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In this study, a high-entropy approach was employed to design a new single-phase A2B2O7 oxide for thermal insulation applications. Multicomponent high-entropy oxides, containing up to seven different cations, were successfully synthesized in a single defective fluorite structure. We observed that the incorporation of the functional cation, Zn2+, effectively blocked the heat radiation phenomenon by reducing the photon mean free path, and further reduced the high-temperature thermal conductivity owing to the larger free carrier concentration originated from the large number of oxygen vacancies. Although a large concentration of Zn2+ caused a slight reduction in thermal expansion, this study suggests that functional cations can be easily incorporated; thus, expanding the material diversity beyond the typical doping levels to develop new thermal barrier materials.

A key issue with Na-ion batteries is the development of active materials with stable electrochemical reversibility through the understanding of their sodium storage mechanisms. We report a sodium storage mechanism and properties of a new anode material, digenite Cu1.8S, based on its crystallographic study. It is revealed that copper sulfides (CuxS) can have metal-rich formulas (x ≥ 1.6), due to the unique oxidation state of +1 found in group 11 elements. These phases enable the unit cell to consist of all strong Cu–S bonds and no direct S–S bonds, which are vulnerable to external stress/strain that could result in bond cleavage as well as decomposition. Because of its structural rigidness, the Cu1.8S shows an intercalation/deintercalation reaction mechanism even in a low potential window of 0.1–2.2 V versus Na/Na+ without irreversible phase transformation, which most of the metal sulfides experience through a conversion reaction mechanism. It uptakes, on average, 1.4 Na+ ions per unit cell (∼250 mAh g–1) and exhibits ∼100% retention over 1000 cycles at 2C in a tuned voltage range of 0.5–2.2 V through an overall solid solution reaction with negligible phase separation.

We report a polylactic acid (PLA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture as a thermoplastic binder to prepare shape-machinable ceramic green bodies. During the mixing process, the high viscosity of the PLA binder impedes effective mixing with ceramic powders. To address this issue, PEG was introduced as a plasticizer into ceramic/PLA composites to diminish the overall viscosity of the feedstock, which resulted in effective mixing with ceramic powders. After sintering green bodies composed of PLA-PEG binders and ceramic compounds, the mechanical properties (flexural strength and porosity) of the sintered specimens were investigated and compared with those of sintered specimens made from wax-based green bodies. The sintered specimens made from ceramic/PLA-PEG composites showed comparable mechanical properties and porosities with the sintered specimens made from ceramic/wax composites. In addition, the shape-machinable characteristic of the green bodies made from ceramic/PLA-PEG composites was demonstrated by deforming the entire structure of the green bodies via simple heat treatment.

Alkaline electrolysis is one of the most powerful technologies to produce hydrogen energy, where the electrocatalysts play an important role. The cathode electrocatalysts often suffer from undesirable oxidation due to the oxygen gas crossover through the porous separator during electrolysis. This leads to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode electrocatalysts, resulting in the loss of activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we report a highly efficient and durable HER and ORR bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from Ni metal-organic frameworks to address the above problem. Decoupled active sites for ORR and HER are induced in a hybrid material, NiFeP@Ni_NC, where an ORR catalytic N-doped nanocarbon layer can protect a HER catalytic Niδ+ from the undesired ORR. Therefore, excellent bifunctional stability is secured for NiFeP@Ni_NC. The strategy to enhance HER stability presented herein can be widely extended to design bifunctional electrocatalysts with improved stability in alkaline electrolysis.

The development of bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has recently attracted significant attention. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts have demonstrated a highly promising catalytic performance in electrochemical HER or OER. Moreover, their electrocatalytic performance can be further improved using a self-supported structure of the electrocatalyst, owing to strong physicochemical contact between the catalyst and current collector. In this context, we propose vanadium-incorporated cobalt phosphide (CoVP) self-supported catalysts on carbon cloth (CoVP@CC) as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for alkaline HER and OER. In CoVP@CC, V plays a crucial role in modulating the surface electronic structure of the self-supported CoP nanosheets, leading to excellent catalytic activity in both HER and OER. The self-supported CoVP@CC demonstrates a promising overall water-splitting performance, requiring only 1.61 V to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2.

Metal-based frameworks are developed for lithium metal batteries due to their effective suppression of the lithium dendritic growth. However, the use of appealing metals such as copper (Cu), the best current collector in batteries, are still limited owing to lithiophobicity. Here, we report a facile lithiophilic surface treatment of metal- and metallic compound-based scaffolds via gas nitriding. Due to nitride anion (N3−) from ammonia (NH3) gas that can bond to almost all elements and form lithiophilic binary nitrides, the gas nitriding on a pristine Cu foam and a Cu(OH)2 nanorods grown Cu foam results in a formation of lithiophilic Cu3N film on the surface without a noticeable structural change. After lithium melt infusion, symmetric cells assembled with two types of lithium hosts show stable structural stability and a smooth Li plating/stripping behavior without a dendritic growth of lithium. Particularly, a full cell test demonstrates that lithiated Cu3N nanorods grown Cu foam exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances including capacity, rate capability, and cycle performance compared to a bare Li foil. Our findings demonstrate the gas nitriding is a powerful tool for lithiophilic surface treatment of metals and metallic compounds with various dimensions and sizes from micro to nanoscale.

Citation: Kwon, J., Prakash, A., Das, S. R., & Janes, D. B. (2018). Correlating Electronic Transport and 1/f Noise in MoSe2 Field-Effect Transistors. Physical Review Applied, 10(6), 064029. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.064029

Producing clean fuel (O2 and H2) using semiconductors through solar driven water splitting process has been considered as a promising technology to mitigate the existing environmental issues. Unlike the conventional single photoabsorbers, heterostructured semiconductors exhibit the merits of improved solar light photon harvesting and rapid charge separation, which are anticipated to result in high quantum yield of solar fuel generation in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. In this report, we demonstrate the electrospun derived WO3 backbone fibrous channel as heteropartner to the primary photoabsorber (Fe2O3 and BiVO4) for promoting the electron transport from charge injection point to charge collector as well as photoholes to the electrolyte. We examine structure, optical, photoelectrochemical and charge transfer property of Fe2O3/WO3 and BiVO4/WO3 electrodes. These results were compared with directly coated Fe2O3 and BiVO4 photoabsorber onto conducting substrate without WO3 backbone. The optical results showed that the absorbance and visible light activity of Fe2O3 and BiVO4 is significantly improved by WO3 backbone fibers due to high amount of photo absorber loading. In addition, one dimensional (1-D) WO3 fibers beneficially enhance the optical path length to the photoanode through light scattering mechanism. The electrochemical impedance analysis exhibits WO3 nanofiber backbone reduces charge transfer resistance at Fe2O3 and BiVO4 by rapid charge collection and charge separation compare to backbone-free Fe2O3 and BiVO4. As a result, Fe2O3/WO3 and BiVO4/WO3 fibrous hetero interface structures showed fourfold higher photocurrent generation from PEC cell.

Objectives: We investigated mutation profiles of CALR , JAK2 , and MPL in 199 Korean patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Methods: In total, 199 patients with MPN (54 primary myelofibrosis [PMF], 79 essential thrombocythemia [ET], 58 polycythemia vera [PV], and eight MPN-unclassifiable [MPN-U]) and 4 patients with acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis (APMF) were retrospectively subjected to Sanger sequencing for CALR , JAK2 , and MPL . Results: The overall frequency of CALR mutations was 12.6% (type 1 mutation, 16 patients; type 2 mutation, nine patients): most frequent in MPN-U (37.5%), followed by ET (17.7%) and PMF (14.8%). CALR mutations were not found in PV or APMF. CALR and JAK2 or MPL mutations were mutually exclusive. In PMF, the CALR mutations were associated with lower levels of leukocytes, lower bone marrow cellularity, and higher number of megakaryocytes. Patients with CALR -mutated ET more frequently progressed to the accelerated or blast phases compared with patients with JAK2 mutations. CALR mutations were frequently observed in the JAK2 -negative MPNs, most frequently in MPN-U. Conclusions: The prognostic significance of CALR mutations likely differs among the MPN subtypes.

H0.43Ti0.93Nb1.07O5 engineered with large d-spacing of ~8.3 Å and two-dimensional ionic channels enables easy Na+ ion uptake., Key issues for Na-ion batteries are the development of promising electrode materials with favorable sites for Na+ ion intercalation/deintercalation and an understanding of the reaction mechanisms due to its high activation energy and poor electrochemical reversibility. We first report a layered H0.43Ti0.93Nb1.07O5 as a new anode material. This anode material is engineered to have dominant (200) and (020) planes with both a sufficiently large d-spacing of ~8.3 Å and two-dimensional ionic channels for easy Na+ ion uptake, which leads to a small volume expansion of ~0.6 Å along the c direction upon Na insertion (discharging) and the lowest energy barrier of 0.19 eV in the [020] plane among titanium oxide–based materials ever reported. The material intercalates and deintercalates reversibly 1.7 Na ions (~200 mAh g−1) without a capacity fading in a potential window of 0.01 to 3.0 V versus Na/Na+. Na insertion/deinsertion takes place through a solid-solution reaction without a phase separation, which prevents coherent strain or stress in the microstructure during cycling and ensures promising sodium storage properties. These findings demonstrate a great potential of H0.43Ti0.93Nb1.07O5 as the anode, and our strategy can be applied to other layered metal oxides for promising sodium storage properties.

A new method of fabricating translucent alumina brackets using powder injection molding (PIM) is reported. Alumina powder was mixed with MgO, La 2 O 3 , and Y 2 O 3 to control grain size and porosity. The powders were mixed with a binder consisting of a mixture of paraffin wax and polyethylene in a 1:1 ratio to make feedstock for injection molding. The total amount of binder was limited to 14 wt% to minimize shrinkage and cracking after sintering. After injection molding, debinding was performed using the wicking method and samples were sintered in a vacuum at 1700 °C to achieve high density. Ultimately, translucent corundum was fabricated. The sintering additives resulted in a decrease in porosity and an improvement in translucency by promoting grain growth during pressure-less sintering. After sintering, Vickers hardness, bending strength, density, and transmittance of the fabricated parts were measured to show that those values were comparable to those of the commercially available dental brackets. Therefore, the translucent alumina block was successfully fabricated using PIM method to be potentially used as a dental bracket.

Porosity of transition metal oxides makes their unique physicochemical properties for using energy storage. However, synthesizing active materials by a simple method is still hard to develop without sacrificial templates. In this regard, we report a synthesis of hollow TiNb2O7 nanotubes through dual nozzle electrospinning as a high power anode material for LIBs. The porosity of hollow TiNb2O7 nanotube was controlled by molar ratios of acetic acid to Ti/Nb alkoxide precursors and degree of Ti/Nb metal hydroxides formation in electrospun fibers. The TiNb2O7 nanotubes have the average diameter of 260 nm and a surface area in the range of 52–151 m2g-1. Moreover, the porous nanotubes consist of micropores below 2 nm and mesopores in the range of 5–60 nm in their walls that are connected to the inner hole with a diameter of 150 nm. Particularly, the unique structure of the nanotubes shows a high discharge capacity of 294 mAh g-1, stable cycle performance of 86% capacity retention over 700 cycles, and superior rate capability of 230 mAh g-1 at high 50C. Our strategy confirmed a facile synthesis of porous TiNb2O7 nanotubes without templates and the potential to use of high power anode material for LIBs.

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries have drawn much attention as next-generation batteries because of their high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g−1), environmental friendliness and low cost. However, several critical issues, which are mainly associated with the polysulfide shuttling effect, result in their poor electrochemical performance. Carbon-modified separators have been introduced to attempt to address these systemic challenges. However, this approach focused only on the suppression of dissolved polysulfides on the cathodic side without considering the further entrapment of polysulfides on the anodic side. In this study, we first designed a multifunctional trilayer membrane comprising a carbon layer and a boron nitride (BN) layer to facilitate the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries and protect the Li anode from unexpected side reactions. When a BN-carbon separator was employed, the sulfur cathode delivered stable capacity retention over 250 cycles and an excellent specific capacity (702 mAh g−1) at a high current density (4 C). The BN-carbon separator also facilitated the uniform plating/striping of Li and, thus, suppressed the severe growth of dendritic Li on the electrode; this led to the stable operation of the Li anode with a high Coulombic efficiency and improved cycling performance. A membrane that enhances the performance of high-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries has been developed by a team in Korea and the USA. Adding sulfur to lithium-ion batteries is predicted to improve their storage capacity, but in practice the number of times a battery can be charged and discharged is limited by the formation of compounds called polysulfides, which corrode the lithium anode. Now, Ungyu Paik from Hanyang University and co-workers have shown that using a three-layer membrane made of carbon, a polymer and boron nitride can limit this problem. Unlike previous carbon-modified separators, the trilayer membrane both suppresses dissolution of polysulfides on the cathode side and protects the anode from unwanted side reactions. The separator enabled the sulfur cathode to maintain a stable capacity over 250 cycles. The BN-carbon separator was first demonstrated as a multifunctional trilayer membrane to facilitate the better electrochemical performances of Li-S batteries and protect a Li anode from unexpected side reactions. Unlike the previous approach to block the polysulfides only within the cathodic side, the concept of placing a BN interlayer on anodic side showed promising results in achieving high electrochemical performances of Li-S batteries and stable operations of lithium metal at a high current density.

Cytogenetic testing is important to ensure patient safety before therapeutic application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, the standardized methods and criteria for the screening of chromosomal abnormalities of MSCs have not yet been determined. We investigated the frequency of cytogenetic aberrations in MSCs using G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and suggest reference values for aneuploidy in MSCs. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on 103 consecutive cultures from 68 MSCs (25 adipose-origin, 20 bone marrow-origin, 18 cord blood-origin, and 5 neural stem cells; 8 from adipose tissue of patients with breast cancer and 60 from healthy donors). We compared the MSC aneuploidy patterns with those of hematological malignancies and benign hematological diseases. Interphase FISH showed variable aneuploid clone proportions (1%-20%) in 68 MSCs. The aneuploidy patterns were asymmetric, and aneuploidy of chromosomes 16, 17, 18, and X occurred most frequently. Clones with polysomy were significantly more abundant than those with monosomy. The cutoff value of maximum polysomy rates (upper 95th percentile value) was 13.0%. By G-banding, 5 of the 61 MSCs presented clonal chromosomal aberrations. Aneuploidy was asymmetric in the malignant hematological diseases, while it was symmetric in the benign hematological diseases. We suggest an aneuploidy cutoff value of 13%, and FISH for aneuploidy of chromosomes 16, 17, 18, and X would be informative to evaluate the genetic stability of MSCs. Although it is unclear whether the aneuploid clones might represent the senescent cell population or transformed cells, more attention should be focused on the safety of MSCs, and G-banding combined with FISH should be performed.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a malignant lymphoplasma-proliferative disorder with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. A recent whole-genome study identified MYD88 L265P as the key mutation in WM. We investigatedMYD88mutations in conjunction with cytogenetic study in 22 consecutive Korean WM patients. Conventional G-banding and interphase fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) were performed at regions including 6q21 using bone marrow (BM) aspirates. Sixteen patients were subjected to Sanger sequencing-basedMYD88mutation study. Five patients (28%) showed cytogenetic aberrations in G-banding. The incidence of 6q21 deletion was 17% by conventional G-banding and 37% by FISH. Ten patients (45%) showed cytogenetic aberrations using FISH: 6q deletion in eight (37%) andIGHrearrangement in four (18%). Two patients had both the 6q deletion andIGHrearrangement, and two had only theIGHrearrangement. Eleven patients (69%) presented with the MYD88 L265P mutation.MYD88mutations were significantly associated with the presence of 6q deletions (P=0.037). Six patients with the 6q deletion for whom sequencing was possible were found to harborMYD88mutations. The MYD88 L265P mutation was also associated with increased lymphocyte burden in BM biopsy. This is the first report of high frequency MYD88 L265P mutations in Korean WM patients.

Field effect transistors (FETs) based on emerging nanoscale channel materials have numerous applications including post-CMOS logic for digital computing, communication and biochemical sensing. However, in fundamental level each of these applications requires tight scrutiny of carrier transport as the device operates in the desired regime and in the proposed environment. One of the important characteristics is to analyze the 1/f noise spectroscopy of the electronic device. In this paper we fabricate multilayer (15 atomic layer) MoS2 transistors of two different channel lengths (1µm and 2µm) and study the flicker noise in the devices at room temperature and ambient conditions; both devices being fabricated following the same process flows on a single micro-mechanically exfoliated flake of MoS2; thereby eliminating variability of 1/f noise from fabrication standpoints. Channel dominated 1/f noise with Hooge’s mobility fluctuation model for the devices were extracted from the bias dependent noise spectra. The noise characteristics of the devices are stable over several months of exposure to ambient. The robustness of the channel to its ambient and stability of current fluctuations reveal MoS2as an emerging candidate for reliable sensing. Figure shows 1/f noise spectra of MoS2 FET with 15 atomic layer thick back-gated channels with Cr/Au source and drain electrodes. Channel lengths of 1µm and 2µm were compared for this study. Key words: 1/f noise, MoS2 FETs, biochemical sensing Figure 1

The cytogenetic analysis of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is essential for verifying the safety and stability of MSCs. An in situ technique, which uses cells grown on coverslips for karyotyping and minimizes cell manipulation, is the standard protocol for the chromosome analysis of amniotic fluids. Therefore, we applied the in situ karyotyping technique in MSCs and compared the quality of metaphases and karyotyping results with classical G-banding and chromosomal abnormalities with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Human adipose- and umbilical cord-derived MSC cell lines (American Type Culture Collection PCS-500-011, PCS-500-010) were used for evaluation. The quality of metaphases was assessed by analyzing the chromosome numbers in each metaphase, the overlaps of chromosomes and the mean length of chromosome 1. FISH was performed in the interphase nuclei of MSCs for 6q, 7q and 17q abnormalities and for the enumeration of chromosomes via oligo-FISH in adipose-derived MSCs. The number of chromosomes in each metaphase was more variable in classical G-banding. The overlap of chromosomes and the mean length of chromosome 1 as observed via in situ karyotyping were comparable to those of classical G-banding (P=0.218 and 0.674, respectively). Classical G-banding and in situ karyotyping by two personnel showed normal karyotypes for both cell lines in five passages. No numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities were found by the interphase-FISH. In situ karyotyping showed equivalent karyotype results, and the quality of the metaphases was not inferior to classical G-banding. Thus, in situ karyotyping with minimized cell manipulation and the use of less cells would be useful for karyotyping MSCs.

Introduction The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) was recently revised (IPSS-R). IPSS-R was developed using a large cohort of patients received supportive therapy, so we validated the new prognostic score system in Korean patients. IPSS-R emphasizes initial cytogenetic abnormalities, but the risk of clonal evolution is not well identified in follow up of MDS patients. Methods Data of 88 MDS patients were collected retrospectively and verified by chart review. And we also collected cytogenetic analysis results performed with bone marrow study. Results By IPSS-R cytogenetic scoring system, 2 (2.3%), 41 (46.6%), 22 (25.0%), 5 (5.7%), and 18 (20.5%) patients were classified as very good, good, intermediate, poor, and very poor, respectively. According IPSS, 5 (5.7%), 50 (56.8%), 19 (21.6%), and 14 (15.9%) patients were classified as low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2, and high, respectively. According to IPSS-R, 2 (2.3%), 13 (14.8%), 28 (31.8%), 25(28.4%), and 20 (22.7%) patients were reclassified as very low, low, intermediate, high, and very high, respectively. Median 3 years overall survival of patients intermediate, high and very high IPSS-R are 36 (95%CI 34-39), 32 (95%CI 8 – 56), and 13 (95%CI 6-21), respectively (P = 0.004). Clonal evolutions were occurred in 22 patients and they were classified by IPSS-R cytogenetic scoring system: 11 (50.0%) good, 8 (36.4%) intermediate, 1 (4.5%) poor, 2 (9.1%) very poor. Prior clonal evolution was considered as except concurrent occurrence of clonal evolution and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation. These 17 patients have significant correlation with AML transformation (P = 0.010) and mortality (P = 0.021). Conclusion IPSS-R gives more refined prognostic discrimination and can be applicable in Korean MDS patients. In addition, the clonal evolution occurring during follow up should be considered as a risk factor of AML transformation and mortality. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 2540 Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv(3)(q21q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) is a distinct subgroup that may present de novo or arise form a prior MDS, characterized by thrombocytosis and marked dysmegakaryopoiesis. Since the presence of inv(3) or t(3;3) suggests poor prognosis in AML and needs for close monitor in MDS, detection of EVI 1 rearrangement (3q26) is crucial. We performed FISH for inv(3) or t(3;3) and compared those results with those of G-banding in AML, both at initial diagnosis and follow-up. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the results of G-banding in 550 patients with AML (2000 Jan-2012 June). Among them, patients who showed 3q abnormalities by G-banding were subjected to FISH analysis for inv(3) or t(3;3) with frozen bone marrow cells. In patients who showed EVI 1 rearrangement by FISH, we performed EVI 1 rearrangement FISH on serial follow-up bone marrow of those patients, for detection of minimal residual cells. We applied 3 kinds of FISH probes (A company, B company, C company) for the detection of EVI 1 rearrangement. Results: By G-banding, the frequency of 3q aberrations involving 3q26 was 1.5% (8/550 patients) in AML and the frequency of AML wit recurrent inv(3) or t(3;3) was 0.2% (1/550 patients) in AML. Among 17 consecutive specimen from 8 patients with 3q26 aberration by G-banding, 11 specimen showed EVI 1 rearrangement by FISH, while 8 specimen showed EVI 1 rearrangement by G-banding. Of note, among 8 patients with 3q26 aberration by G-banding, FISH for EVI 1 rearrangement revealed EVI 1 rearrangement in 5 patients. Furthermore, EVI 1 rearrangement (3q26) FISH detected EVI 1 rearrangement in 1 patients among 30 patients with 3q aberrations other than 3q26 by G-banding. Comparison of FISH results among 3 kinds of FISH probes showed marked discordances. Among 26 consecutive specimens in patients with 3q26 aberrations, probe of each company detected 11 (A company), 4 (B company) and 4 (C company), respectively. Conclusion: Incidence of AML with inv(3) or t(3;3) involving EVI 1 rearrangement was rare (0.2%). One third of AML with inv(3) or t(3;3) by G-banding did not harbor EVI 1 rearrangement, suggesting involvement of other gene in the same chromosomal region. Comparison of FISH and G-banding during follow-up in the present study revealed that EVI 1 rearrangement FISH is essential for monitoring for minimal residual disease in AML with inv(3) or t(3;3). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is extensively used to improve neutrophil count during anti-cancer chemotherapy. We investigated the effects of G-CSF on several leukemic cell lines and screened for the expression of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) in various malignant cells. Methods We examined the effects of the most commonly used commercial forms of G-CSF (glycosylated lenograstim and nonglycosylated filgrastim) on various leukemic cell lines by flow cytometry. Moreover, we screened for the expression of G-CSFR mRNA in 38 solid tumor cell lines by using real-time PCR. Results G-CSF stimulated proliferation (40-80% increase in proliferation in treated cells as compared to that in control cells) in 3 leukemic cell lines and induced differentiation of AML1/ETO+ leukemic cells. Among the 38 solid tumor cell lines, 5 cell lines (hepatoblastoma, 2 breast carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, and melanoma cell lines) showed G-CSFR mRNA expression. Conclusion The results of the present study show that therapeutic G-CSF might stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of malignant cells with G-CSFR expression, suggesting that prescreening for G-CSFR expression in primary tumor cells may be necessary before using G-CSF for treatment.