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2. Author Correction: A Database of Snow on Sea Ice in the Central Arctic Collected during the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Macfarlane, Amy R., Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N., Perovich, Donald K., Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M., Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A., Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, and Fons, Steven

Published
2023
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3. A Database of Snow on Sea Ice in the Central Arctic Collected during the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Macfarlane, Amy R., Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N., Perovich, Donald K., Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M., Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A., Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, and Fons, Steven

Published
2023
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5. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Willatt, Rosemary, primary, Stroeve, Julienne C., additional, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Newman, Thomas, additional, Mallett, Robbie, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Mead, James, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Liston, Glen, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Demir, Oguz, additional, Wilkinson, Jeremy, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Zhou, Lu, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Raphael, Ian A., additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, and Oggier, Marc, additional

Published
2023
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6. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, Oggier, Marc, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, and Oggier, Marc

Abstract

Snow depth on sea ice is an Essential Climate Variable and a major source of uncertainty in satellite altimetry-derived sea ice thickness. During winter of the MOSAiC Expedition, the “KuKa” dual-frequency, fully polarized Ku- and Ka-band radar was deployed in “stare” nadir-looking mode to investigate the possibility of combining these two frequencies to retrieve snow depth. Three approaches were investigated: dual-frequency, dual-polarization and waveform shape, and compared to independent snow depth measurements. Novel dual-polarization approaches yielded r2 values up to 0.77. Mean snow depths agreed within 1 cm, even for data sub-banded to CryoSat-2 SIRAL and SARAL AltiKa bandwidths. Snow depths from co-polarized dual-frequency approaches were at least a factor of four too small and had a r2 0.15 or lower. r2 for waveform shape techniques reached 0.72 but depths were underestimated. Snow depth retrievals using polarimetric information or waveform shape may therefore be possible from airborne/satellite radar altimeters.

Published
2023

7. Sea ice and snow characteristics from year-long transects at the MOSAiC Central Observatory

Author

Itkin, Polona, Hendricks, Stefan, Webster, Melinda, von Albedyll, Luisa, Arndt, Stefanie, Divine, Dmitry, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Schneebeli, Martin, Liston, Glen E, Itkin, Polona, Hendricks, Stefan, Webster, Melinda, von Albedyll, Luisa, Arndt, Stefanie, Divine, Dmitry, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Schneebeli, Martin, and Liston, Glen E

Abstract

Repeated transects have become the backbone of spatially distributed ice and snow thickness measurements crucial for understanding of ice mass balance. Here we detail the transects at the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) 2019-2020, which represent the first such measurements collected across an entire season. Compared with similar historical transects, the snow at MOSAiC was thin (mean depths of approximately 0.1-0.3 m), while the sea ice was relatively thick first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI). SYI was of two distinct types: relatively thin level ice formed from surfaces with extensive melt pond cover, and relatively thick deformed ice. On level SYI, spatial signatures of refrozen melt ponds remained detectable in January. At the beginning of winter the thinnest ice also had the thinnest snow, with winter growth rates of thin ice (0.33 m month-1 for FYI, 0.24 m month-1 for previously ponded SYI) exceeding that of thick ice (0.2 m month-1). By January, FYI already had a greater modal ice thickness (1.1 m) than previously ponded SYI (0.9 m). By February, modal thickness of all SYI and FYI became indistinguishable at about 1.4 m. The largest modal thicknesses were measured in May at 1.7 m. Transects included deformed ice, where largest volumes of snow accumulated by April. The remaining snow on level ice exhibited typical spatial heterogeneity in the form of snow dunes. Spatial correlation length scales for snow and sea ice ranged from 20 to 40 m or 60 to 90 m, depending on the sampling direction, which suggests that the known anisotropy of snow dunes also manifests in spatial patterns in sea ice thickness. The diverse snow and ice thickness data obtained from the MOSAiC transects represent an invaluable resource for model and remote sensing product development.

Published
2023

8. Author Correction: A Database of Snow on Sea Ice in the Central Arctic Collected during the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Macfarlane, Amy R, Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N, Perovich, Donald K, Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M, Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A, Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, Fons, Steven, Macfarlane, Amy R, Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N, Perovich, Donald K, Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M, Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A, Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, and Fons, Steven

Abstract

Correction to: Scientific Data, published online 22 June 2023 The original version showed the wrong image for Figure 3, with the image for Figure 4 used for both. This has been corrected in the pdf and HTML versions of the article, with the correct version of Figure 3 replacing the duplicated figure. The dates in the figure captions were also incorrect and have been amended as follows: Figure 3 caption: “from 2019-10-25 - 2020-07-30” modified to “from 2019-10-25 - 2020-05-15” Figure 4 caption: “from 2020-02-25 - 2020-07-30” modified to “from 2020-06-13 - 2020-07-30”.

Published
2023

9. A Database of Snow on Sea Ice in the Central Arctic Collected during the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Macfarlane, Amy R, Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N, Perovich, Donald K, Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M, Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A, Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, Fons, Steven, Macfarlane, Amy R, Schneebeli, Martin, Dadic, Ruzica, Tavri, Aikaterini, Immerz, Antonia, Polashenski, Chris, Krampe, Daniela, Clemens-Sewall, David, Wagner, David N, Perovich, Donald K, Henna-Reetta, Hannula, Raphael, Ian, Matero, Ilkka, Regnery, Julia, Smith, Madison M, Nicolaus, Marcel, Jaggi, Matthias, Oggier, Marc, Webster, Melinda A, Lehning, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Itkin, Polona, Naderpour, Reza, Pirazzini, Roberta, Hämmerle, Stefan, Arndt, Stefanie, and Fons, Steven

Abstract

Snow plays an essential role in the Arctic as the interface between the sea ice and the atmosphere. Optical properties, thermal conductivity and mass distribution are critical to understanding the complex Arctic sea ice system’s energy balance and mass distribution. By conducting measurements from October 2019 to September 2020 on the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, we have produced a dataset capturing the year-long evolution of the physical properties of the snow and surface scattering layer, a highly porous surface layer on Arctic sea ice that evolves due to preferential melt at the ice grain boundaries. The dataset includes measurements of snow during MOSAiC. Measurements included profiles of depth, density, temperature, snow water equivalent, penetration resistance, stable water isotope, salinity and microcomputer tomography samples. Most snowpit sites were visited and measured weekly to capture the temporal evolution of the physical properties of snow. The compiled dataset includes 576 snowpits and describes snow conditions during the MOSAiC expedition.

Published
2023

10. Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry

Author

Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, Oggier, Marc, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Willatt, Rosemary, Stroeve, Julienne, Nandan, Vishnu, Newman, Thomas, Mallett, Robbie, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Mead, James, Itkin, Polona, Tonboe, Rasmus, Wagner, David Nicholas, Spreen, Gunnar, Liston, Glen, Schneebeli, Martin, Krampe, Daniela, Tsamados, Michel, Demir, Oguz, Wilkinson, Jeremy, Jaggi, Matthias, Zhou, Lu, Huntemann, Marcus, Raphael, Ian A., Jutila, Arttu, and Oggier, Marc

Published
2023

11. Sea ice and snow characteristics from year-long transects at the MOSAiC Central Observatory

Author

Itkin, Polona, primary, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, and Liston, Glen E., additional

Published
2023
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12. Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons

Author

Wagner, David N., primary, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Cox, Christopher, additional, Persson, Ola G., additional, Uttal, Taneil, additional, Frey, Markus M., additional, Kirchgaessner, Amélie, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Macfarlane, Amy R., additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Kolabutin, Nikolai, additional, Shimanshuck, Egor, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, and Lehning, Michael, additional

Published
2022
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13. Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons

Author

Wagner, David N, Shupe, Matthew D, Cox, Christopher, Persson, Ola G, Uttal, Taneil, Frey, Markus M, Kirchgaessner, Amélie, Schneebeli, Martin, Jaggi, Matthias, Macfarlane, Amy R, Itkin, Polona, Arndt, Stefanie, Hendricks, Stefan, Krampe, Daniela, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Regnery, Julia, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Shimanshuck, Egor, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Stroeve, Julienne, Lehning, Michael, Wagner, David N, Shupe, Matthew D, Cox, Christopher, Persson, Ola G, Uttal, Taneil, Frey, Markus M, Kirchgaessner, Amélie, Schneebeli, Martin, Jaggi, Matthias, Macfarlane, Amy R, Itkin, Polona, Arndt, Stefanie, Hendricks, Stefan, Krampe, Daniela, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Regnery, Julia, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Shimanshuck, Egor, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Stroeve, Julienne, and Lehning, Michael

Abstract

Data from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition allowed us to investigate the temporal dynamics of snowfall, snow accumulation and erosion in great detail for almost the whole accumulation season (November 2019 to May 2020). We computed cumulative snow water equivalent (SWE) over the sea ice based on snow depth and density retrievals from a SnowMicroPen and approximately weekly measured snow depths along fixed transect paths. We used the derived SWE from the snow cover to compare with precipitation sensors installed during MOSAiC. The data were also compared with ERA5 reanalysis snowfall rates for the drift track. We found an accumulated snow mass of 38 m SWE between the end of October 2019 and end of April 2020. The initial SWE over first-year ice relative to second-year ice increased from 50 % to 90 % by end of the investigation period. Further, we found that the Vaisala Present Weather Detector 22, an optical precipitation sensor, and installed on a railing on the top deck of research vessel Polarstern, was least affected by blowing snow and showed good agreements with SWE retrievals along the transect. On the contrary, the OTT Pluvio2 pluviometer and the OTT Parsivel2 laser disdrometer were largely affected by wind and blowing snow, leading to too high measured precipitation rates. These are largely reduced when eliminating drifting snow periods in the comparison. ERA5 reveals good timing of the snowfall events and good agreement with ground measurements with an overestimation tendency. Retrieved snowfall from the ship-based Ka-band ARM zenith radar shows good agreements with SWE of the snow cover and differences comparable to those of ERA5. Based on the results, we suggest the Ka-band radar-derived snowfall as an upper limit and the present weather detector on RV Polarstern as a lower limit of a cumulative snowfall range. Based on these findings, we suggest a cumulative snowfall of 72 to 107 m and a preci

Published
2022

14. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

15. Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons

Author

Wagner, David N., Shupe, Matthew D., Cox, Christopher, Persson, Ola G., Uttal, Taneil, Frey, Markus M., Kirchgaessner, Amélie, Schneebeli, Martin, Jaggi, Matthias, Macfarlane, Amy R., Itkin, Polona, Arndt, Stefanie, Hendricks, Stefan, Krampe, Daniela, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Regnery, Julia, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Shimanshuck, Egor, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Stroeve, Julienne, Lehning, Michael, Wagner, David N., Shupe, Matthew D., Cox, Christopher, Persson, Ola G., Uttal, Taneil, Frey, Markus M., Kirchgaessner, Amélie, Schneebeli, Martin, Jaggi, Matthias, Macfarlane, Amy R., Itkin, Polona, Arndt, Stefanie, Hendricks, Stefan, Krampe, Daniela, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Regnery, Julia, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Shimanshuck, Egor, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Stroeve, Julienne, and Lehning, Michael

Abstract

Data from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition allowed us to investigate the temporal dynamics of snowfall, snow accumulation and erosion in great detail for almost the whole accumulation season (November 2019 to May 2020). We computed cumulative snow water equivalent (SWE) over the sea ice based on snow depth and density retrievals from a SnowMicroPen and approximately weekly measured snow depths along fixed transect paths. We used the derived SWE from the snow cover to compare with precipitation sensors installed during MOSAiC. The data were also compared with ERA5 reanalysis snowfall rates for the drift track. We found an accumulated snow mass of 38 mm SWE between the end of October 2019 and end of April 2020. The initial SWE over first-year ice relative to second-year ice increased from 50 % to 90 % by end of the investigation period. Further, we found that the Vaisala Present Weather Detector 22, an optical precipitation sensor, and installed on a railing on the top deck of research vessel Polarstern, was least affected by blowing snow and showed good agreements with SWE retrievals along the transect. On the contrary, the OTT Pluvio2 pluviometer and the OTT Parsivel2 laser disdrometer were largely affected by wind and blowing snow, leading to too high measured precipitation rates. These are largely reduced when eliminating drifting snow periods in the comparison. ERA5 reveals good timing of the snowfall events and good agreement with ground measurements with an overestimation tendency. Retrieved snowfall from the ship-based Ka-band ARM zenith radar shows good agreements with SWE of the snow cover and differences comparable to those of ERA5. Based on the results, we suggest the Ka-band radar-derived snowfall as an upper limit and the present weather detector on RV Polarstern as a lower limit of a cumulative snowfall range. Based on these findings, we suggest a cumulative snowfall of 72 to 107 mm and a pre

Published
2022

16. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, and Tsamados, Michel

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice

Published
2022

17. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

19. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, primary, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Angelopoulos, Michael, additional, Anhaus, Philipp, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Belter, H. Jakob, additional, Bessonov, Vladimir, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Brauchle, Jörg, additional, Calmer, Radiance, additional, Cardellach, Estel, additional, Cheng, Bin, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Dadic, Ruzica, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, de Boer, Gijs, additional, Demir, Oguz, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Fons, Steven, additional, Frey, Markus M., additional, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Gabarró, Carolina, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goessling, Helge F., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Haapala, Jari, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Hamilton, Jonathan, additional, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer K., additional, Hwang, Byongjun, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Kolabutin, Nikolai, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kurtz, Nathan, additional, Lampert, Astrid, additional, Lange, Benjamin Allen, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Light, Bonnie, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Liston, Glen E., additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Macfarlane, Amy R., additional, Mahmud, Mallik, additional, Matero, Ilkka O., additional, Maus, Sönke, additional, Morgenstern, Anne, additional, Naderpour, Reza, additional, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Niubom, Alexey, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Oppelt, Natascha, additional, Pätzold, Falk, additional, Perron, Christophe, additional, Petrovsky, Tomasz, additional, Pirazzini, Roberta, additional, Polashenski, Chris, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Raphael, Ian A., additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Salganik, Evgenii, additional, Scharien, Randall K., additional, Schiller, Martin, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Semmling, Maximilian, additional, Shimanchuk, Egor, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Smith, Madison M., additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Stanton, Tim, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, Thielke, Linda, additional, Timofeeva, Anna, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, additional, Tavri, Aikaterini, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Watkins, Daniel, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Wendisch, Manfred, additional

Published
2022
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22. Comparison of in-situ and ex-situ metamorphism in near-surface snow stratifications at Dome C.

Author

Löwe, Henning, Jaggi, Matthias, Matzl, Margret, Schneebeli, Martin, Picard, Ghislain, Arnaud, Laurent, and Landais, Amaelle

Subjects
*SNOW, *SEASONAL temperature variations, *SNOWPACK augmentation, *EXCAVATION, ANTARCTIC climate
Abstract

An important step towards a better understanding of the formation of climate signals in near-surface polar snow/firn is the interplay of post-depositional processes with a given stratification reflecting the characteristics of the accumulation. As one of the key processes, snow metamorphism is controlled by the seasonal variation of near-surface temperatures/gradients. For low accumulation sites this causes a coarse sublimation-deposition pattern superimposed on a fine-layered stratification. To understand these processes and potential consequences for the formation of climate signals we developed a portable rack of four macroscopic metamorphism boxes in which large (0.4m x 0.4m x 0.3m), stratigraphically heterogeneous snow blocks can be subjected to different temperature forcings under sealed conditions after excavation from the natural snowpack. The rack was deployed at Dome C during the two months in the Antarctic Summer 2017/2018 to detail the role of metamorphism within the IPEV project "Snow properties evolution in a changing climate in Antarctica". In the campaign we conducted ex-situ sensitivity experiments for the evolution of signals (microstructure, isotopes) and compared it to the concurrent in-situ dynamics that was monitored by field measurements. In this presentation we report on first results of the evolution of stratigraphy from the sensitivity experiments under four temperature/gradient scenarios that have been analyzed by micro-computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

24. Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons

Author

Wagner, David N., Shupe, Matthew D., Cox, Christopher, Persson, Ola G., Uttal, Taneil, Frey, Markus M., Kirchgaessner, Amélie, Schneebeli, Martin, Jaggi, Matthias, MacFarlane, Amy R., Itkin, Polona, Arndt, Stefanie, Hendricks, Stefan, Krampe, Daniela, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Regnery, Julia, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Shimanshuck, Egor, Oggier, Marc, Raphael, Ian, Stroeve, Julienne, and Lehning, Michael

Subjects
sea-ice, thermodynamics, model, variability, surface heat-budget, microstructure, blowing snow, precipitation, cover, redistribution
Abstract

Data from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition allowed us to investigate the temporal dynamics of snowfall, snow accumulation and erosion in great detail for almost the whole accumulation season (November 2019 to May 2020). We computed cumulative snow water equivalent (SWE) over the sea ice based on snow depth and density retrievals from a SnowMicroPen and approximately weekly measured snow depths along fixed transect paths. We used the derived SWE from the snow cover to compare with precipitation sensors installed during MOSAiC. The data were also compared with ERA5 reanalysis snowfall rates for the drift track. We found an accumulated snow mass of 38 mm SWE between the end of October 2019 and end of April 2020. The initial SWE over first-year ice relative to second-year ice increased from 50 % to 90 % by end of the investigation period. Further, we found that the Vaisala Present Weather Detector 22, an optical precipitation sensor, and installed on a railing on the top deck of research vessel Polarstern, was least affected by blowing snow and showed good agreements with SWE retrievals along the transect. On the contrary, the OTT Pluvio2 pluviometer and the OTT Parsivel2 laser disdrometer were largely affected by wind and blowing snow, leading to too high measured precipitation rates. These are largely reduced when eliminating drifting snow periods in the comparison. ERA5 reveals good timing of the snowfall events and good agreement with ground measurements with an overestimation tendency. Retrieved snowfall from the ship-based Ka-band ARM zenith radar shows good agreements with SWE of the snow cover and differences comparable to those of ERA5. Based on the results, we suggest the Ka-band radar-derived snowfall as an upper limit and the present weather detector on RV Polarstern as a lower limit of a cumulative snowfall range. Based on these findings, we suggest a cumulative snowfall of 72 to 107 mm and a precipitation mass loss of the snow cover due to erosion and sublimation as between 47 % and 68 %, for the time period between 31 October 2019 and 26 April 2020. Extending this period beyond available snow cover measurements, we suggest a cumulative snowfall of 98–114 mm.

25. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Joerg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry, V, Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarro, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuze, Celine, Hoppmann, Mario, Hoyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Subjects
atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction, depth, deformation, arctic drift study, temperature, snow and sea ice, thickness, thermodynamics, frequency, interdisciplinary research, impact, pack ice, mass-balance, coupled climate system, radar
Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice-ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

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