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Insertion sequence (IS) elements are the simplest autonomous transposable elements found in prokaryotic genomes1. We recently discovered that IS110 family elements encode a recombinase and a non-coding bridge RNA (bRNA) that confers modular specificity for target DNA and donor DNA through two programmable loops2. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the IS110 recombinase in complex with its bRNA, target DNA and donor DNA in three different stages of the recombination reaction cycle. The IS110 synaptic complex comprises two recombinase dimers, one of which houses the target-binding loop of the bRNA and binds to target DNA, whereas the other coordinates the bRNA donor-binding loop and donor DNA. We uncovered the formation of a composite RuvC-Tnp active site that spans the two dimers, positioning the catalytic serine residues adjacent to the recombination sites in both target and donor DNA. A comparison of the three structures revealed that (1) the top strands of target and donor DNA are cleaved at the composite active sites to form covalent 5-phosphoserine intermediates, (2) the cleaved DNA strands are exchanged and religated to create a Holliday junction intermediate, and (3) this intermediate is subsequently resolved by cleavage of the bottom strands. Overall, this study reveals the mechanism by which a bispecific RNA confers target and donor DNA specificity to IS110 recombinases for programmable DNA recombination.

Abstract Background Surgical resection is standard treatment for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC); however, impact of multidisciplinary treatment on survival including postoperative adjuvant therapy (AT), neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), and treatment for recurrent lesions is unclear. We investigated the effectiveness of multidisciplinary treatment in prolonging survival of patients with invasive IPMC. Methods This retrospective multi‐institutional study included 1183 patients with invasive IPMC undergoing surgery at 40 academic institutions. We analyzed the effects of AT, NAT, and treatment for recurrence on survival of patients with invasive IPMC. Results Completion of the planned postoperative AT for 6 months improved the overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) of patients with stage IIB and stage III resected invasive IPMC, elevated preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19–9 level, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, serosal invasion, and lymph node metastasis on un‐matched and matched analyses. Of the patients with borderline resectable (BR) invasive IPMC, the OS (p = 0.001), DSS (p = 0.001), and RFS (p = 0.001) of patients undergoing NAT was longer than that of those without on the matched analysis. Of the 484 invasive IPMC patients (40.9%) who developed recurrence after surgery, the OS of 365 patients who received any treatment for recurrence was longer than that of those without treatment (40.6 vs. 22.4 months, p

Abstract Background Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transluminal drainage has become a first-line treatment modality for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. Despite the increasing popularity of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs), plastic stents may resolve non-necrotic fluid collections effectively with lower costs and no LAMS-specific adverse events. To date, there has been a paucity of data on the appropriate stent type in this setting. This trial aims to assess the non-inferiority of plastic stents to a LAMS for the initial EUS-guided drainage of pseudocysts. Methods The WONDER-02 trial is a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial, which will enrol pancreatic pseudocyst patients requiring EUS-guided treatment in 26 centres in Japan. This trial plans to enrol 80 patients who will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive either plastic stents or a LAMS (40 patients per arm). In the plastic stent group, EUS-guided drainage will be performed using two 7-Fr double pigtail stents. In the LAMS group, the treatment will be performed in the same way except for LAMS use. The step-up treatment will be performed via endoscopic and/or percutaneous procedures at the trial investigator’s discretion. The primary endpoint is clinical success, which is defined as a decrease in a pseudocyst size to ≤ 2 cm and an improvement in inflammatory indicators (i.e. body temperature, white blood cell count, and serum C-reactive protein). Secondary endpoints include technical success, adverse events including mortality, pseudocyst recurrence, and medical costs. Discussion The WONDER-02 trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of plastic stents compared to a LAMS in EUS-guided treatment of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts with a particular focus on the non-inferior efficacy of plastic stents. The findings will help establish a new treatment algorithm for this population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06133023 registered on 9 November 2023. UMIN000052647 registered on 30 October 2023. jRCT1032230444 registered on 7 November 2023.

Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) antibodies are myositis-specific antibodies associated with anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD). Some patients are positive for anti-ARS antibodies on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but negative on RNA-immunoprecipitation (RNA-IP) (the gold standard method). Whether these patients should be considered truly positive for anti-ARS antibodies remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of these patients and verified the authenticity of their anti-ARS positivity. Patients who were positive for anti-ARS antibodies on ELISA were divided into the non-discrepant (positive on RNA-IP, n = 52) and discrepant (negative on RNA-IP, n = 8) groups. Patient clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. For each positive individual, the authenticity of anti-ARS antibody positivity on ELISA was cross-examined using protein-IP and western blotting. All patients in the discrepant group had lung involvement, including five (63%) with interstitial lung disease. The overall survival time was significantly lower in the discrepant group than in the non-discrepant group (p

Abstract An ultrapure deep-blue multi-resonance-induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence material (DOB2-DABNA-A) is designed and synthesized. Benefiting from a fully resonating extended helical π-conjugated system, this compound has a small ΔE ST value of 3.6 meV and sufficient spin–orbit coupling to exhibit a high-rate constant for reverse intersystem crossing (k RISC = 1.1 × 106 s–1). Furthermore, an organic light-emitting diode employing DOB2-DABNA-A as an emitter is fabricated; it exhibits ultrapure deep-blue emission at 452 nm with a small full width at half maximum of 24 nm, corresponding to Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.145, 0.049). The high k RISC value reduces the efficiency roll-off, resulting in a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.6% at 1000 cd m–2.

Background Limited evidence exists regarding children receiving home healthcare devices (HHDs). This study aimed to describe the range and type of HHD use by children with chronic medical conditions in Japan and explore factors leading to increased use of these devices.Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan. Children receiving HHD aged ≤18 years between April 2011 and March 2019 were included. Children newly administered HHD between 2011 and 2013 were followed up for 5 years, and logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between increased HHD use and each selected risk factor (comorbidity or types of HHD). The models were adjusted for age category at home device introduction, sex and region.Results Overall, 52 375 children receiving HHD were identified. The number (proportion) of children receiving HHD increased during the study period (11 556 [0.05%] in 2010 and 25 593 [0.13%] in 2018). The most commonly administered HHD was oxygen (51.0% in 2018). Among the 12 205 children receiving HHD followed up for 5 years, 70.4% and 68.3% who used oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure, respectively, were released from the devices, while only 25.8% who used mechanical ventilation were released from the device. The following diagnosis/comorbidities were associated with increased HHD use: other neurological diseases (OR): 2.85, 95% CI): 2.54–3.19), cerebral palsy (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.87 to 2.49), congenital malformations of the nervous system (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.13) and low birth weight (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.41 to 2.00).Conclusions This study provides nationwide population-based empirical data to clarify the detailed information regarding children receiving HHD in Japan. This information could assist healthcare professionals in improving the quality of life of these children and their families and help health policymakers consider measures.

Introduction Reducing neonatal deaths in premature infants in low- and middle-income countries is key to reducing global neonatal mortality. International neonatal networks, along with patient registries of premature infants, have contributed to improving the quality of neonatal care; however, the involvement of low-to-middle-income countries was limited. This project aims to form an international collaboration among neonatal networks in Asia (AsianNeo), including low-, middle- and high-income countries (or regions). Specifically, it aims to determine outcomes in sick newborn infants, especially very low birth weight (VLBW) infants or very preterm infants, with a view to improving the quality of care for such infants.Methods and analysis Currently, AsianNeo comprises nine neonatal networks from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand. AsianNeo will undertake the following four studies: (1) institutional questionnaire surveys investigating neonatal intensive care unit resources and the clinical management of sick newborn infants, with a focus on VLBW infants (nine countries/regions); (2) a retrospective cohort study to describe and compare the outcomes of VLBW infants among Asian countries and regions (four countries/regions); (3) a prospective cohort study to develop the AsianNeo registry of VLBW infants (six countries/regions); and (4) implementation and evaluation of educational and quality improvement projects in AsianNeo countries and regions (nine countries/regions).Ethics and dissemination The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (reference number 2020–244, 2022–156). The study findings will be disseminated through educational programmes, quality improvement activities, conference presentations and medical journal publications.

In the realm of high-energy-density laboratory plasma experiments, ion radiography is a vital tool for measuring electromagnetic fields. Leveraging the deflection of injected protons, ion imaging can reveal the intricate patterns of electromagnetic fields within the plasma. However, the complex task of reconstructing electromagnetic fields within the plasma system from ion images presents a formidable challenge. In response, we propose the application of neural network techniques to facilitate electromagnetic field reconstructions. For the training data, we generate corresponding particle data on ion radiography with diverse field profiles in the plasma system, drawing from analytical solutions of charged particle motions and test-particle simulations. With these training data, our expectation is that the developed neural network can assimilate information from ion radiography and accurately predict the corresponding field profiles. In this study, our primary emphasis is on developing these techniques within the context of the simplest setups, specifically uniform (single-layer) or two-layer systems. We begin by examining systems with only electric or magnetic fields and subsequently extend our exploration to systems with combined electromagnetic fields. Our findings demonstrate the viability of employing neural networks for electromagnetic field reconstructions. In all the presented scenarios, the correlation coefficients between the actual and neural network-predicted values consistently reach 0.99. We have also learned that physics concepts can help us understand the weaknesses in neural network performance and identify directions for improvement.

ObjectivesThe management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a critical concern in premature infants, and different hospitals may have varying treatment policies, fluid management strategies, and incubator humidity. The Asian Neonatal Network Collaboration (AsianNeo) collected data on prematurity care details from hospitals across Asian countries. The aim of this study was to provide a survey of the current practices in the management of PDA in premature infants in Asian countries.MethodsAsianNeo performed a cross-sectional international questionnaire survey in 2022 to assess the human and physical resources of hospitals and clinical management of very preterm infants. The survey covered various aspects of hospitals resources and clinical management, and data were collected from 337 hospitals across Asia. The data collected were used to compare hospitals resources and clinical management of preterm infants between areas and economic status.ResultsThe policy of PDA management for preterm infants varied across Asian countries in AsianNeo. Hospitals in Northeast Asia were more likely to perform PDA ligation (p

IntroductionAvoiding over-investigation and overtreatment in health care is a challenge for clinicians across the world, prompting the international Choosing Wisely campaign. Lists of recommendations regarding medical overactivity are helpful tools to guide clinicians and quality improvement initiatives. We aimed to identify the most frequent and important clinical challenges related to pediatric medical overactivity in Europe and Japan. Based on the results, we aim to establish a (European) list of Choosing Wisely recommendations.MethodsIn an online survey, clinicians responsible for child health care in Europe and Japan were invited to rate 18 predefined examples of medical overactivity. This list was compiled by a specific strategic advisory group belonging to the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP). Participants were asked to rate on a Likert scale (5 as the most frequent/important) according to how frequent these examples were in their working environment, and how important they were considered for change in practice.ResultsOf 2,716 physicians who completed the survey, 93% (n = 2,524) came from 17 countries, Japan (n = 549) being the largest contributor. Pediatricians or pediatric residents comprised 89%, and 51% had 10–30 years of clinical experience. Cough and cold medicines, and inhaled drugs in bronchiolitis were ranked as the most frequent (3.18 and 3.07 on the Likert scale, respectively), followed by intravenous antibiotics for a predefined duration (3.01), antibiotics in uncomplicated acute otitis media (2.96) and in well-appearing newborns. Regarding importance, the above-mentioned five topics in addition to two other examples of antibiotic overtreatment were among the top 10. Also, IgE tests for food allergies without relevant medical history and acid blockers for infant GER were ranked high.ConclusionOvertreatment with antibiotics together with cough/cold medicines and inhaled drugs in bronchiolitis were rated as the most frequent and important examples of overtreatment across countries in Europe and Japan.

ObjectivesTo investigate the construct validity of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), which was developed to assess trunk impairment in patients with stroke, in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).DesignThis retrospective, cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive PD inpatients. Correlation analysis was performed to clarify whether the TIS assessment was related to other balance functions, lower extremity muscle strength, or walking ability. Factor analysis was performed to see how the background factors of TIS differ from balance function, lower limb muscle strength, and walking ability.ResultsExamining the data of 471 patients with PD, there were relationships between TIS and the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (r = 0.67), Barthel Index (r = 0.57), general lower limb extension torque (r = 0.51), two-minute walk test (r = 0.54), Hoehn and Yahr stage (r = −0.61), and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III total points (r = −0.59). Factor analysis showed that TIS items were divided into three factors (an abdominal muscles and righting reflex component; a perception and verticality component; and a rotational component), differing from other scales that included clinical assessment items.ConclusionThe TIS can be useful for assessing the underlying trunk impairment as a basis for activities of daily living, gait function, and balance ability in patients with PD.

Background/Aims Mechanical properties (MPs) and axial and radial force (AF and RF) may influence the efficacy and complications of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement. We measured the MPs of various SEMSs and examined their influence on the SEMS clinical ability. Methods We evaluated the MPs of 29 types of 10-mm SEMSs. RF was measured using a conventional measurement device. AF was measured using the conventional and new methods, and the correlation between the methods was evaluated. Results A high correlation in AFs was observed, as measured by the new and conventional manual methods. AF and RF scatterplots divided the SEMSs into three subgroups according to structure: hook-and-cross-type (low AF and RF), cross-type (high AF and low RF), and laser-cut-type (intermediate AF and high RF). The hook-and-cross-type had the largest axial force zero border (>20°), followed by the laser-cut and cross types. Conclusions MPs were related to stent structure. Hook-and-cross-type SEMSs had a low AF and high axial force zero border and were considered safest because they caused minimal stress on the biliary wall. However, the increase in RF must be overcome.

Abstract Advances in perinatal care have led to the increased survival of preterm infants with subsequent neonatal morbidities, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This study aims to compare the differences of neonatal healthcare systems, resources, and clinical practice concerning ROP in Asia with review of current literature. An on-line survey at the institutional level was sent to the directors of 336 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in 8 collaborating national neonatal networks through the Asian Neonatal Network Collaboration (AsianNeo). ROP screening was performed in infants born at

Abstract Background Endoscopy is an important form of clinical gastroenterology education because it gives students the opportunity to learn about diagnosis procedures and even treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students were observed from outside the endoscopy room due to the risk of airborne infection. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of combining endoscopy education with doctor’s-eye-view videos of the procedure obtained using live-action cameras (GoPro®). Methods From February to May 2021, endoscopists wore GoPro Hero8 cameras on their heads to display a doctor’s-eye view video outside the room. The efficacy of the GoPro videos in combination with endoscopic monitoring was evaluated by 15 participating medical students. The participants rated the efficacy on a 5-point scale and commented on the positive and negative points. Results A total of 78.6% of participants evaluated the GoPro as good; 57.2% answered that it increased their understanding, with 71.4% stating that it increased their understanding of procedures in particular. A total of 85.7% of the students answered that their interest in endoscopy had increased, and 85.7% evaluated the benefit of the GoPro videos as good. In addition, 64.3% answered that the method was effective in preventing COVID-19 infection. Education using GoPro videos enabled students to feel as if they were conducting the endoscopy themselves and enabled them to concentrate on learning. Conclusions Practical endoscopic education using a GoPro is an effective educational tool that not only increases understanding of endoscopic practice but also stimulates students’ interest and awareness of their future as doctors.

Background/Objective: Interventional endoscopic ultrasound (I-EUS) is technically difficult and has risks of severe adverse events due to the scarcity of dedicated endoscopes and tools. A new EUS scope was developed for I-EUS and was modified to increase the puncture range, reduce the blind area, and overcome guidewire difficulties. We evaluated the usefulness and safety of a new EUS scope compared to a conventional EUS scope. Methods: All I-EUS procedures were performed at Juntendo University Hospital from April 2020 to April 2022. The primary outcomes included the procedure time and fluoroscopy time. The secondary outcomes included the technical success rate and the rates of procedure-related adverse events. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed and statistically analyzed between the new and conventional EUS scopes. Results: In total, 143 procedures in 120 patients were analyzed. The procedure time was significantly shorter with the new EUS scope, but the fluoroscopy time was not different. Among the patients only undergoing EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD), 79 procedures in 74 patients were analyzed. Both the procedure time and fluoroscopy time were significantly shorter with the new EUS scope. Multivariate analysis revealed that a new EUS scope and use of covered metal stents could reduce the fluoroscopy time. The technical success rate and the adverse event rate were not significantly different between the total I-EUS and the EUS-BD only groups. However, the conventional scope showed stent deviation during stent placement, which did not happen with the new scope. Conclusions: The new EUS scope reduced procedure time for total I-EUS and fluoroscopy time for EUS-BD compared to a conventional EUS scope because of the improvement suitable for I-EUS.

Abstract Background With the increasing popularity of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transmural interventions, walled-off necrosis (WON) of the pancreas is increasingly managed via non-surgical endoscopic interventions. However, there has been an ongoing debate over the appropriate treatment strategy following the initial EUS-guided drainage. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) removes intracavity necrotic tissue, potentially facilitating early resolution of the WON, but may associate with a high rate of adverse events. Given the increasing safety of DEN, we hypothesised that immediate DEN following EUS-guided drainage of WON might shorten the time to WON resolution compared to the drainage-oriented step-up approach. Methods The WONDER-01 trial is a multicentre, open-label, superiority, randomised controlled trial, which will enrol WON patients aged ≥ 18 years requiring EUS-guided treatment in 23 centres in Japan. This trial plans to enrol 70 patients who will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive either the immediate DEN or drainage-oriented step-up approach (35 patients per arm). In the immediate DEN group, DEN will be initiated during (or within 72 h of) the EUS-guided drainage session. In the step-up approach group, drainage-based step-up treatment with on-demand DEN will be considered after 72–96 h observation. The primary endpoint is time to clinical success, which is defined as a decrease in a WON size to ≤ 3 cm and an improvement of inflammatory markers (i.e. body temperature, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein). Secondary endpoints include technical success, adverse events including mortality, and recurrence of the WON. Discussion The WONDER-01 trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of immediate DEN compared to the step-up approach for WON patients receiving EUS-guided treatment. The findings will help us to establish new treatment standards for patients with symptomatic WON. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05451901, registered on 11 July 2022. UMIN000048310, registered on 7 July 2022. jRCT1032220055, registered on 1 May 2022.

Introduction Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common complication of preterm birth with lifelong consequences. Multiple BPD definitions are currently used in daily practice. Uniformity in defining BPD is important for clinical care, research and benchmarking. The aim of this Delphi procedure is to determine what clinicians and researchers consider the key features for defining BPD. With the results of this study, we hope to advance the process of reaching consensus on the diagnosis of BPD.Methods and analysis A Delphi procedure will be used to establish why, when and how clinicians propose BPD should be diagnosed. This semi-anonymous iterative technique ensures an objective approach towards gaining these insights. An international multidisciplinary panel of clinicians and researchers working with preterm infants and/or patients diagnosed with BPD will participate. Steering committee members will recruit potential participants in their own region or network following eligibility guidelines to complete a first round survey online. This round will collect demographic information and opinions on key features of BPD definitions. Subsequent rounds will provide participants with the results from the previous round, for final acceptance or rejection of key features. Statements will be rated using a 5-point Likert scale. After completing the Delphi procedure, an (online) consensus meeting will be organised to discuss the results.Ethics and dissemination For this study, ethical approval a waiver has been provided. However, all participants will be asked to provide consent for the use of personal data. After the Delphi procedure is completed, it will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated at international conferences.

O objetivo do presente artigo é refletir sobre as possibilidades de análise das práticas e vivências de lazer tendo como referência as teorias curriculares, bem como a destacar a possibilidade de que os espaços e práticas não formais de educação podem ser analisadas a partir da perspectiva de um currículo cultural. Portanto, esse artigo de revisão, analisa, principalmente, como as teorias pós-críticas do currículo nos possibilitam analisar as práticas e vivências de lazer a partir da perspectiva de um currículo cultural de lazer. Esse currículo pode ser entendido tanto como um texto cultural, como uma prática de significação, bem como um discurso produtivo ou como um texto produtor de sujeitos.

Abstract Background Surgical interventions are recommended for cases of advanced mitral regurgitation, however, limited facilities are available. The most prominent complication in such procedures is heparin‐derived bleeding. An alternative anticoagulant to heparin, nafamostat mesilate (NM), can reduce the occurrence of complications associated with heparin such as bleeding or shock. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the utility and safety of using NM during anaesthesia in canines. Methods Six healthy adult Beagle dogs were anaesthetised, and NM was administered intravenously as a 10 mg/kg bolus dose over 5 min, followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/h over 20 min. Blood tests and blood pressure measurements were performed at 0, 5, 25 and 55 min after NM administration. Results Activated thromboplastin times at 0, 25 and 55 min were 13.0 ± 0.7 s, 106.7 ± 13.3 s and 28.2 ± 2.9 s, respectively, with a significant difference between 0 and 25 min (p < 0.01) only. No significant differences were observed in prothrombin time, antithrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation product concentrations between timepoints. Activated clotting times (ACTs) at 0, 5, 25 and 55 min were 119.5 ± 9.6 s, 826.7 ± 78.6 s, 924.8 ± 42.4 s and 165.2 ± 13.5 s, respectively. Significant differences were observed between 0 and 5 min (p < 0.05) and between 0 and 25 min (p < 0.05). Blood pressure changes occurred in four dogs (66.7%). No other serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusions ACT results indicated that NM use in anaesthetised healthy dogs was sufficient to obtain procedural anticoagulation with minimal adverse effects. However, these preliminary data require validation in further studies on cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

Introduction: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a serious birth defect characterized by hypoplasia of the pulmonary parenchyma and vascular system. The presence of a ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q) mismatch has been demonstrated to be a sensitive predictor of future pulmonary morbidities, such as obstructive pulmonary disease. The present study aims to examine the risk factors associated with V/Q mismatch. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course of patients with left CDH in our hospital between 2006 and 2018. During this period, patients with CDH were supposed to undergo lung scintigraphy before discharge routinely. We compared CDH patients with V/Q mismatch to those without from the viewpoint of clinical course, treatment, and complications during the initial hospitalization. Results: There were 114 eligible patients with left CDH; 32 patients were excluded. As a result, 82 patients were analyzed. Fifty-eight patients (71%) had V/Q mismatch, whereas 24 patients (29%) did not. Compared with the no-mismatch group, patients in the mismatch group had an earlier gestational age, lower birthweight, and lower Apgar score at 5 min. There were no differences in Kitano's classification, observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio, liver herniation, and treatment modality (i.e., patch repair and surfactant). The duration of ventilation (adjusted OR 1.061, 95% CI 1.003–1.122) was significantly longer in the mismatch group adjusted for birthweight. Conclusion: Our data suggested that there was an association between the duration of ventilation and V/Q mismatch before discharge in left CDH patients.

Background: Many patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have valvular heart disease requiring surgery. The optimal prosthetic valve is not established in this population. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess outcomes of patients with dialysis-dependent ESKD who received mechanical or bioprosthetic valves. Methods: We searched Cochrane Central, Medline and Embase from inception to January 2020. We performed screening, full-text assessment, risk of bias and data collection, independently and in duplicate. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: We identified 28 observational studies (n = 9857 patients, including 6680 with mechanical valves and 3717 with bioprosthetic valves) with a median follow-up of 3.45 years. Twenty-two studies were at high risk of bias and 1 was at critical risk of bias from confounding. Certainty in evidence was very low for all outcomes except bleeding. Mechanical valves were associated with reduced mortality at 30 days (relative risk [RR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.97, [I.sup.2] = 0, absolute effect 27 fewer deaths per 1000) and at 6 or more years (mean 9.7 yr, RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.96, [I.sup.2] = 79%, absolute effect 145 fewer deaths per 1000), but increased bleeding (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.46, 95% CI 1.41-4.27, [I.sup.2] = 59%, absolute effect 91 more events per 1000) and stroke (IRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.21-2.20, [I.sup.2] = 0%, absolute effect 25 more events per 1000). Conclusion: Mechanical valves were associated with reduced mortality, but increased rate of bleeding and stroke. Given very low certainty for evidence of mortality and stroke outcomes, patients and clinicians may choose prosthetic valves based on factors such as bleeding risk and valve longevity. Study registration: PROSPERO no. CRD42017081863 Contexte : De nombreux patients souffrant d'insuffisance renale terminale (IRT) presentent une valvulopathie necessitant une intervention chirurgicale. On ignore quelle est la valve prothetique optimale chez cette population. Nous avons effectue un examen systematique et une meta-analyse pour evaluer les resultats des patients atteints d'IRT dialyses ayant recu une valvule mecanique ou une bioprothese valvulaire. Methodes : Nous avons interroge les bases de donnees Cochrane Central, Medline et Embase, de leur date de creation jusqu'a janvier 2020. Nous avons procede a la selection, a l'evaluation des textes integraux, a l'evaluation des risques de biais et a la collecte de donnees, independamment et en double. Les donnees ont ete regroupees a l'aide d'un modele a effets aleatoires. Resultats : Nous avons cible 28 etudes d'observation (n = 9857 patients, dont 6680 avec une valvule mecanique et 3717 avec une bioprothese valvulaire), avec un suivi d'une duree mediane de 3,45 ans. Vingt-deux etudes presentaient un risque eleve de biais et 1 etude presentait un risque critique de biais resultant de variables de confusion. La certitude des donnees etait tres faible pour tous les resultats, a l'exception des hemorragies. Les valvules mecaniques ont ete associees a une reduction de la mortalite a 30 jours (risque relatif [RR] de 0,79, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95 % 0,65-0,97, [I.sup.2] = 0, effet absolu de 27 deces de moins pour 1000 patients) et a 6 ans ou plus (moyenne de 9,7 ans, RR de 0,83, IC de 95 % 0,72-0,96, [I.sup.2] = 79 %, effet absolu de 145 deces de moins pour 1000 patients), mais egalement a une augmentation des hemorragies (rapport des taux d'incidence [RTI] de 2,46, IC de 95 % 1,41-4,27, [I.sup.2] = 59 %, effet absolu de 91 evenements supplementaires pour 1000 patients) et des AVC (IRR de 1,63, IC de 95 % 1,21-2,20, [I.sup.2] = 0 %, effet absolu de 25 evenements supplementaires pour 1000 patients). Conclusion : Les valvules mecaniques ont ete associees a une reduction de la mortalite, mais a une augmentation du taux d'evenements hemorragiques et d'AVC. Compte tenu du tres faible degre de certitude des donnees sur la mortalite et les AVC, les patients et les cliniciens peuvent choisir les bioprotheses valvulaires selon des facteurs comme le risque d'hemorragie et la durabilite de la prothese. Numero d'enregistrement de la recherche : PROSPERO no CRD42017081863, In 2010, more than 2.6 million people worldwide were receiving dialysis for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), a prevalence that is likely to increase to more than 5.4 million people by [...]

Crystal violet (CV) ink has been used as a skin marker worldwide. It has been reported to be useful for vessel wall visualization of microvascular anastomoses. Contrastingly, it has been found to be carcinogenic and inhibit migration and proliferation of venous cells. In some countries, its use in the medical field has been restricted. Therefore, it is necessary to consider alternatives to CV. In this present study, we compared the time required for the anastomosis of a 0.8-1 mm diameter vessel in the chicken wrist artery using CV and a CV-free dye (ethyl violet; EV). The surgeon, microscope, and anastomosis microsurgical tools were standardized for comparison. CV and EV were changed for each anastomosis. The same surgeon performed 30 anastomoses using each dye. No visually obvious differences were noted in the vascular transections with CV and EV. As per the results, no statistically significant difference was observed in the time required for anastomosis using CV and EV. EV conforming to California Proposition 65 may be an effective alternative to CV for vascular visualization of microvascular anastomoses. However, further studies on the effectiveness of the EV in clinical cases are needed.