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3 pags., In this letter, we show that it is possible to unravel both the physical origin of the Landau’s consistence criterion and the specific and subtle meaning of interpenetration of the “two fluids” if one takes into account that in the hydrodynamic regime one needs a coarse-graining in time to bring the system into local equilibrium. That is, the fuzziness in time is relevant for the phenomenological Landau’s consistency criterion and the meaning of interpenetration. Note also that we are not questioning the validity of the “Two-Fluid” Model., We gratefully thank Prof. C.F. Barenghi, Prof. T. Kodama and Prof. A.J. Leggett for correspondence exchange and Prof. A. Cruz for very illuminating discussions. In addition, Prof. Kodama has helped us to complete our knowledge about the hydrodynamic regime and without the help of Prof. Barenghi we would not have got all the content of his works, essential for the discussion in Section 3. We also acknowledge the referee's recommendations. This work was supported by Diputacion General de Aragon (Spain)-FSE Grants E24/2 and E24/3 and by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) Grants FIS2017-82426-P and FPA2015-65745-P. FA is supported by the DGA/European Social Fund Grant C070/2014.

Any curve derived from a parabola by shearing is a potential in which the anharmonic vibrations are isochronous, with a period independent of the energy.

Objective The aim of this project was to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of hysterectomy, first- and second-generation endometrial ablation (EA), and Mirena® (Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Design Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of existing randomised controlled trials to determine the short- to medium-term effects of hysterectomy, EA and Mirena. A population-based retrospective cohort study based on record linkage to investigate the long-term effects of ablative techniques and hysterectomy in terms of failure rates and complications. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hysterectomy versus first- and second-generation ablative techniques and Mirena. Setting Data from women treated for heavy menstrual bleeding were obtained from national and international trials. Scottish national data were obtained from the Scottish Information Services Division. Participants Women who were undergoing treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding were included. Interventions Hysterectomy, first- and second-generation EA, and Mirena. Main outcome measures Satisfaction, recurrence of symptoms, further surgery and costs. Results Data from randomised trials indicated that at 12 months more women were dissatisfied with first-generation EA than hysterectomy [odds ratio (OR): 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54 to 3.93; p = 0.0002), but hospital stay [WMD (weighted mean difference) 3.0 days, 95% CI 2.9 to 3.1 days; p

To evaluate the relative effectiveness of hysterectomy, endometrial destruction (both "first generation" hysteroscopic and "second generation" non-hysteroscopic techniques), and the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding.Meta-analysis of data from individual patients, with direct and indirect comparisons made on the primary outcome measure of patients' dissatisfaction.Data were sought from the 30 randomised controlled trials identified after a comprehensive search of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases, reference lists, and contact with experts. Raw data were available from 2814 women randomised into 17 trials (seven trials including 1359 women for first v second generation endometrial destruction; six trials including 1042 women for hysterectomy v first generation endometrial destruction; one trial including 236 women for hysterectomy v Mirena; three trials including 177 women for second generation endometrial destruction v Mirena). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials comparing hysterectomy, first and second generation endometrial destruction, and Mirena for women with heavy menstrual bleeding unresponsive to other medical treatment.At around 12 months, more women were dissatisfied with outcome with first generation hysteroscopic techniques than with hysterectomy (13% v 5%; odds ratio 2.46, 95% confidence interval 1.54 to 3.9, P0.001), but hospital stay (weighted mean difference 3.0 days, 2.9 to 3.1 days, P0.001) and time to resumption of normal activities (5.2 days, 4.7 to 5.7 days, P0.001) were longer for hysterectomy. Unsatisfactory outcomes were comparable with first and second generation techniques (odds ratio 1.2, 0.9 to 1.6, P=0.2), although second generation techniques were quicker (weighted mean difference 14.5 minutes, 13.7 to 15.3 minutes, P0.001) and women recovered sooner (0.48 days, 0.20 to 0.75 days, P0.001), with fewer procedural complications. Indirect comparison suggested more unsatisfactory outcomes with second generation techniques than with hysterectomy (11% v 5%; odds ratio 2.3, 1.3 to 4.2, P=0.006). Similar estimates were seen when Mirena was indirectly compared with hysterectomy (17% v 5%; odds ratio 2.2, 0.9 to 5.3, P=0.07), although this comparison lacked power because of the limited amount of data available for analysis.More women are dissatisfied after endometrial destruction than after hysterectomy. Dissatisfaction rates are low after all treatments, and hysterectomy is associated with increased length of stay in hospital and a longer recovery period. Definitive evidence on effectiveness of Mirena compared with more invasive procedures is lacking.

Summary. Rat blastocysts, flushed from the uterus at the moment of the initiation of the implantation process and observed in vitro by time\x=req-\ lapse cinematography, were seen to undergo a series of contractions and dilatations. By these movements, vesicles, containing granular material, emerged through the zona pellucida into the culture medium. In all species so far studied, the earliest known step in the series of interactions between the ovum and the endometrium which lead to implantation, is an increase in the permeability of the endometrial capillaries surrounding the blastocysts. In the rat, this early response of the sensitive endometrium to the presence of the blastocyst is manifested on the afternoon of the 5th day of pregnancy. As the volume of the blastocoele is considerably reduced in most of the blastocysts recovered from the uterus at this moment, it has been suggested that components of the fluid released from the blastocoele may constitute the stimulus for inducing the vascular changes in the endometrium (Psychoyos, 1967). In this paper, we report observations by time-lapse cinematography on the behaviour of blastocysts obtained from Wistar rats at noon on the 5th day of pregnancy (106 hr after the estimated time of ovulation) by flushing the uterine lumen with Tyrode. The culture medium was Eagle L medium containing 5% of foetal calf serum (DIFCO). After being rinsed three times in this medium, blastocysts were picked up in groups of four to five in a small drop of medium and were placed under paraffin oil in a plastic tissue culture dish; the culture dish was then placed under a microscope kept in an ambient temperature of 37° C and in a humid atmosphere containing 5 % C02 in air (Bitton-Casimiri & Psychoyos, 1968). A film at the rate of one frame per minute was taken, using a 16 mm Paillard Bolex camera, adapted to a time-lapse photographic apparatus (Wild). When recovered from the uterus, the blastocysts were still surrounded by an apparently intact zona pellucida. From the beginning of their life in vitro, they were seen to undergo a series of dilatations and contractions. These movements lasted for a period of about 48 hr, during which the zona pellucida ruptured and the blastocysts abandoning it started to dilate. During phases of dilatation, the volume of the blastocoele increased progressively over 5 to 6 hr, until the whole blastocyst reached a maximum size of about 150 µ diameter. A sudden, strong contraction, completed in less than 60 sec, then occurred, reducing the