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Background: Levofloxacin is a broad spectrum anti-infective agent, which is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. The half life of Levofloxacin is 6-8 h after conventional dosing. The objective of the present work was to develop Levofloxacin nanoparticles to retain the dosage form in the absorption site more than the half life of the drug, enhance the bioavailability of drugs, reduce dose frequency, toxicity and patient compliance. Methods: The compositions of different formulations of Levofloxacin nanoparticles by the ionic gelation method using biodegradable polymer chitosan and tripolyphosphate as cross linking agent. Result and Discussion: The particle size lies of the prepared nanoparticles between 199 and 369 nm and the drug content found between 51.13± 0.28 and 71.12 ± 0.14 %. The particle size of nanoparticles increased with increasing concentration of polymer matrix density and this may be due to the increased viscosity of the inner phase and decreased with increasing concentration of β-cyclodextrin. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the prepared nanoparticles were discrete, uniform and spherical with a smooth surface. The in vitro release showed that the drug release from the prepared nanoparticles was characterized by an initial fast release and followed by a delayed release phase. During and at the end of the accelerated stability study, the tested formulation showed almost same drug content, in vitro drug release and no colour changes were observed from that observed at the opening of the study. Conclusion: Among all the formulations (GIA, GIB, GIC, GID, GIE and GIF), the formulations G1C, G1E and G1F followed the drug release in a controlled manner. The in vitro release profile showed that this is a potential drug delivery for Levofloxacin and has to confirm in the in vivo settings as a separate investigation in future. Key words: Controlled drug delivery, In vitro drug release, Nanoparticle, Particle size, Stability s

For thousands of years, human civilizations have applied substances to the skin as cosmetic and medicinal agents. However, it was not until the twentieth century that the skin came to be used as a drug delivery route. In fact, Merriam Webster dates the word “transdermal” to 1944 highlighting that it is a relatively recent concept in medical and pharmaceutical practice. Transdermal drugs are self‐contained, discrete dosage form. Drug delivery through the skin to achieve a systemic effect without producing any fluctuations in plasma concentration of the drug. Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers many advantages over conventional oral and invasive methods of drug delivery. And also provide controlled release of the drug for extended period of the time. This review article covers brief outline advantages, skin pathways for transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), various components of transdermal patch, and approaches for preparation of transdermal patches, evaluation of transdermal system, general clinical considerations in the use of tdds and limitation of tdds. Key words: Transdermal, Permeation pathways, Drug delivery, Matrix, ReservoirÂ

The main aim of pharmaceutical research is steadily shifted from the development of new chemical entities to the development of novel drug delivery system of existing drug molecule to maximize their effectiveness in terms of therapeutic action, patent protection, patient compliance and reduced adverse effects. In the recent years the interest is growing to develop a drug delivery system with the use of a mucoadhesive polymer that will attach to related tissue or to the surface coating of the tissue for targeting various absorptive mucosa such as ocular, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, vaginal, etc. This system of drug delivery is called mucoadhesive drug delivery system. The buccal region of oral cavity is an attractive target for administration of drug of choice. Buccal drug delivery involves the administration of desired drug through the buccal mucosal lining of the oral cavity. Other than the common advantages of novel drug delivery systems, buccal mucosa has several specific advantages like, faster and richer blood flow, lesser thickness of the buccal mucosa and increased permeability, low enzymatic activity in the buccal mucosa and versatility in designing unidirectional release systems to overcome the first-pass metabolism and subsequent low bioavailability of the drug. Key words: Buccal mucosa, mucoadhesion, permeation enhancers, novel drug delivery, buccal adhesive polymers

A S Rasheed1, S Venkataraman1, K N Jayaveera2, A Mohammed Fazil3, K J Yasodha3, M A Aleem3, M Mohammed3, Z Khaja3, B Ushasri3, H A Pradeep3, M Ibrahim31Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, C L Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Jyothi Nagar, Thoraipakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India; 3Nizam Institute of Pharmacy and Research Center, Deshmukhi, Pochampally (M), Near Ramoji Film City, Nalgonda, (AP), IndiaAbstract: An aqueous root extract from Nardostachys jatamansi was investigated for its antioxidant and anticataleptic effects in the haloperidol-induced catalepsy rat model of the disease by measuring various behavioral and biochemical parameters. Catalepsy was induced by administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, ip) in male albino rats. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the cataleptic scores were observed in all the drug-treated groups as compared to the haloperidol-treated group; with maximum reduction observed in the Nardostachys jatamansi (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) administered group. To estimate biochemical parameters: the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); reduced glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione-dependent enzymes; catalase; and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the brain were assessed. Haloperidol administration increased generation of TBARS and significantly reduced GSH, which were restored to near normal level with the Nardostachys jatamansi treatment. Catalase and SOD levels were also increased to normal levels, having been reduced significantly by haloperidol administration. Our findings of behavioral studies and biochemical estimations show that Nardostachys jatamansi reversed the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. We conclude that the antioxidant potential has contributed to the reduction in the oxidative stress and catalepsy induced by haloperidol administration.Keywords: Nardostachys jatamansi, antiox