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The subject of the study is the conceptual, legislative and theoretical provisions in the field of legal regulation of contractual relations in the implementation of joint activities in Ukraine and some European countries, as well as in the field of using the structure of joint activities as a special type of economic relations in the conduct of business. Methodology. General scientific methods were used in the research process. The comparative method was used to compare the legislative approaches to the legal regulation of contractual relations in the joint activities of Germany, France, Poland, Moldova and Ukraine. The analysis was used to determine the specifics of legislative approaches to the legal regulation of contractual relations for the implementation of joint activities in these countries, to identify their advantages and disadvantages. Synthesis was used to determine the methodological principles of legal regulation of joint activities. Induction and deduction were used to determine the basic principles of the functioning of civil legal partnerships with the aim of carrying out joint activities by their participants. The aim of the article is to propose concrete ways of improving the Ukrainian legal mechanism of contractual regulation of joint activity relations in order to ensure prompt and efficient post-war reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure facilities, the success of the process of recodification of the civil legislation of Ukraine and its harmonisation with the legislation of the EU countries. The results of the study have shown that, in general, the Ukrainian legislative approach to the legal regulation of relations on the implementation of joint activities is the most liberal and dispositive in comparison with the corresponding approaches of the European countries, which confirms the opinion that it is necessary to understand the agreement on joint activities as an effective legal and economic instrument for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, based on the consolidation of human efforts and resources (capital) for the achievement of a common goal. Conclusion. In order to improve the national legislative approach to the legal regulation of relations on joint activities on a contractual basis and to harmonise it with the provisions of European legislation, it is advisable to enshrine the following provisions by way of borrowing: 1) the prohibition of participants to engage in any activity that may be detrimental to the company, including the prohibition of competition; 2) the possibility of depriving a participant of the right to manage the company by a court decision if there is a valid reason, in particular as a result of a gross breach of duty; 3) the right of a participant to withdraw from a limited partnership if there are valid reasons and the invalidity of the objection to this effect; 4) the establishment of a basic list of the essential terms of a simple partnership agreement. This will undoubtedly have a direct impact on improving the institution of joint ventures as an important tool for the development of Ukraine's economic system in the post-war environment, especially in the context of investing in Ukrainian business and rebuilding the destroyed infrastructure.

This paper provides empirical evidence using two studies to explain the primary factors facilitating electronic health record (EHR) systems adoption through the lens of the resource advantage theory. We aim to address the following research questions: What are the main organizational antecedents of EHR implementation? What is the role of monitoring in EHR system implementation? What are the current themes and people's attitudes toward EHR systems? This paper includes two empirical studies. Study 1 presents a research model based on data collected from four different archival datasets. Drawing upon the resource advantage theory, this paper uses archival data from 200 Texas hospitals, thus mitigating potential response bias and enhancing the validity of the findings. Study 2 includes a text analysis of 5154 textual data, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Study 1's findings reveal that joint ventures and ownership are the two main enablers of adopting EHR systems in 200 Texas hospitals. Moreover, the results offer a moderating role of monitoring in strengthening the relationship between joint-venture capability and the implementation of EHR systems. Study 2's results indicate a positive attitude toward EHR systems. The U.S. was unique in the sample due to its slower adoption of EHR systems than other developed countries. Physician burnout also emerged as a significant concern in the context of EHR adoption. Topic modeling identified three themes: training, healthcare interoperability, and organizational barriers. In a multimethod design, this paper contributes to prior work by offering two new EHR antecedents: hospital ownership and joint-venture capability. Moreover, this paper suggests that the monitoring mechanism moderates the adoption of EHR systems in Texas hospitals. Moreover, this paper contributes to prior EHR works by performing text analysis of textual data to carry out sentiment analysis and topic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate the financial shortage for public service provision, a government agency may jointly finance, own, and run a service system with a private firm (in the manner of a joint venture) or delegate service provision to the firm subject to regulation in service price or wait time. We model the service system as a queueing system in which customers are heterogeneous in service valuation and sensitive to price and delay. While the government aims to maximize social welfare, the firm's goal is to maximize profit. Hence, the joint venture has the objective of a mix of profit maximization and social welfare creation. Under the regulation, two types of interaction between the government and the firm, that is, sequential move (in the absence of the government's myopic adjustment) and simultaneous move (in the presence of myopic adjustment), are considered. We find that while wait time regulation is more efficient than price regulation in the presence of myopic adjustment, the relationship is reversed in the absence of myopic adjustment. Somewhat surprisingly, price regulation with myopic adjustment may backfire. However, in some instances, the government must take a large share in a joint venture to achieve the same performance under price regulation without myopic adjustment. Our work uncovers whether the government adopts myopic adjustment plays a critical role in choosing the regulation instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence using two studies to explain the primary factors facilitating electronic health record (EHR) systems adoption through the lens of the resource advantage theory. We aim to address the following research questions: What are the main organizational antecedents of EHR implementation? What is the role of monitoring in EHR system implementation? What are the current themes and people’s attitudes toward EHR systems? This paper includes two empirical studies. Study 1 presents a research model based on data collected from four different archival datasets. Drawing upon the resource advantage theory, this paper uses archival data from 200 Texas hospitals, thus mitigating potential response bias and enhancing the validity of the findings. Study 2 includes a text analysis of 5154 textual data, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Study 1’s findings reveal that joint ventures and ownership are the two main enablers of adopting EHR systems in 200 Texas hospitals. Moreover, the results offer a moderating role of monitoring in strengthening the relationship between joint-venture capability and the implementation of EHR systems. Study 2’s results indicate a positive attitude toward EHR systems. The U.S. was unique in the sample due to its slower adoption of EHR systems than other developed countries. Physician burnout also emerged as a significant concern in the context of EHR adoption. Topic modeling identified three themes: training, healthcare interoperability, and organizational barriers. In a multimethod design, this paper contributes to prior work by offering two new EHR antecedents: hospital ownership and joint-venture capability. Moreover, this paper suggests that the monitoring mechanism moderates the adoption of EHR systems in Texas hospitals. Moreover, this paper contributes to prior EHR works by performing text analysis of textual data to carry out sentiment analysis and topic modeling.

Copyright of Bait Al-Mashura Journal is the property of Bait Al-Mashura Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł dotyczy wyroku Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów w sprawie z odwołania od decyzji Prezesa UOKiK w sprawie Nord Stream 2 (Gazprom i inni). Omawia przede wszystkim stanowisko sądu co do rodzajów transakcji stanowiących utworzenie wspólnego przedsiębiorcy, koncepcję obejścia prawa na gruncie ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów, a także polityczny i ekonomiczny wymiar sprawy.

With the advancement of China’s electricity spot market construction， it has become a prevailing trend for new energy to participate in the spot market. However， the output uncertainty of new energy debilitates its market competitiveness. As a mature energy storage technology， distributed pumped-storage power plants can cooperate with new energy generation and stabilize its output fluctuations. To this end， a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the participation of a consortium of distributed pumped storage plants and new energy generation in the day-ahead and real-time markets under a dual settlement mechanism in the spot market is investigated. Conditional value-at-risk （CVaR）is introduced to quantify the impact of uncertainty in new energy output and market electricity prices on the joint venture’s revenue， and to optimize the consortium’s bidding in the day-ahead market stage and rolling self-dispatch in the real-time balancing market stage. The example analysis shows that the proposed method can increase the revenue of the joint venture in the spot market. Finally， the impact of the risk preference factor and the storage capacity of the pumped storage plant on the joint venture’s revenue is discussed.

Joint construction ventures are a global business partnership approach to accomplishing jointly executed construction objectives. The success of joint ventures is not achieved without militating factors and complexity affecting the process. This study assessed the militating factors against joint venture success in the construction industry in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using a purposive sampling technique to select participants for this study. In total, 190 copies of the questionnaire were sent out to construction stakeholders in Gauteng province, South Africa, and 185 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reliability and validity, descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned seven factors that provided a relevant understanding of the militating factors against joint venture success: differences in partners' work values, ineffective regulatory frameworks, undefined goals, clashes between partners' cultural values, economic viability, operational constraints, and conflicts of interest. This study recommends that joint venture formulation requires due diligence from partners to understand policy, organisational culture, sharing ratios, and economic viability to avoid unnecessary conflicts of interest and operational constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the right to association provided in the Romanian Constitution refers to non profit associations, associative forms that do not seek to obtain or share benefits, but political, religious or cultural purposes, being the expression of freedom of thought and a form of expression, then any form of private law association that seek profit is the expression of both the contractual freedom of the associates and the economic freedom recognized by art. 45 of the fundamental law. No form of association regardless of the typology of which it belongs is ever imposed by law, their creation depending exclusively on the will of the members. The simple company and the joint venture are associative forms without legal personality, lucrative, belonging to the category of professionals. They are flexible associative forms from the perspective of the lack of formalities necessary for their establishment, but also complex from the perspective of the legal relations they generate both between the associates and towards third parties.

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

The overall economic situation considers a scenario that is not exactly optimistic in the context of the current health crisis. The need for cheap resources will probably lead to the seizing of the opportunities provided by the trade companies, without patrimonial transfers of goods and labour force. Taking this context into account, we believe that the mixed ventures might become relevant again nowadays. The challenge posed by the indirect taxation of these associations without legal personality points out a series of practical aspects which we consider that should be rigorously and thoroughly addressed, especially that the tax payers’ option is not always in accordance with that of the fiscal authorities causing contentious issues, which are time and money consuming and at the same time lead to forced executions endangering the company’s existence itself. The article hereby is based on the material tax law rules as regards the common law provisions, with the aim of setting up the tax deductions regime regarding the contributions and purchases related to joint ventures, given that the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax does not include specific provisions for joint ventures, which is why the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is applicable in this matter.

The North American Wetlands Conservation Act provides funding and administration for wetland management and conservation projects. The North American Wetland Conservation Fund, enabled in 1989 with the Act, provides financial resources. Resource allocation decisions are based, in part, on regional experts, particularly migratory bird Joint Ventures (JV; partnerships established under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan to help conserve the continent's waterfowl populations and habitats). The JVs evaluate funding proposals submitted within their respective regions each year and make funding recommendations to decision makers. Proposal evaluation procedures differ among JVs; however, it could be helpful to consider a transparent, repeatable, and data-driven framework for prioritization within regions. We used structured decision-making and linear additive value models for ranking proposals within JV regions. We used two JVs as case studies and constructed two different value models using JV-specific objectives and weights. The framework was developed through a collaborative process with JV staff and stakeholders. Models were written in Microsoft Excel. To test these models, we used six North American Wetlands Conservation Act proposals submitted to the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes JV in 2016 and seven proposals submitted to the Gulf Coast JV in 2017. We compared proposal ranks assigned by the value model to ranks assigned by each JV's management board. Ranks assigned by the value model differed from ranks assigned by the board for the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes JV, but not for the Gulf Coast JV. However, ranks from the value model could change markedly with different objective weights and value functions. The weighted linear value model was beneficial for ranking NAWCA proposals because it allows JVs to treat the ranking as a multiple objective problem and tailor the ranking to their specific regional concerns. We believe a structured decision-making approach could be adapted by JV staff to facilitate a systematic and transparent process for proposal ranking by their management boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the hydrocarbon potential of the Arctic shelf is one of the priority tasks for Russia, forming the conditions for its strategic presence in the region. Russia's official energy documents stipulate the need to increase oil and gas production in the Arctic, including offshore production, to ensure the stable operation of the country's oil and gas complex in the long term. However, the development of hydrocarbon fields on the Arctic shelf is a serious technological challenge for the domestic oil and gas in-dustry. While offshore oil production in the Russian Arctic is already underway, natural gas production remains a promising future target. The article analyses the current gas projects on the Arctic shelf in terms of their technological complexity and unique solutions, and the strategies of operators to attract foreign participants to the project. We consider these in the contexts of technological issues, organizational features, securing foreign investment. The author believes that the provisions and conclusions of this study will help add to the comprehensive picture of the foreign oil and gas companies experience engaged in natural gas production on the Arctic shelf, which will minimise the errors and risks in the development of hydrocarbon resources on the Russian Arctic seas shelf.

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/63j6s1tbPopulations of many species of birds are declining worldwide from habitat loss and degradation and the effects of contamination, disease, and alien species. Effects have been great in California’s Central Valley from the loss of over 90% of its historical wetland and riparian habitats. Conservation initiatives at various geographic scales have ranged from protecting and restoring habitats or ecosystems for broad suites of species to ones identifying individual declining and vulnerable taxa and spurring actions to halt or reverse their population declines. In taking the first approach, the Central Valley Joint Venture initially focused on restoring habitats and populations of wintering and breeding waterfowl but currently promotes the conservation of all birds. This joint venture is setting population and habitat objectives for seven taxonomic or habitat bird groups, but to date little attention has been paid to at-risk species of particular conservation concern. We identified 38 at-risk species, subspecies, or distinct populations of birds that warrant heightened conservation efforts in the Central Valley. At-risk birds are unevenly distributed among subregions and habitat types in this valley, but most face the primary threat of habitat loss and degradation. The treatment of at-risk species varies greatly among the seven bird groups considered by the joint venture, and, overall, conservation objectives are not addressed specifically for 50% of the region’s at-risk taxa, though some surely benefit from objectives set for other groups. To adequately treat at-risk species, we recommend a framework for setting conservation objectives that evaluates assumptions about limiting factors, considers objectives already set for threatened and endangered species, assesses whether objectives set for other groups or focal species meet the needs of at-risk species lacking such objectives, establishes objectives for at-risk species for habitats or seasons not currently considered, and highlights information gaps to be filled to effectively set new or refined objectives.

As the world’s largest developing country and the largest carbon emitter, China must consider economic growth and carbon emission reduction in development. Therefore, improving carbon productivity is an important goal of China at present. At the same time, China’s foreign capital inflow has always been at the forefront of the world, and foreign direct investment (FDI) has had various impacts on China’s carbon productivity. Based on the panel data of 25 provinces in China from 2007 to 2019, this paper uses a spatial econometric model to study the difference in the impact of FDI on China’s carbon productivity under different entry modes. The study found that: when FDI enters China in the mode of joint ventures, there is a positive spatial spillover effect, which is conducive to improving China’s carbon productivity; while when FDI enters China in the mode of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, there is a negative spatial spillover effect, which will inhibit the improvement of China’s carbon productivity. Therefore, when introducing foreign capital, the Chinese government should formulate differentiated foreign investment policies according to the different entry modes of FDI, and encourage more FDI to enter China in the mode of joint ventures.

Joint construction ventures are a global business partnership approach to accomplishing jointly executed construction objectives. The success of joint ventures is not achieved without militating factors and complexity affecting the process. This study assessed the militating factors against joint venture success in the construction industry in South Africa. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using a purposive sampling technique to select participants for this study. In total, 190 copies of the questionnaire were sent out to construction stakeholders in Gauteng province, South Africa, and 185 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reliability and validity, descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned seven factors that provided a relevant understanding of the militating factors against joint venture success: differences in partners’ work values, ineffective regulatory frameworks, undefined goals, clashes between partners’ cultural values, economic viability, operational constraints, and conflicts of interest. This study recommends that joint venture formulation requires due diligence from partners to understand policy, organisational culture, sharing ratios, and economic viability to avoid unnecessary conflicts of interest and operational constraints.

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public Private Partnership as a practice is making its impact on the Nigerian landscape. The growth of Public private partnerships is linked to the insufficient funds available to government for financing numerous development projects (including Housing) as well as governments poor risk management capacity. The noted challenges to government financing and its impact on the nation’s development, has increased the prospects of Public Private Partnerships as an alternative to delivery of infrastructure and housing. The study investigated the Effect of Public Private Partnerships on Delivery of Affordable Housing in Nigeria. Also, other objectives include; examining the impact of management contracts on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria, to identify the effect of Joint venture on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria. The researcher adopted the survey research design and structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Data analysis was committed to descriptive statistics of mean and percentages as well as correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that there is significant impact of management contracts on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria, there is positive effect of joint venture on the delivery of affordable housing in Nigeria. The study concludes that for public private partnerships to prosper and achieve these objectives, any partnership must establish metrics for success, be able to quantify and track their accomplishments, and spot and address emerging problems. It was recommended that the government must assume the responsibility to ensure that appropriate and affordable infrastructure services are provided to all citizens. It was also recommended that the Government adopts and establishes a Viability Gap funding framework and programme to attract private sector participation and alternative and impact sources of funding to facilitate affordability and enable the identification, development and successful execution of Public Private Partnership Infrastructure and Affordable Housing Projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines major trends and prospects regarding the Indian direct investment in the economy of the Russian Federation. The authors comprehensively analyze key factors, the scale, regional and sectoral composition of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy, scrutinize the evolution of sectoral and regional composition of the Indian FDI, as well as define main challenges and obstacles that investors from India face in Russia and identify medium-term prospects for the Indian capital in the Russian Federation. The research shows that in the current circumstances the significance of the Indian capital in form of direct investment for Russia is substantially growing; its regional presence is steadily increasing; the sectoral diversification of the Indian investment is intensifying. The important indicator in this case is the quality of the Indian capital, its gradually increasing high-technology component. Not only the scale of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy is changing, but also there is the rise in number of companies investing in Russia. At the same time, if in the early 2000s those companies were mainly large Indian MNCs, nowadays there is an increased interest in Russia among small and medium-sized high-technology enterprises of India that promote innovative development of the Russian regions. Of utmost importance is the fact that the Indian capital is also invested in small-scale industry, promoting upgrade of technological equipment of small and medium-sized enterprises in Russia. These noticeable changes in the Indian capital movement will substantially contribute to enhanced economic cooperation between the two countries.

Five full years of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) provide an opportunity to highlight the main trends of cooperation under this association and to summarize some of their results. The article discusses the trends and results of Kazakhstan’s foreign economic cooperation with the EAEU countries in the main areas, including mutual trade, mutual investments, as well as some others. The analysis revealed that in most areas of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries during the period of the union’s existence, leading dynamics were observed, which indicates the positive results for the national economy of the first five years of operation as part of the integration association.

Musharakah Tijariah Cross-Border Financing (“Product”) is the product to enable the Bank to undertake projects and contract cross-border financing activities or other identified business ventures on “pure” Joint Venture basis, using the underlying Islamic financing contract, structure and epistemological development that are expected to inject greater Musharakah concept, structure and epistemological development and also that is expected to inject greater prosper to the Bank’s overall performance and ultimately able to assist small time landowners in a big way through business risk sharing. This paper also provides the link of financial access for Muslim Small Medium Entrepreneurs to Islamic venture capital as alternative financing business innovation with blockchain strategies.

In Austria Asphalt, the Court of Justice issued the first preliminary ruling related to the EU merger control regime. In Advocate General Kokott’s words, the Austrian Supreme Court asked the Court of Justice to answer the fundamental question of what constitutes a concentration between undertakings within Article 3 of the EUMR. The Court of Justice held that Article 3 of the EUMR must be interpreted as meaning that a concentration is deemed to arise upon a change in the form of control of an existing undertaking which, previously exclusive, becomes joint only if the joint venture created by such a transaction performs on a lasting basis all the functions of an autonomous economic entity. Although the ruling was rendered in the context of a specific transaction scenario, the underlying reasoning could shed new light on how to assess transactions that fall between acquisition of control and creation of a joint venture. However, this reasoning is incompliant with the purposes and economic foundations of the EU merger control regime. This can be proven both in relation to the transaction scenario directly covered by the question for a preliminary ruling and, if extrapolated, in relation to other transaction scenarios.

Subject and purpose of work: The subject matter of this paper includes selected examples of tools applied in systems analysis and strategic analysis in relation to the influence of their results on the forms of cooperation between business entities. The study is aimed at provoking a deeper thought on the outcomes of the lack of a system-based approach on the effects of cooperation, and consequently at reducing the negative experience arising from the lack of understanding of the conditions affecting the expected results.

The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is to analyze joint entrepreneurship as a specific form of technology transfer, taking into account modern strategic goals of domestic enterprises. Methodology. The article relies on scientific research in this area by domestic and foreign scholars. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the article are a set of principles and methods of scientific research: the principle of systematization and theoretical generalization, methods of structural and functional as well as of comparative analysis. Results. The article analyzes and defines the essence and nature of joint venture as a form of international scientific and technological cooperation within technological platforms; it reviews and improves the mapping of joint venture implementation; the article suggests a model of selection mechanism for effective form of joint venture. Practical implications. The implementation of the mechanism for selecting an effective form of joint venture, developed in this study, can potentially yield good results and improve the level of competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Value (originality). This study emphasizes the problem of selecting forms of joint entrepreneurship in the process of technology transfer and analyzes a number of factors of interaction between enterprises. The conducted research shows that the development of inter-company relations is a characteristic feature of modern global and domestic economy. The analysis shows that the success and effectiveness of cooperation depends on the form of joint venture.

Since independence in 2011, the Republic of South Sudan has witnessed growth in the financial systems and the overall economy. This has led to growth in the number of financial institutions in the country. There is however minimal research on their overall performance. Hence the current research sought to determine the effect of ownership structure, bank stability and the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. The population for the study was all the 29 commercial banks in South Sudan. Secondary data was collected for the period 2012-2017 from audited annual financial reports of individual banks and the Central Bank of South Sudan reports while primary data was collected by the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was edited, sorted and coded into SPSS 23 for subsequent data analysis using SPSS 23 statistical analysis tool. This research utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the analysis. Statistical tests to be utilized in the study included t-tests, f-test, regression models and ANOVA models. Findings of the research were presented using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, charts, tables, and other statistical measures. Results of the study indicated there was a statistically significant moderating effect of ownership structure on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. This study recommends that the government should adopt better measures to safeguard public-owned commercial banks to improve their efficiency and performance.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the basic forms of Market access in Russia. Different types of the market access for foreign companies have been considered, advantages and disadvantages of each types of localization have been analyzed, as well as the main problems faced by foreign companies in the process of localization have been revealed.

Research on the political risk and entry mode of multinational companies (MNCs) has been one of the major subjects of interest in international business terrain, and the political risk factor has constitute a major basis for explaining whether exporting, licensing, franchising, or joint venture agreement (JVA) and Foreign direct investment seems to be appropriate. As such, the study examined the effect of political risk as it affects the entry mode strategies of selected multinational corporations in Nigeria as the economy of most developing economies has been characterized as being exposed to political instability and risk. The research adopted the survey technique with inference to the expo facto method and adopted questionnaire as an instrument through content and test re-test appraisal before data were analyzed through the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The results from the analysis indicated that franchising remains a viable option of multinationals in Nigeria and the second hypothesis indicated that licensing significantly reduces the risk exposure of multinational corporations as the licensor have lesser liability in an unstable political economy of the licensee. Based on these findings companies are recommended to adopt appropriate entry strategies in line with governmental policies and economic situation before entering foreign markets. JEL CODES: M1, M10

Context: The North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the Upper Mississippi River/Great Lakes Joint Venture waterfowl habitat conservation strategy provide continental and regional guidance, respectively, for waterfowl habitat conservation planning. They were not designed to guide watershed- scale waterfowl habitat delivery. Objective: Our goal was to develop a waterfowl habitat decision support framework for the state of Wisconsin using biological and social criteria to guide state and local-scale practitioners with an explicit link to larger scale objectives. Methods: We engaged a core group of wetland and waterfowl experts to decide upon decision support layers relevant to biological and social objectives, evaluate variables, establish weights, and review model outputs for reasonableness and accuracy. We used spatial analyst tools, kernel density estimators, and weighted sums to create spatially explicit models to identify landscapes and watersheds important for waterfowl. We identified habitat resources that exist currently (Conservation Capital) and considered potential resources (Conservation Opportunities) which could enhance wetland restoration efforts. Results: We developed a transparent framework to identify and prioritize landscapes for conserving waterfowl habitat at the Hydrologic Unit Code 12 watershed scale in Wisconsin, by maintaining continental and regional priorities, and including local landscape characteristics, biological criteria, and researcher, manager, and biologist expertise. Conclusions: Local detail is critical for implementing waterfowl habitat delivery and making efficient use of limited funds for conservation but can be more abstract in larger regional or continental conservation planning. Our models are science-based, transparent, defensible, and can be modified as social, political, biological, and environmental forces change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of groups of companies is a relatively new issue for professional accountants, the academic environment, as well as for regulatory bodies in the field of accounting in Romania. In this context, the theoretical and practical aspects of the preparation of the consolidated annual financial statements generate extensive debates among accounting specialists, in order to find practical solutions to support the understanding and correct application of accounting regulations in the field of the consolidation of accounts. In two articles, we will present the accounting treatment of the disposal of securities held, within subsidiaries, associates, as well as in jointly controlled companies, by companies that prepare consolidated annual financial statements. The issue of disposal of securities held with entities whose individual financial statements are subject to consolidation will be presented in the form of case studies, structured as follows: Elimination of securities held with affiliated entities (object of previous article); Elimination of securities held in associates and jointly controlled entities (joint ventures) - object of this article.

The limiting factors of foreign direct investment (FDI) are of considerable significance to managers, governments, and scholars, as these factors directly influence the profitability of a foreign subsidiary and its parent multinational company. The aim of the paper is to present the results of research studies on the identification of FDI-limiting factors of the host country in relation to the firms' ownership equity-based mode. It illustrates the results of a field survey involving direct interviews conducted with Polish companies as the direct investors. The research results confirmed that joint ventures might be used by Polish companies to reduce the difficulties related to the availability of resources. However, there was no strong conclusive evidence of the expected link between the higher barriers on running a business and the ownership equity-based mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most companies that market their products in Indonesia in order to pass TKDN using the concept of Joint Venture agreements (PMA) often the parties working together are unbalanced in real terms the shares of foreign owners are greater than domestic shareholders. In such conditions the strong parties tend to impose their will on the weaker party. Therefore, according to the principle of freedom of contact in relation to the free market, in fully contracting is an affair of the parties, however legal protection and public interest are therefore required from government interference in the form of regulation or restrictions. The restrictions in regulating technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries aim to protect the interests of countries that divert technology because the inventor of the technology is considered to have made maximum efforts to find related technology but on the other hand the state is also obliged to protect and improve the welfare of its citizens from that, restrictions on patent licenses are needed so that the TKD is truly "real" and does not reduce the incoming FDI. Based on this, the authors formulated a number of issues namely: Why are restrictions on patent licenses needed and What are the legal consequences of limiting patent licenses . The results of the discussion show that the transfer of technology is needed for developing countries needed to advance their products in the era of globalization so that arrangements for it are needed so that in case of cooperation there is no inequality. And, the role of law in the policy of technology transfer to transform agrarian societies into industrialist societies. Here there is a dilemmatic situation on the one hand the acceleration of mastery of technology including the acceleration of development needs to be done by being open to the owners of capital and technology (which generally comes from developed countries), while on the other hand we still have to maintain national interests. Here is related to the authority of the state to regulate the process of technology transfer. In this global era, after the WTO agreement was reached, which was linked to 2 (two) technology transfer agendas, namely TRIMS and TRIPS. Foreign technology protection was very much needed in the context of foreign investment.

Copyright of GVcasos: Revista Brasileira de Casos de Ensino em Administração is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Academic literature points to the joint venture as an instrument for en-trepreneurship and interorganizational learning. This particular type of partnership allows partners to develop two learning processes: one concerns the knowledge provided by the partner in the joint venture, and the other revolves around the process of cooperation. Most studies that analyze the relationship between the two types of learning suggest that learning knowledge provided by the partner is positively influenced by cooperative learning. This study analyzes this assumption by looking at a sample of 81 firms that have participated in joint ventures. Using original measurement scales, the final results show that the relationship between the two types of learning is not unidirectional but bidirectional.

Penanaman modal asing merupakan salah satu bentuk utama transaksi bisnis internasional. Ada beberapa bentuk kerjasama antara penanaman modal asing dengan penanam modal dalam negeri yang dapat dilakukan seperti joint venture, joint enterpirse, production sharing contract, maupun bentuk kerjasama lainnya. Di banyak negara, peraturan pemerintah tentang penanaman modal asing berbentuk persyaratan joint venture, yaitu persyaratan bahwa penanaman modal asing harus membentuk joint venture dengan perusahaan lokal untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ekonomi yang mereka inginkan. Penilitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji asas-asas, konsep-konsep hukum serta peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di Indonesia dewasa ini mempunyai peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur bentuk usaha patungan berbentuk Equity Joint Venture. ketentuan mengenai Daftar Negative Investasi (DN) diatur dalam Peraturan Presiden No.44 Tahun 2016 yang berkaitan dengan bidang usaha yang terbuka dengan persyaratan, salah satunya mensyaratkan terkait dengan batasan kepemilikan modal asing. Dengan demikian secara tidak langsung ketentuan tersebut mewajibkan penanam modal asing untuk bermitra dengan penanam modal dalam negeri dengan membentuk joint venture enterprise atau equity joint venture. Adapun kendala yang dihadapi oleh pemodal dalam negeri dengan penanam modal asing dalam bentuk joint venture dapat dilihat dari tiga aspek antara lain politik, hukum dan ekonomi.

In article various theoretical aspects of an exit of the companies on the foreign markets are considered. Influence of globalization on productivity of the companies is considered, ways and factors of a choice of strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The behavioural and cultural aspects influencing strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The analysis of strategy of the companies which have entered the foreign markets, is carried out taking into account the previous researches in this area.The following conclusions became result of research: 1) globalization positively influences the companies as the market increases, however the small companies and the companies in emerging markets lose in competitive fight; 2) the companies with considerable experience are inclined to choose strategy of opening of own enterprise while the organizations without similar experience prefer export or joint venture in the host country territory; 3) the strategy choice with a bigger involvement of resources is directly proportional to knowledge of culture of the country to which there is a company. At entry into the market with other culture smooth adaptation is necessary for successful realization of strategy. At last, people are inclined to make behavioural mistakes, and knowledge of them and continuous control will help to achieve successful results; 4) for an exit and successful work in the foreign markets of the company important not only to possess competences, but also to be able to protect them and to keep in time; 5) on the market with high political and investment risks, and also adverse economic conditions of the company are inclined to choose strategy with the minimum investment of money (franchizes, licensing).

En el contexto actual de dinámica inversión empresarial esta se hace posible a través de los contratos asociativos que articulan empresas que persiguen un fin común. Un antecedente importante de estos contratos asociativos en el derecho comparado es el joint venture o el contrato de riesgo comparativo; no obstante, es conveniente diferenciar entre el joint venture contractual y el joint venture corporativo. Este último será materia del análisis del presente estudio junto con el tratamiento tributario de los consorcios en la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta.

The choice of contract type in oil fields has always been one of the main and problematic challenges in Iran and elying in making decisions in this regard leads to a dely or non-investment. On the other hand, one of the ways to recognize the components of bargaining power is to recognize and evaluate various types of international contracts. Therefore, in thiss study, while introducing the fiscal model of the contractual agreement concluded in Iran, as well as a combination of contracts for participation in traditional production in Azerbaijan with Joint venture, has been applied to financial simulation in Duroud oil field. After explaining the optimization problem using the generalized reduction gradient method, the optimal production path from the perspective of the parties to the contract is estimated andcompared with the production path specified in the buy back contract. The results show that the use of share-based indicators of project revenues and the net present value of a project for evaluate of oil contracts can be misleading. The oil production path agreed in the Buy back contract is higher than the optimal production path from the perspective of both sides of the combined contract. Tthis is due to the desire of the International Oil Company to rapidly capture capex and remuneration fee in the shortest possible time. Increase in recoverable reserves due to gas injection (presented in MDP), which was approved in buy back contract is less than its optimal amount from the viewpoint of Joint venture in a hybrid contract. This indicates that the proposed hybrid contract is closer to the Maximum Effective Rate and Maximum Final Recovery from Oilfields than the conventional buy back agreement in Iran.

Collaboration between firms is not a new concept, but the new thing that can be seen is that the collaborations have increased significantly during the past couple of decades, along with the increasing international competition. Moreover, the nature of collaboration has changed, shifting from peripheral interests to the very core functions of the corporation, and from equity to non-equity forms of collaboration. This paper essentially focuses on the legal framework governing the various aspects of a Joint Venture in India in brief, the methods of Joint Ventures, as well as RBI regulations on the topic. The research methodology adopted is largely analytical and descriptive. Reliance has been placed largely on various sources like articles and online articles.

Relevance. Joint economic structures occupy an important place in the economy of Azerbaijan. They are actively involved in the formation of GDP and the organization of new highly paid jobs. However, the prevailing number of these enterprises are small ones, and the volume of their production tends to decrease. The number of them representing the CIS countries is insignificant and they are not sufficiently developed on the territory of the Republic. Up to 20% are foreign and joint ventures out of the total number of annually liquidated business structures. All these facts urgently require the development and implementation of scientifically based recommendations for improving the activities of joint ventures in the Republic. Goal. Assess the state of the organization of joint business in Azerbaijan, identify relevant reserves and propose specific recommendations for their rational use. Methods. The methods of the economic-statistical grouping, the graphic method of comparative analysis were used in the article. Results. The factors negatively influencing the effective organization of joint business are revealed. Conclusions. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the irrational placement of foreign and joint ventures in the spheres of economic activity and regions adversely affects the growth of production volume and the development of innovative infrastructures. For the rational organization of joint business, it is necessary to develop real investment projects, to increase diversification in the sectoral structure, to intensify the process of creating joint ventures in the agricultural sector and in the manufacturing sub-sectors.

The article is devoted to the competitive positions of joint venture. The planning of the joint venture activity is carried out primarily by a foreign investor who assesses the competitive advantages of different countries and regions according to the main criteria. Competitiveness of an enterprise can be determined on the basis of the stages of competition development. Joint ventures are submerged in the competitive environment of the world economy more than enterprises operating in national markets. However, regional competition should take into account competition. The region as a kind of intermediate level between the world market and a separate enterprise can greatly facilitate or sharply complicate the conduct of foreign economic activity.

Sepuluh tahun terakhir merupakan masa pertumbuhan perusahaan pertambangan batubara di Indonesia yang sangat pesat. Hal ini dikarenakan meningkatnya permintaan batubara sebagai pemasok energi di masa mendatang, sehingga membuat industri ini memiliki daya tarik yang sangat besar bagi para investor dan banyak perusahaan batubara yang mengajukan Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP). Artikel ini membahas tentang pelaksanaan pemberian izin usaha tambang yang massif berdasarkan ketentuan hukum perizinan usaha pertambangan dan bisnis di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis-empiris. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspansi perusahaan pada sektor pertambangan berimplikasi terhadap timbulnya praktek monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat, mengingat bertambahnya jumlah perusahaan, sehingga memunculkan adanya praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat. This last ten years, the growth of coal mining companies in Indonesia were very rapid. This is due to the increasing demand for coal as a supplier of energy in the future, thus making this industry has a very big attraction for investors and many coal companies that apply for Mining Business License (IUP). This article discusses the implementation of granting a massive mining business license under the legal provisions of mining business licenses and business in Indonesia. The research method used is juridical-empirical. The results of this study indicate that the expansion of companies in the mining sector has implications for the emergence of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, given the increasing number of companies, resulting in the existence of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition.

Musharakah Tijariah Cross-Border Financing ("Product") is the product to enable the Bank to undertake projects and contract cross-border financing activities or other identified business ventures on "pure" Joint Venture basis, using the underlying Islamic financing contract, structure and epistemological development that are expected to inject greater Musharakah concept, structure and epistemological development and also that is expected to inject greater prosper to the Bank's overall performance and ultimately able to assist small time landowners in a big way through business risk sharing. This paper also provides the link of financial access for Muslim Small Medium Entrepreneurs to Islamic venture capital as alternative financing business innovation with blockchain strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study strategic capacity investment problems in joint ventures (JVs) with fixed‐rate revenue‐sharing contracts. We adopt a game‐theoretical approach to study two types of JVs depending on how individual resources determine the effective capacity of a JV. With complementary resources, the effective capacity of a JV is constrained by the most scarce resource. We show that multiple Nash equilibria could exist. Nevertheless, there exists a unique Strong Nash equilibrium. We show that there is an efficient and fair fixed‐rate revenue‐sharing contract which induces the system optimal outcome in the Strong Nash equilibrium. On the other hand, with substitutable a resource, the effective capacity of a JV is measured by aggregating individual contributions. We show that there does not exist a fixed‐rate revenue‐sharing contract that induces the system optimum. We quantify that the efficiency of a JV which decreases with the number of participants, the cost asymmetry and the cost margin of the JV. We propose provably‐good fixed‐rate revenue‐sharing contracts with performance guarantees. We also propose a simple modified contract to achieve the channel coordination. Finally, we fit our model with historical data to shed some insights on two JV examples in the motion picture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]