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Amorphophallus konjac is one of the important commercial crops cultivated in south China and has long been used as a food source and a traditional medicine, because it is the only species with glucomannan and other trace elements (Ban et al. 2009; Melinda et al. 2010). In June of 2021, an outbreak of stem soft rot disease was observed on A. konjac plants in more than 2,000 square meters of agricultural planting fields in the Fuyuan country (25°34'50″N, 104°04'21″E), Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China. The disease incidence ranged from 30 to 35% in severely infested fields. The diseased plants displayed the first symptoms were damp brown spots. As the brown spots expanded, dark brown water stains appeared at the basal part of the stem and the bulbs were rotting with a foul smell, gradually extending to the underground parts. Progressively, the whole plants wilted and collapsed, and even the plants ultimately died. To identify the pathogen, symptomatic stems were cut into pieces, surface sterilized with 75% (v/v) ethanol, and placed on LB (tryptone/yeast extract/NaCl) medium for 24 to 48 hours at 28 ± 2°C. Six single-colony isolates were obtained from the diseased stems. The colonies on LB present a raised milky white opaque colonies moisture on the surface, round and convex in shape, with neat edges. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells were short rods (0.3∼0.5) × (1.9∼2.1)μm in size without any flagellum and were often arranged in pairs or clusters at certain angles. The 16S rDNA sequence of the randomly selected strain MY-G1 with primers 27F/1492R (Ying et al. 2012) and the housekeeping genes nusA, eno, lepA and nuoL (Spilker et al. 2012) were amplified and sequenced. The 16S rDNA sequence of the 1326 bp product was deposited in GenBank (accession no. ON786717) and showed a 99.77% similarity to A. xylosoxidans strain E2 (accession no. MK849863.1). The nusA (OP680477), eno (OP680479), lepA (OP680481) and nuoL (OP680482) sequences showed 94.71%, 97.24%, 94.64% and 95.95% similarity to A. xylosoxidans strain DN002 (accession no. CP045222.1), respectively. The phylogenetic trees built based on 16S rRNA and the nusA-eno-lepA-nuoL multilocus analysis showed the isolate MY-G1 to cluster with A. xylosoxidans. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the isolated MY-G1 was identified as A. xylosoxidans, which indicates that MY-G1 is a new strain of A. xylosoxidans. Pathogenicity tests were confirmed on the stem and petiole of one-year-old A. konjac. The wounds were made by puncturing with a MY-G1 bacteria suspension containing 108 CFU/ml (15ul/inoculation site). As a negative control, control seedlings were injected with the same amount of sterilized distilled water. Control and inoculated seedlings (each six) were kept in greenhouses and watered as needed in controlled conditions: 28°C, 75% relative humidity. Inoculated seedlings presented similar symptoms of stem soft rot, inner medulla disintegration, and wilt of leaves on developed within 3 to 9 days. The bacterial pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated seedlings and identified by morphological and molecular methods to fulfill Koch's postulates test. According to previous research, A. xylosoxidans can cross-kingdom infect animals and plants (Aisenberg et al.,2004; Ye et al.,2018). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. xylosoxidans causing stem soft rot of A. konjac in China, expanding the known pathogen for the soft rot of A. konjac, and also the host range of A. xylosoxidans.

Dendrobium is known for its pharmacological actions including anti-cancer effect, anti-fatigue effect, gastric ulcer protective effect, and so on. At present, only studies on endophytic fungi of Dendrobium affecting the metabolites of host plants have been reported, very little research has been done on endophytic bacteria. In this study, we have demonstrated the great diversity of endophytic bacteria in 6 Dendrobium samples from different origins and cultivars. According to the results of the culture-independent method, the endophytic bacterial community in Dendrobium stems showed obvious different in the 6 samples and was influenced by origin and cultivar. Some bacteria including Ralstonia, Comamonas and Lelliottia were first detected in Dendrobium in this study. Based on the culture-dependent method, a total of 165 cultivable endophytic bacteria isolates were isolated from the sterilized Dendrobium stems, and were classified into 43 species according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Moreover, 14 of the 43 strains showed antimicrobial activity against phytopathogen using the Kirby-Bauer method. Strain NA-HTong-7 (Bacillus megaterium, 99.12%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity. This study was the first comprehensive study on endophytic bacteria of Dendrobium from different origins and cultivars, which provides new insights into the endophytic bacteria from Dendrobium.

Background:Longxuetongluo Capsule (LTC) that was prepared from the phenolic compound cluster of Chinese dragon’s blood, has been clinically utilized for years towards ischemic stroke. However, its therapeutic mechanism s remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and to explore the underlying mechanisms of LTC on ischemic stroke rats characterized by cerebral ischemia 6 re perfusion injury. Method:Ischemic stroke rats were simulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion ( and validated by the assays in terms of histological and behavioral assessments . The plasma metabolome comparisons amongst different groups were conducted by UHPLC Q Executive MS in combination with subsequent multivariate statistical analysis , aiming to finding the molecules in respond to the surgery or LTC treatment . Result:Intragastric administration of LTC significantly decreased not only the neurobehavioral abnormality scores but also the cerebral infarct area of MCAO rats. A total of 21 potential biomarkers related to ischemic stroke were observed, and 18 biomarkers (such as LysoPC, PE, SM, N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, PE (24:1/18:3 etc.) were selected after Youden index >0.7. The results showed that LTC was beneficial to ischemic stroke rats induced by ischemia reperfusion injury by Glycerophospholipid metabolism , Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis , Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and Sphingolipid metabolism Conclusion:The present study could provide evidence that metabolomics, as system systematicatic approach, revealed its capacity to evaluate tapproach, revealed its capacity to evaluate the holistic efficacy of TCM, he holistic efficacy of TCM, and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on ischemic stroke. ischemic stroke.

By using pyrazine (pz) and its derivatives 2,3-naphthalenylphenazine (npz) and 2,3-diphenylpyrazine (dpz), one Lindqvist- and six Keggin-based compounds, [AgI2(npz)4(W6O19)]·npz ( 1 ), [AgI2(npz)3(HPW12O40)] ( 2 ), [AgI3(npz)4-(PMo12O40)] ( 3 ), [AgI4(pz)5(SiMo12O40)] ( 4 ), [AgI4(npz)2(pz)(PMoVMo11VIO40)] ( 5 ), [AgI4(npz)4(dpz)2(H2O)2(SiW12O40)] ( 6 ) and {AgI5KI2(npz)4(dpz)2[H(PWVW11VIO40)2]} ( 7 ), have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. In compound 1 , there is a distorted “I”-type [Ag(npz)2]+ subunit with two npz arranging vertically. Two [Ag(npz)2]+ subunits support the [W6O19]2− anion symmetrically. In compound 2 , there are [Ag2-(npz)3]2+ clusters with one linking and two terminate npz, which are further linked by [PW12O40]3− anions to form a “sunrise”-like chain. In compound 3 , there exist a discrete [Ag2(npz)3]2+ cluster and a mono-supporting anion [AgI(npz)- (HPW12O40)]−. In compound 4 , there are two kinds of cycles in honeycomb-like Ag-pz layer: six-membered cycle I and eight-membered cycle II. An anion dimmer linked by a AgI ion embeds in bigger cycle II. In compound 5 , one pz and two npz are connected by four AgI ions to build a linear [Ag4(npz)2(pz)]4+ subunit. The PMo12 anions link the linear subunits alternately and a 1D chain is formed. In compound 6 , there exists discrete [Ag2(npz)2(dpz)(H2O)]2+ subunit and Keggin anion. In compound 7 , the Keggin-K inorganic chains are connected by AgI-npz-dpz subunits to form a 2D layer. The adjacent layers are further linked by anions to build a 3D framework. Moreover, we also have investigated the electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of 1 -- 7 .

ObjectiveTo study the change of the peripheral blood immune pattern and its correlation with prognosis in patients with liver cancer after treated by sorafenib.MethodsPatients with advanced liver cancer admitted in our hospital were enrolled and treated with sorafenib. After two months of the treatment, their peripheral blood was collected. The immune cell subset and cytokines level were determined by flow cytometry and luminex technology. According to the reaction expressed by patients towards sorafenib, patients were divided into the response group and the no response group. The changes of the peripheral blood immune pattern and its correlation with prognosis of patients in the two groups were compared.ResultsBefore and after treatment of sorafenib, there was no significant difference in the ratios of T cells, NK cells and their subtypes in peripheral blood of patients between the two groups; while after treatment the ratio of B cells and regulatory B cells (Breg) of patients in the response group was significant higher than that of the no response group (P

Under hydrothermal conditions two compounds based on Keggin and β-octamolybdate, respectively, [Cu2(bbtz)4(SiMo12O40)] (1) and [Cu2(bbtz)4(Mo8O26)]1/2·H2O (2) (bbtz = 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene), were synthesized in one-pot and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, and IR spectroscopy. In compound 1, two adjacent wave-like CuII-bbtz lines are connected by SiMo12 anions and bbtz to generate a ladder-like chain. Adjacent chains share the same CuII ions to build a three-dimensional (3-D) framework. In compound 2, the β-Mo8 anions link Cu3(bbtz)2 subunits alternately to form a one-dimensional (1-D) chain. These chains connect each other through sharing CuII ions and a 3-D network is constructed. Moreover, we studied the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activities of these two compounds. The results indicate that 1 and 2 show good electrocatalytic performance for the reduction of nitrite and bromate; they also exhibit photocatalytic properties for degradation of MB and RhB.

Two new organic–inorganic hybrid compounds, [CuII(btb)1.5(γ-Mo8O26)0.5(H2O)]·2H2O (1) and [CuII2(btb)4(PMoVMoVI11O40)]·2H2O (2) (btb = 4-butyl-1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazole), have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectra and elemental analyses. In 1, there exists a ladder-like metal-organic chain with the bidentate [γ-Mo8O26]4− anions inserting into the grids. Adjacent chains share the same Cu-btb lines of the ladder to form a 2-D layer. Compound 2 also has a ladder-like metal-organic chain. The tetradentate [PMo12O40]3− anions embed in the grids. The same Cu-btb line is shared by adjacent chains to build a 2-D layer. The btb ligands link adjacent layers to form a 3-D framework. Moreover, we also have investigated the electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of 1 and 2.

The prototype phylogenetic tree, i.e., evolutionary "tree" or "tree of life", was first conceived by Charles Darwin in his seminal book "The Origin of Species", and its reconstructions have been approached by generations of biologists ever since. In this article, we briefly reviewed the major algorithms and software packages for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Specifically we discuss four categories of phylogeny algorithms including distance-matrix, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian framework, as well as software packages (PHYLIP, MEGA, MrBayes) based on them.系统发育树又称进化树、生命树等，在达尔文的“进化论”一书中首次出现，之后系统发育树的重构被广大生物学家所接受。该文阐述了构建系统发育树的基本流程，对目前用于构建系统发育树的四类算法(距离法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法)进行了详细地分析和比较，并介绍了一些常用系统发育树构建和分析软件(PHYLIP、MEGA、MrBayes)的特点。