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BACKGROUND: Presently, some treatments such as neurofeedback therapy (NFT) have become of great importance in the treatment of psychological disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of NFT on attention and working memory, processing speed, and anxiety of dyslexic children. METHODS: This quasi-experimental research was conducted with an unbalanced control group, a pretest-posttest design, and follow-up. The statistical population was all dyslexic children of 7-10 years of age in Karaj, Iran, from December 2021 to January 2022. The participants included 45 dyslexic children who were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 people. The first and second groups received cognitive rehabilitation and NFT, respectively, and the third group received no treatment (control group). NFT was presented in 15 sessions (30-minutes) in the experimental groups. The instruments included the Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) + PLUS, Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), Clinical Q Assessment, and the ‎Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)‎. SPSS software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: The findings showed that after NFT, the scores of the experimental group in all outcomes decreased in the posttest and follow-up phases (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the educational content of NFT can be used to increase attention, working memory, and processing speed, and reduce anxiety in dyslexic children. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of similar studies be applied in educational fields.

Living with chronic pain imposes a significant emotional burden, diminishing a person's emotional and cognitive abilities. Consequently, this research aimed to compare the impact of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) on emotional cognitive regulation among chronic pain patients, with a two-month follow-up period. The clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 at the specialty and physiotherapy clinic of Imam Reza (AS) Hospital in Islamshahr City, Iran. Participants with chronic pain were selected through purposive accessible sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: ISTDP group, MBCT group, and a control group, each consisting of 15 individuals. To gather data, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) by Garnevsky et al. (2002) was employed. The results indicated that both ISTDP and MBCT led to improvements in cognitive-emotional regulation scores, including acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and catastrophizing (P

Background: Cold executive functions, working memory and cognitive flexibility are among the main cognitive functions that play a role in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cognitive rehabilitation has been proposed as an efficacy and non-pharmacological treatment method in improving and promoting cognitive functions in a wide range of mental and behavioral disorders, but until now, the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation of inhibitory control on the cold executive functions of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been less studied despite the importance and necessity of improving and strengthening these structures. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigating the efficacy of inhibitory control cognitive rehabilitation on cold executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the study included male and female students of 7-12 years of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021 who were suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The statistical sample included 30 students who were selected by purposeful sampling, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The SNAP Questionnaire (SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, 1980), the Computerized Previous Multiple Stimulus Test (N-BACK, Kirchner, 1958) and the Wisconsin Computerized Test (WSCT, Grant & Berg, 1948) were used to collect information. For data analysis, mixed variance analysis method with repeated measurements and SPSS24 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a difference in the performance of the experimental group and the control group in the components of active memory and cognitive flexibility (P

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the emotion regulation method based on the Gross model and muscle relaxation technique on perceived stress, anxiety, and resilience in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Material & Methods: This study quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design and follow-up and control groups. The statistical population included all patients in the age range of 30-50 years with coronary heart disease who were referred to medical centers and private cardiology clinics in Ilam, Iran, in 2020, of whom 60 people were selected using a random sampling method and divided into three groups by random distribution method. The data collection tools included standard scales of perceived stress, anxiety, and resilience. Findings: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation exercises on perceived stress, anxiety, and resilience as well as the effectiveness of emotion regulation training based on the Gross model on perceived stress and anxiety in patients. The comparison of the two treatment models showed that Benson’s relaxation exercises could reduce patients’ perceived stress and anxiety more effectively. However, emotion regulation training based on the Gross model has been more effective in increasing patients’ resilience than Benson’s relaxation exercises. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, emotion regulation training based on the Gross model and muscle relaxation exercises can be used as an effective intervention to complement medical treatment and improve patients' general health.

Aims: Risk-taking is a behavior that endangers a person's health and provides the basis for a person to suffer from physical and psychological diseases. Substance dependence disorder includes cognitive, behavioral, and psychological symptoms along with a pattern of repetition and withdrawal tolerance consequences. The aim of the current research was the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy on the risk-taking of people with substance dependence disorder. Materials and Methods: The research method is based on the practical purpose and from the point of view of data collection, it is a part of quantitative and semi-experimental research, with a pre-test, and post-test design with a control group with a 2-month follow-up. In this research, the statistical population was all clients of Nik, Golrizan and Hami drug abuse treatment clinics in Tehran in 2020. First, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task [23] was performed on the clients who volunteered to participate in the sessions. Then, using available sampling method, among these people, those who scored higher than the others, 63 people were selected as available and randomly assigned in groups (21 people in the cognitive rehabilitation group, 21 people in the phototherapy group and 21 people in the control group). Informed consent to participate in the research, not having specific physical and psychological diseases, at least high school education and an age range of 18 to 50 years were the criteria for entering the research. Absence of more than 2 sessions in therapy sessions, simultaneous participation in other courses and therapeutic interventions at the same time as the research, failure to answer the post-test questions and failure to participate in the follow-up level were the criteria for exiting the research. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART): This test was first introduced in 2002 by Lejuez [23]. A higher score in this variable indicates a riskier decision [24]. This computer test examines the possibility of checking a person's level of risk-taking in real conditions and measures the performance or bias of the risk-taking strategy [25]. Because there are 30 computerized balloons in this test, it does not have a range of responses and the adjusted score in the main score of the test and the respondent's riskiness index [26]. In the original version, the convergent validity of the survey test and its Pearson correlation with the survey impulsivity test and the coefficient of 0.43 and significance at the 0.01 level has been obtained [27]. In Iran, this test has been standardized on young Iranians, and to examine its concurrent validity, the high-risk decision-making test in social situations [23] with the subscales of health riskiness, novelty, ambiguity, and economic riskiness and depression, anxiety, and stress scale with three subscales of depression, anxiety and stress have been used as a general construct [25]. The correlation coefficient with risk-taking in social situations was 0.45 and significant at the 0.05 level, and the correlation coefficient with the anxiety/depression/stress test was 0.81 and significant at the 0.05 level and also Cronbach's alpha was used to check its reliability and the coefficient was 0.79 [24]. In the present study, the reliability of the test was calculated and the total coefficient of the questions was calculated as 0.73 using Cronbach's alpha method. In this test, the indicators of the adjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons inflated that did not burst, the unadjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons are inflated, the number of times the balloons burst and the maximum and a minimum number of times a balloon is inflated are measured [23]. In the cognitive rehabilitation part, which was adapted from previous studies [14, 19], 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation were used using Stop Signal Software (Sina Psychology Software Company), and two symbols of a circle and a square were used in each test. The size of the visual stimuli was equal to 1.5 cm2, which remained on the screen for 1.250 milliseconds. Respondents should respond to the stimuli as quickly as possible with the left and right clicks of the computer mouse. In a way that they responded to the circle stimulus by right-clicking and to the square stimulus by left-clicking. In 20% of the tests, an audio stimulus (750 Hz-75 ms) was presented shortly after the visual stimulus, and when hearing it, the respondent had to stop responding immediately (stop signal). Also, the phototherapy sessions were adapted from previous studies [28], where 12 sessions of low-power laser treatment were used using a German RJ device, and the subjects were exposed to infrared light (IR) radiation and directly exposed to the skull. Infrared light with a maximum wavelength of 810 nm and 32 J/cm2 was irradiated on the entire frontal and prefrontal with a distance of one centimeter. During this period, 12 sessions were conducted (2 times a week). Ethical Permissions: This article was taken from the PhD thesis titled "The combined effect of cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy on drug craving and cognitive performance of clients of drug addiction clinics" with the ethical code of IR.IAU.K.REC.1399.054, and all the ethical principles of the research were observed. Statistical Analysis: After checking the defaults of parametric tests, a mixed analysis of variance was used. Also, Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS 24 software were used to compare treatment interventions. Findings: The average age of the cognitive rehabilitation group was 34.19±8.27, the phototherapy group was 32.76±7.68, and the control group was 33.33±7.73. The F statistic obtained from the comparison of the frequencies of the 3 groups in the age variable was equal to 0.174, which was not statistically significant (p=0.841) and indicated that the groups were equal in terms of age. Also, the amount of Chi-Square analysis results from the comparison of 3 groups in the education variable was equal to Chi-Square= 2.313, which this amount was not statistically significant (p=0.678) and indicated that the three groups were equal in terms of education. The average risk of the rehabilitation group and the phototherapy group decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (Table 1). Considering that the purpose of this article was to investigate the number of balloons bursting before and after the therapeutic intervention and to compare the experimental and control groups; therefore, the examination of the subscales of Barrett's test was omitted and only the criterion of the total number of burst balloons was calculated. To check the significance of the changes obtained in the post-test and follow-up, mixed variance analysis was used and the results of which are included in Tables 2, 3 and 4. The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy had a significant effect on reducing risk (Table 2). A two-by-two comparison of the mean adjustment of test levels (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) on risk-taking showed that the difference between the mean of post-test and follow-up (intervention stability effect) was not significant, so cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy did not have a lasting effect over time (Table 3). The results of Bonferroni's post hoc risk test to identify more effective treatment showed that the average difference between the phototherapy group and the control group was greater than the average difference between cognitive rehabilitation and the control group, and phototherapy was more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in reducing risk. The difference between the mean risk factors of the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group was 2.111, which was statistically significant (p=0.001), the mean difference between the risk variable in the phototherapy group and the control group was 2.857, and this difference was also statistically significant (p=0.001). The results showed that this average difference between the phototherapy and control groups was greater than the average difference between the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this article, the use of low-power laser plays a significant role in helping to improve the harmful effects of addiction and reducing cravings and in a short time, it produces significant results in improving the brain function of people involved in addiction, and it can be used along with drug therapy and psychotherapy. Clinical & Practical Tips in POLICE MEDICINE: Due to the very low side effects of phototherapy and the possibility of its implementation in different conditions, this method can be used as a new method in controlling the high-risk conditions of the military forces. The findings of the present study can be used to formulate new treatment programs and interventions in addiction treatment and counselling centers. Acknowledgements: The researchers sincerely appreciate all the people who helped us in this research and were involved in coordinating and conducting the research. Conflict of Interest: The authors stated that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. Authors' Contribution: First author, presentation of the idea and design of the study; second author, data analysis; third author, data analysis; fourth author, statistical analysis of data; fifth author, data collection; sixth author, data analysis; all the authors participated in the initial writing of the article and its revision, and all accept the responsibility for the accuracy and correctness of the contents of this article with the final approval of this article. Financial Sources: This project was done with the financial support of Karaj Islamic Azad University.

Introduction: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a family-centered sensory diet program on the impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population included all children with ADHD aged 6-12 years in Tehran, Iran referred to the clinics of Hasti, Bahar, and Masir-e Sabz in 2020. Of these, 30 children were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group underwent 12 sessions of a family-centered sensory diet program, 3 days a week, each for 45 minutes based on the Wilbarger protocol. The used tools were the Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Fourth Edition to test intellectual ability and the Conners’ parent rating scale to diagnose ADHD in children. Independent t test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used in SPSS software v. 20 for data analysis. Results: In this study, the mean age of participants was 9.56±4.38 years, including 11 girls (36.6%) and 19 boys (63.3%), and the mean age of mothers of these children was 34.23±6.9. The mean impulsivity scores of children in the intervention group decreased and the results of the ANCOVA showed a statistically significant difference in the mean posttest scores between the two groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: The family-centered sensory diet program has a positive effect on the impulsivity of children with ADHD. It is recommended that therapists use the sensory diet program as a complementary therapy along with other therapeutic interventions.

Background and Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a family-based sensory diet program on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this program, parents were directed to use activities stimulating the vestibular, deep, tactile, visual, and auditory senses to maintain the children’s focus and organized consciousness. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a Pretest-Posttest design with an experimental group. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) and Conners’ parent rating scale were used to measure the study variables. The study’s statistical population included all children with ADHD aged 6-12 years referred to Hasti, Bahar, and Masir-e Sabz health clinics in 2020. Of them, 30 participants were selected through a convenience sampling method. Results: Based on the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the obtained F values of attention deficit and hyperactivity were significant at a level less than 0.05. So the test hypothesis is accepted, and family-based sensory diet sessions effectively reduce ADHD symptoms in these children. Conclusion: According to the findings and the degree of effectiveness, implementing the sensory diet program by the child’s family can effectively reduce ADHD symptoms.

Background and Aim: In every age of history, human beings have been afflicted with the fear of disease. Undoubtedly, cancer is among the most concerning diseases; cancer pain is among the major pains. The present study aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on multidimensional pain symptoms in patients with breast cancer. Methods & Materials: The present study was applied concerning the purpose and applied a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest, a two-month follow-up, and control group design. The statistical population was all women with breast cancer referring to Tehran Cancer Research Center in 2018 who were selected by convenience sampling method, consisting of 30 patients. They were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and the control group. The repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the obtained data. The research instrument was a multidimensional pain questionnaire (West Hyun-Yale) to evaluate multiple pain indices. Results: The current study results suggested that cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy were effective on pain experience (P

Introduction: Implementing a method that can help individuals diagnose or prevent mental disorders can be an important step in preventing and controlling these disorders especially in the early stages. The objective of this research was to apply data mining techniques for intelligent diagnosis of severity of depressive disorder. Method: The present applied research was carried out by going to a number of psychiatric clinics in Tehran and investigating patients' medical records. A total of 420 subjects who responded to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, 71 questions) were selected through convenience sampling as the sample of the study (300 subjects were diagnosed with different degrees of depression and 120 subjects showed no symptoms of depression). The answer sheet of MMPI and the diagnosis of the psychiatrist were used as data for developing the model by k--Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine algorithms. About 70 percent of the data were applied for training and 30 percent of the data were used for validating the model. MATLAB software was used for data analysis. Results: The results of the evaluations showed that Decision Tree algorithm with accuracy of 99.16% had higher accuracy compared to other algorithms. Furthermore, by implementing the developed models on each question of MMPI, the influence of each question on evaluation was determined. Conclusion: Classifying patients with data mining approach and based on the most important characteristics can be a useful and effective tool for analyzing and improving the decision-making process of physicians regarding the treatment of patients.

Introduction: Diagnosing anxiety in the early stages by psychiatrists is one of the important steps in preventing and controlling these types of disorders. This study endeavors to present a method to diagnose the severity of anxiety using fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) algorithm. Moreover, the influence of each feature on measuring anxiety and clustering of clients is determined. Methods: This was a quantitative and descriptive study with a dataset including 300 clients related to three psychiatric clinics in Tehran, Iran provided based on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Then, the FCM algorithm was utilized to segment the clients and determine the severity of their anxiety in each cluster. Additionally, this algorithm was employed for each feature separately. Results: The psychiatric clinics' clients were divided into four clusters with the labels including no, minimal, moderate, and severe anxiety. Using the FCM algorithm, the anxiety of the clients was diagnosed with 90.66% accuracy. Moreover, as a result of implementing the algorithm on each feature, the influence of the features on measuring anxiety and clustering of clients was determined. Conclusion: The FCM algorithm diagnosed the anxiety of clients with a high accuracy. Segmenting patients by the clustering approach and based on the important features can be a dependable instrument for psychiatrists to make a decision in diagnosing the severity of anxiety in the early stages.

Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder. The clinical prominence of the OCD symptoms dimensions and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism are of significant importance. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the symptom dimensions and BDNF val66Met polymorphism genotype in Iranian patients with OCD. Materials and Methods: A total of 83 patients diagnosed with OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM5) criteria, and 83 matched controls were included this case-control study. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to investigate symptom dimensions. In addition, BDNF val66Met polymorphism was genotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method. Results: The obtained data indicated that the most prevalent obsession was contamination (62.6%) and the most prevalent compulsion was cleanliness (69.8%). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the genotypes of BDNF val66Met polymorphism in OCD (P

Background: Psychological well-being has been widely defined as the feeling of happiness and lack of stress in life, and numerous studies have been conducted regarding predictive models of psychological well-being based on resilience, but the mediating role of perceived stress on this process has not been examined. Aims: The present study aimed to determine the fit of predictive model of psychological well-being based on resilience considering the mediating role of perceived stress in university students. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational and of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population was all undergraduate students who were studying at Tehran universities during the academic year 2017-2018. A total of 382 university students were selected using multistage random sampling. The research instruments included the Conor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Reif's Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989), and Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983). For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used. Results: The results showed that the fit indices of the research model were acceptable. Conclusions: The resilience variable had both direct and indirect effects on psychological well-being (through perceived stress) (p