchondrosis, as well renutrition and supplementation with resveratrol in pre pubertal periods (21 days) and pubertal (60 days). The nourished groups (N) and undernourished (S) were formed by young whose mothers received normal protein and hypoproteic diet respectively since the breeding season; to complete 21 days of extra-uterine life, given time to weaning, puppies were euthanized. From the 22nd day of life, puppies from N and S groups were kept with their diets until the 60th day of life when constituted, respectively, NN and SS groups. Two groups considered re-nourished were formed by the S group, which from day 22 began receiving, the first, the normal protein diet with 20% casein (RN group), and the second, the normal protein diet plus of resveratrol (RRv). The cartilage of PC and SBo were processed through routine histological techniques, and then subjected to HE, Sirius red and Safranin-O staining for the disclosure of cellular components and collagen and immunohistochemistry for marking cells responsive to IGF-I and IGF-IR. The ultrastructural aspects were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that undernutrition was able to change the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to changes in the secretion of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans accumulation in the tissues; decrease in the number of immunoreactive cells to IGF-I and IGF-IR in PC cartilage and delayed endochondral bone growth, confirmed by quantitative and morphometric analysis in both tissues. Renutrition with normal diet was partially effective in recovering the parameters evaluated, and may have caused a decrease in cell responsiveness to IGF-I. The chondroprotective effects of resveratrol were founded by recovering the ECM components and organelles of chondrocytes and a possible decrease in the insensitivity to IGF-I; the delay in endochondral bone growth was minimized by osteogenic potential (more pronounced in SBo). Although the tissue recovery has not fully occurred, the resveratrol supplementation in the diet helped more effectively in restoring the parameters affected by undernutrition than just protein recovery with normal diet

Obesogenic diets increase body weight and cause insulin resistance (IR), however, the association of these changes with the main macronutrient in the diet remains to be elucidated. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with: control (CD), CD and sweetened condensed milk (HS), high-fat (HF), and HF and condensed milk (HSHF). After 2 months, increased body weight, glucose intolerance, adipocyte size and cholesterol levels were observed. As compared with CD, HS ingested the same amount of calories whereas HF and HSHF ingested less. HS had increased plasma AST activity and liver type I collagen. HF caused mild liver steatosis and hepatocellular damage. HF and HSHF increased LDL-cholesterol, hepatocyte and adipocyte hypertrophy, TNF-α by macrophages and decreased lipogenesis and adiponectin in adipose tissue (AT). HSHF exacerbated these effects, increasing IR, lipolysis, mRNA expression of F4/80 and leptin in AT, Tlr-4 in soleus muscle and IL-6, IL-1β, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 protein in AT. The three obesogenic diets induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. HS was more proinflammatory than the HF and induced hepatic fibrosis. The HF was more detrimental in terms of insulin sensitivity, and it caused liver steatosis. The combination HSHF exacerbated the effects of each separately on insulin resistance and AT inflammatory state.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T15:28:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:14:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0001-37652014000301471.pdf: 490412 bytes, checksum: f45e15632697809cbe8098dc0a47fb00 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) O envelhecimento é um processo biológico caracterizado por progressivos danos de estrutura e função dos sistemas orgânicos. No trato gastrointestinal, pode acometer o sistema nervoso entérico, o qual possui funções importantes na digestão e absorção de nutrientes causando aceleração do trânsito intestinal, reduzindo assim a sua função de absorção. A restrição calórica tem sido utilizada em vários estudos com a intenção de retardar os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da restrição calórica sobre os neurônios mioentéricos do íleo de 30 ratos durante o processo de envelhecimento. 30 ratos wistar foram agrupados da seguinte forma: GI (animais de 6 meses alimentados com dieta normal), GII (animais de 18 meses alimentados com dieta normal) e GIII (animais com idade de 18 meses com 31% de restrição calórica). Os ratos do grupo GI aos seis meses de idade e os animais do grupo GII e GIII foram eutanasiados após o período experimental de 12 meses, o íleo de todos os grupos foram coletados, medidos e processados pelas técnicas NADPH-d e acetilcolinesterase. A análise quantitativa dos neurônios revelou que o envelhecimento promove o aumento de neurônios mioentéricos NADPH-dp e reduz a população neuronal Acetilcolinesterase positiva. Entretanto, na área do perfil celular, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos. A restrição calórica foi eficiente e pode ser utilizada como forma preventiva, uma vez que minimiza as alterações quantitativas associadas ao envelhecimento no plexo mioentérico do íleo. Aging is a biologic process characterized by progressive damage of structures and functions of organic systems. In gastrointestinal tract, it can involve enteric nervous system, which plays an important role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, causing hastening of intestinal transit thus reducing its absorptive function. Caloric restriction has been used in several studies with the intention of delaying deleterious effects of aging. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caloric restriction on myenteric neurons of ileum by aging in rats. 30 Wistar rats were grouped as follows: GI (animals aged 6 months fed with normal diet), GII (animals aged 18 months fed with normal diet) and GIII (animals aged 18 months subject to 31% of caloric restriction). The rats of the GI group were euthanized at 6 months of age and after experimental period of 12 months animals of the group GII and GIII were euthanized, the ileum of all groups were collected, measured and processed by NADPH-dp and Acetylcholinesterase. Quantitative analysis of neurons revealed that aging promotes the increasing of myenteric neurons NADPH-dp and reduces Acetylcholinesterase neuronal population. However, in the cellular profile area, were not observed significant differences between the groups. The caloric restriction has been efficient and can be used preventively because it minimizes quantitative changes associated with aging on ileum myenteric plexuses. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet &Zootecnia, Dept Cirurgia, BR-05508270 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Ciencias Morfol, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Maringa, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Biol, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Escola Vet, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2006/57369-2