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Background This retrospective study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the optimized kiloelectron volt (keV) for virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI) combined with iodine map in dual-energy computed tomography enterography (DECTE) in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods Seventy-two patients (mean age: 41.89 ± 17.28 years) with negative computed tomography enterography (CTE) were enrolled for investigating the optimized VMI keV in DECTE by comparing subjective and objective parameters of VMIs that were reconstructed from 40 to 90 keV. Moreover, 68 patients (38.27 ± 15.10 years; 35 normal and 33 CD) were included for evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of DECTE iodine map at the optimized VMI energy level and routine CTE for CD and active CD. Statistical analysis for all data was conducted. Results Objective and subjective imaging evaluations showed the best results at 60 keV for VMIs. The CT values of the normal group, active subgroup, and CD group during the small intestinal phase at routine 120 kVp or 60 keV VMI had significant differences. The diagnostic efficacy of an iodine map was the best when NIC = 4% or fat value = 45.8% for CD, whereas NIC P Conclusions VMI at 60 keV provided the best imaging quality on DECTE. NIC and fat value provided important basis for active CD evaluation. Routine CTE combined with VMI at 60 keV improved the diagnostic efficiency for CD.

Extensive research has examined arsenic (As) bioavailability in contaminated soils and is routinely assessed using in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) assays. Analysis of differences in bioaccessibility measurements across IVBA assays and phases is expected to provide valuable insights into geochemical mechanisms controlling soil As bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Soil iron (Fe) content and As speciation are expected to significantly influence IVBA gastric and intestinal phases due to fluctuations in precipitation-dissolution chemistry and sorption reactivity as pH and assay chemical complexity changes. The aim of this review was to examine these relationships by 1) conducting a meta-analysis (n = 47 soils) determining the influence of total Fe on As bioaccessibility measurements and 5 IVBA assays and 2) investigating the effect of As speciation on gastric/intestinal phase IVBA and in vitro-in vivo correlations. Our findings indicate that soil Fe content and As speciation heterogeneity are important in elucidating variability of bioaccessibility measurements across IVBA assays and gastrointestinal phases. Greater focus on coupled As speciation and Fe precipitation chemistry may (1) improve our understanding of soil geochemical factors and assay constituents that influence As in vitro-in vivo correlations and (2) resolve variability in the precision of oral relative bioavailability (RBA) estimated using IVBA assays for soils possessing heterogenous As speciation and Fe composition.

Treats are important contributors to the economics of the U.S. pet product industry. Not only do pet owners use them to build an emotional bond or interact with their pets, but treats also can deliver functional or health benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestion and safety of selected commercial treats by measuring their in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) using the modified in vitro method of Boisen and Eggum, which was developed to simulate in vivo digestibility of nonruminant animals. Twenty-five commercial treats were classified into six categories based on their appearance, size, and functionality. These categories included biscuit, chew, dental, meat product, rawhide, and cat treat. Each commercial product was analyzed in triplicate and in vitro DMD was calculated after enzymatic digestion and incubation. A wide variation in DMD was observed among and within different treat categories in both gastric and gastric + small intestinal phases of digestion. For the gastric phase, DMD ranged from 8.40% to 92.20%, whereas intestinal phase digestion had a DMD range of 35.10–100% (P < 0.05). In general, treats from meat products, dental, chew, biscuit, and cat treat categories had a high DMD (>85%) after the intestinal phase, whereas DMD of rawhide treats varied from 35.10% to 95.70%. Principal component analysis, in addition, has visually shown that rawhide treats displayed the largest portion of variation from the other treats. A low DMD at gastric phase is a concern because it may pose a risk for gastrointestinal blockage and intolerance, particularly for treats of large size that remained intact during this phase. In vitro DMD results can be used as a potential predictor of in vivo digestibility, facilitate recommendations about pet treat safety for professionals and manufacturers in the pet industry, and assist pet owners in the treat selection process and with treat purchasing decisions.

Aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of bread enrichment with different concentrations of lentil flour (LF) (0 g/100g, 10 g/100g and 20 g/100g) on some physico-chemical, structural, and nutritional features of bread. The addition of LF in formulation affected its properties, leading to a darker appearance and to a more compact structure (e.g., higher density and lower gas bubble area fraction). Besides, it led to a significant rise in the protein, free glucose, and rapidly digestible starch content as well as in the expected glycemic index. Concerning the investigation of nutritional properties, starch and protein digestibility has been evaluated by the combination of different digestion models. Each type of bread was subjected to an in vivo oral phase followed by a semi-dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. During the oral and the gastric phases of digestion, bread with the greatest LF content (20 g/100g) exhibited an extensive starch digestibility and a partial protein digestibility compared to the other samples, due to its higher protein content. In contrast, during the intestinal phase, control (0 g/100g) showed a stronger starch digestibility compared with the LF samples, while no differences could be observed in terms of protein digestibility investigated by SDS-PAGE., This work has received financial support from project PID2019-107663RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN).

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Ultrasound treatment was applied to improve the quality of infant meat puree. • Ultrasound treatment modified the viscosity and hardness of infant meat puree. • Moderate ultrasound treatment increased protein digestibility of infant meat puree. • Infant pork puree was better under ultrasound treatment at 600 W for 15 min., Infant meat puree has an indispensable effect on the oral development and nutritional intake of infants. However, commercially available products have poor texture and relatively low digestibility. In this study, ultrasound (20 kHz and 200 W, 400 W, or 600 W) was applied to the pretreatment of raw meat for preparing infant meat puree for 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min. To assess the impact of ultrasound on infant meat puree, the viscosity, texture, water distribution, particle size and in vitro digestibility were determined. The results showed that, compared with control, viscosity and hardness of meat puree decreased and the texture was better in 400 W and 600 W groups. The content of immobilized water increased in comparison with the control. Ultrasound had no obvious effect on the digestibility of meat puree in gastric phase, but it increased the digestibility in intestinal phase with the highest digestibility (80.85%±3.33) in 600 W, 15 min group. Overall, the ultrasound parameters of 600 W for 15 min can be selected as the best condition to process infant meat puree. The findings provide a new perspective for the improvement of infant meat puree.

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease and an endemic zoonosis in various countries of the world, it is caused by the genus Trichinella and its 12 genotypes, due to the consumption of contaminated and poorly sewn meat with Infectious Larvae...

While in vivo methods have been used to determine the glycemic response of food, they are time consuming, costly, and not suitable for large-scale applications. As an alternative, in vitro digestion models offer fast, reproducible results to study food digestion kinetics that are less expensive than conducting human trials. While there are several in vitro glycemic index (GI) methods used to determine the GI of food, most do not employ methods of in vivo testing. Therefore, we used a static in vitro digestive system, the Dedicated Ryerson University In-vitro Digester (DRUID), that simulates both gastric and intestinal conditions to determine the glycemic response of commonly consumed carbohydrate-containing foods. Samples were collected at regular intervals over a 2h residence time after digestion in the intestinal phase of the DRUID. The DRUID-determined GI values were compared to published in vivo GI values. A Bland-Altman plot showed that there was agreement between the GI values determined from the DRUID compared with published in vivo GI values. In conclusion, the in vitro DRUID can reliably and reproducibly determine the GI across a spectrum of carbohydrate-containing foods, and has the potential to predict the digestion kinetics of novel food products in vivo that may promote human health.

Nowadays, healthy food is in vogue. The consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has always been advised. Their health benefits are estimated based on the chemical composition without taking into account the possible transformations during digestion. Undoubtedly, those with the highest antioxidant content are highly favored. However, whether they are just as effective after passing through gastrointestinal tract is a question that science should answer experimentally. Therefore, the influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on phytochemicals in pomegranate juice. The change in total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was monitored. A drastic loss of phenolic compounds was measured after the intestinal phase of the assay resulting in only 25% and 15.8% of the initial total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, respectively. The antioxidant activity was also affected. The results indicated an after digestion antioxidant activity in the range 19-29% by the measured activity of pomegranate juice. HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds confirmed the presence of gallic acid and DL-catechin at concentrations 96.3 µg/mL and 340 µg/mL, resp. After digestion a loss of 93% and 99% was calculated.

The effects of microwave (90 W and 180 W), hot air (60 and 70 °C) and vacuum (60 and 70 °C with 200 and 300 mbar) drying methods on drying characteristics, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, color and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of medlar pestil were investigated. Medlar showed a good potential for pestil production while being the most applicable in microwave treatments. For drying kinetics, five thin-layer drying models were applied and the Page and Modified Page were the best fitted models. L*, b*, chroma and hue angle decreased while a* generally increased in dried pestils. Dried samples showed a general decrement in phenolics and antioxidant capacity. According to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, intestinal phase of all the samples resulted with an increment in phenolics, FRAP and DPPH compared to undigested extracts. In conclusion, different drying methods may affect the release of phenolics and antioxidant capacity, while leading to increased bioaccessibility during intestinal digestion.

Most of the drugs used for the treatment of trichinellosis showed a limited bioavailability and a high degree of resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new agents to improve the bioavailability of these drugs. This work assessed the use Chitosan (CH) nanoparticles singly or combined with albendazole (ABZ) for the treatment of experimental trichinellosis. Fifty male albino mice were used. They were divided into six experimental groups. Chitosannanoparticles were used orally at a dose of 100mg/kg/day starting from 3rd dpi for three successive days for the treatment of the intestinal phase of infection either alone or loaded with full dose or half dose of ABZ. Results showed significant reduction in all treated groups with the highest reduction rate of adult 99.1%, improvement of the intestinal histopathological changes and a significant decrease in iNOS expression of the intestinal tissue were observed ingroups treated by CH loaded with full dose of ABZ compared to control group

Rice consumption is a major dietary source of human exposure to arsenic (As), with As bioavailability being an important factor influencing its health risk. In this study, the As bioaccessibility was measured in 11 rice grains (140–335 μg As kg−1), which were compared to As relative bioavailability previously measured based on a mouse bioassay (Li et al., 2017). Using modified physiologically-based extraction test for rice (MPBET), As bioaccessibility in raw rice samples (44–88% in the gastric phase and 47–102% in the intestinal phase) was similar to those in cooked rice (42–73% and 43–99%). Arsenic bioaccessibility in rice was generally higher in the intestinal phase than in the gastric phase, with Fe and Ca concentrations in rice being negatively correlated with As bioaccessibility in the gastric phase (R2 = 0.47–0.49). In addition, for cooked rice, strong positive correlation was observed between bioaccessible As and inorganic As (R2 = 0.63–0.72), suggesting inorganic As in rice was easier to dissolve than organic As in gastrointestinal digestive fluids. Due to limited variation in As bioaccessibility and As bioavailability among the 11 samples, a weak correlation was observed between them (R2 = 0.01–0.03); however, As bioaccessibility values measured by the gastric phase (GP) of the MPBET agreed with As bioavailability values based on a mouse bioassay, suggesting the potential of the MPBETGP to predict As bioavailability in rice. Future work is needed to ascertain the robustness of the MPBETGP in predicting As bioavailability in rice using additional samples.

Soil is considered as a sink for heavy metals. Human health is severely affected by the continuous intake of toxic heavy metals even in a very low concentration. In the present experiment, we determined the influence of nutritional status including control (fasted condition), glucose (fed state), plant protein (fed state), animal protein (fed state) and calcium (fed state) on soil cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) bioaccessibility using physiologically-based extraction test (PBET) method together with simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) model. The bioaccessibility of Cd was 1.06–73.58%, 0.44–54.79% and 0–17.78% and Cu was 3.81–67.32%, 4.98–71.14%, and 0–17.54% in the phase-I, phase-II and Phase-III respectively (in this study gastric phase, small intestinal phase and colon phase were considered as phase-I, phase-II and Phase-III respectively). The outcomes showed that, the average Cd bioaccessibility was higher with animal protein addition compared with other treatments in different phases. So, the effect of animal protein on Cd bioaccessibility was higher than other treatments in the phase-I, phase-II and phase-III. Due to the addition of plant protein, the higher average bioaccessibility of Cu was noticed in phase-I and phase-II in comparison to other treatments. However, in phase-III, the higher average bioaccessibility of Cu was found due to control treatment comparing with other treatments. Therefore, the influence of plant protein was higher than other nutrients on Cu bioaccessibility in the phase-I and phase-II. Moreover, other nutrients showed variable influence on Cd and Cu bioaccessibility. So, nutritional status has a significant effect on bioaccessibility as well as human health risk assessment.

Although prickly pear fruits have become an important part of the Canary diet, their native varieties are yet to be characterized in terms of betalains and phenolic compounds. To exert potential health benefits, these antioxidants must be released from the food matrix and be stable in the gastrointestinal tract. Our aim was to characterize the betalain and phenolic profile of four prickly pear varieties from the Canary Islands (Spain) and determine their digestive stability and bioaccessibility via in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Digestive studies were performed considering the (i) importance of the edible fraction (pulps) and (ii) potential of fruit peels as by-products to obtain healthy ingredients. Betalains and phenolic profiles were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/QTOF. Pulps in Colorada and Fresa varieties presented high indicaxanthin and betanin content, respectively. Despite low pH in the gastric phase, betalains were stable to reach the intestinal phase, although indicaxanthin presented a higher bioaccessibility. Blanco Buenavista peels contained a distinct flavonoid profile including a new isorhamnetin-hexosyl-rhamnoside. Phenolic compounds were abundant and highly bioaccessible in fruit peels. These findings suggest that prickly pear pulps are rich in bioaccessible betalains; and that their peels could be proposed as potential by-products to obtain sustainable healthy ingredients., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, project number RTA2015-00044-C02-02. Author Andrea Gómez-Maqueo thanks CONACyT (Mexico) for her doctoral scholarship no. 692751.

We prepared alginate capsules with a wide range of fish oil loading in order to develop a delivery device that targets a specific part of the human digestive system. In-vitro studies demonstrated that alginate capsules can hold up to ∼15% (w/w) oil leading to a controlled diffusion process under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Assessment of large deformation properties shows that the polysaccharide networks are firm in the model gastric phase but weaken in intestinal conditions. The amount of encapsulated oil remains stable during the gastric stage but it is released at the intestinal phase. Observations of release rates were treated with classic theory of diffusion revealing that changes in mechanical properties govern transport phenomena of fish oil in the encapsulated matrix. A partial differential equation was solved successfully to monitor the entirety of fish oil release unveiling apparent diffusion coefficients that vary five orders of magnitude between gastric and intestinal stages.

There is great interest in reaching a consensus method for in vitro digestion of foods. The COST INFOGEST network of researchers has developed a standardized protocol, which is appropriate for basic digestibility studies, but may be insufficient for more complex studies, such as micronutrient bioaccessibility. In the present study, the bioaccessibility of phytosterols (PS) was evaluated using the standardized and modified versions of the in vitro digestion protocol. The INFOGEST protocol was used without modification for 2% solutions of either free phytosterols (FPS) or esterified phytosterols (EPS) in soybean oil. The effect of two variables which have yet to be explored using the INFOGEST protocol was subsequently evaluated. Those variables are: (1) changing the mode of agitation from orbital shaking to head over heels (HOH) rotation and (2) adding pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CE) during the intestinal phase. Bioaccessibility of FPS was greater than that of EPS, and HOH rotation caused a further increase in bioaccessibility of FPS but not EPS. Addition of CE caused a slight, but significant improvement in bioaccessibility of EPS, though hydrolysis was incomplete. Our findings highlight a need for further evaluation of the standardized in vitro digestion protocol, especially for complex studies such as lipid bioaccessibility.

Total, bioaccessible and mobile concentrations of arsenic and fluorine are determined in polluted surface soil within the Comarca Lagunera region using standardized protocols to obtain a full description of the environmental behavior for these elements. The composition of mineral phases associated with them is evaluated with microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Mineralogical characterizations indicate that ultra-fine particles ( 5 (AsO 4 ) 3 Cl, Pb 5 (AsO 4 , VO 4 ) 3 Cl)-like, lead arseniate (Pb 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 )-like and complex arsenic-bearing compounds are main arsenic-bearing phases, while fluorite (CaF 2 ) is the only fluorine-bearing phase. Total fluorine and arsenic concentrations in surface soil range from 89.75 to 926.63 and 2.7–78.6 mg kg −1 , respectively, exceeding in many points a typical baseline value for fluorine (321 mg kg −1 ), and trigger level criterion for arsenic soil remediation (20 mg kg −1 ); whereas fluoride and arsenic concentrations in groundwater vary from 0.24 to 1.8 mg L −1 and 0.12–0.650 mg L −1 , respectively. The main bioaccessible percentages of soil in the gastric phase (SBRC-G) are estimated for arsenic from 1 to 63%, and this parameter in the intestinal phase (SBRC-I) fluorine from 2 to 46%, suggesting human health risks for this region. While a negligible/low mobility is found in soil for arsenic (0.1–11%), an important mobility is determined for fluorine (2–39%), indicating environmental risk related to potential fluorine release. The environmental and health risks connected to arsenic and fluorine are discussed based on experimental data.

There is considerable attention for developing Akkermansia muciniphila as a new therapeutic microbe since it has shown to prevent diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice. However, A. muciniphila is sensitive to gastric conditions such as low pH and oxygen. Therefore, we explored the possibility of encapsulating A. muciniphila in a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion, to allow for protection during gastric passage and subsequent release in the small intestine. The bacteria were efficiently encapsulated in the inner emulsion droplets and remained entrapped during in vitro gastric digestion. The cells were then released in the simulated intestinal phase of the in vitro system. The viability of encapsulated cells was found to be higher when compared to cells dispersed in buffer, that had been subjected to similar mechanical process as the one conducted to prepare the emulsion systems. Surprisingly, the viability of the processed cells was even higher than that of the cells dispersed in buffer without processing, likely due to shear-induced stress tolerance. To conclude, encapsulation in a double emulsion seems to be a. promising strategy to protect A. muciniphila during gastric passage in oral formulations.

A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of temperature, frying time, blanching treatment and the thickness of potato slices on acrylamide content in crisps. The design was used on freshly harvested and four-month stored potatoes. The critical factors found were temperature and frying time, and the interaction between blanching treatment and slice thickness. Once frying conditions were selected, an acrylamide content of 725 and 1030 mg kg&minus, 1 was found for non-stored and 4-month stored tubers, with adequate textural parameters in both cases. The difference in concentration is related to storage conditions, which must be controlled in order to control acrylamide levels. Bioaccesibility studies demonstrated that acrylamide concentration remained at 70%, and reductions took place mainly at the intestinal phase, as a result of reaction with nucleophilic compounds.

Finger millet flour was used to prepare five different foods using steaming, pressure cooking, dry roasting and open boiling as representative preparation methods. The soluble and bound phenolics of freeze dried foods were extracted. The gastric and intestinal bioaccessibility and potential absorption of phenolic compounds of foods were determined accommodating a simulated in vitro digestion model. The phenolic extracts of foods and supernatants collected at different stages of in vitro digestion were examined for their phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The content of ferulic acid, of phenolic extracts of foods were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The open pan boiling retained higher content of phenolics and showed higher antioxidant activities compared to other food preparations. The release of phenolic compounds increased stepwise from gastric to intestinal phase for all foods and the bioaccessibility and potential absorption of phenolic compounds depended on the food preparation methods.

Introduction Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in fast activation of the immune response to a variety of pathogens, including parasites. In this study, we focused on TLR2, because this receptor is one of the best known and most frequently analysed members of the TLR family. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Trichinella spiralis on expression of TLR2 during the intestinal stage of infection. Material and Methods The experimental material consisted of isolates prepared from the intestines (jejunum and colon) of BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis taken at 4, 8, and 16 days post infection. Results Our results based on quantitative real-time PCR showed that the mRNA level for TLR2 was statistically significantly higher in the jejuna of mice infected with T. spiralis than in this tissue of uninfected mice. In addition, the presence of TLR2 protein in the intestinal phase of trichinellosis was confirmed by a strong positive immunohistochemical reaction. Conclusion Our results indicate that infection with T. spiralis changes the expression of TLR2 in the small intestine of the mouse host and suggest a contribution of these receptors to the host defence mechanisms during experimental trichinellosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in cooked pulses and to study the effect of cooking on their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Cooked faba beans showed the highest TPC, followed by soybeans and lentils or peas. TPC ranged from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 52.9 ± 0.3 mg/100 g and was positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Cooking resulted in increased TPC and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts, caused by cell disruption and improved extraction of polyphenols. Although polyphenols were lost in the cooking water, boiled legumes had more polyphenols than those resulting cooking broths. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion resulted in increased TPC and antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Soybeans showed the highest amount of bioaccessible polyphenols. The release of phenolics from cooked legumes was mainly achieved during the intestinal phase. Literature data may underestimate the TPC and antioxidant capacity of pulses. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

A novel delivery system using micron-scale grape skin powder (GSP) was developed that enhanced loading, stability and bioaccessibility of trans-resveratrol (trans-Res). Vacuum assisted infusion of GSP results in a high yield (~1 mg/g) of trans-Res and improved photostability of infused trans-Res in GSP exposed to UV-A light. The release of trans-Res from GSP was ~ 45% during gastric digestion and the total release in the intestinal phase during sequential digestion processes using low and high bile salts was ~ 70% and ~ 90%, respectively. Moreover, the release of endogenous polyphenols in GSP during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was similar to the release profile of infused resveratrol, suggesting strong interactions of infused resveratrol with the GSP matrix. In summary, this research illustrates a novel approach to utilize food by-products to enhance stability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds.

Coffee is the most consumed beverage in the US and several other countries such as Brazil and Colombia. Coffee has been recognized for a myriad of health benefits including those arising from its antioxidant properties. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature addressing the fate of phenolic compounds from espresso capsules considering the role of caffeine as well as the interaction with milk upon in vitro digestion. In this study, regardless of the sample (regular or decaffeinated espresso coffee capsule), oral and gastric digested samples showed lower contents of caffeine and phenolic acids than their undigested counterparts. In contrast, with recovery of up to 48%, only caffeic acid was present in the intestinal phase. Regular coffee samples showed a prooxidative action during the intestinal phase. In contrast, decaffeinated coffee prevented milk lipid peroxidation during the gastric and intestinal phases. A significant positive correlation existed between the caffeine concentration and the milk lipid peroxidation during the gastrointestinal phase. Thus, under the experimental conditions employed, decaffeinated coffee from commercial espresso capsules was considered the best choice in terms of prevention of the potential exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to products of milk lipid peroxidation.

In this study, we evaluated for the first time the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of phenolic compounds present in fractions of araca-boi submitted to the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. For this, were determined the content of phenolics and total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, as well as heatmap analysis to evaluate the relative intensity of the phenolic compounds identified by ESI-LTQ-XL-MS/MS, before and after digestive process. It was observed that the seed had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds, and that this content was reduced after digestion, mainly in the intestinal phase (-22.0%), while the flavonoid content increased in the edible fraction (92.8%). From the ESI-LTQXL-MS/MS analysis, it was possible to identify 9 flavonoids and 8 phenolic acids in the edible fraction, while in the seed 10 flavonoids and 7 phenolic acids were identified. Heatmap analysis demonstrated that after intestinal digestion, phenolic acids reduced and flavonoids increased their relative intensity, suggesting that these compounds increased their content after this process. The seed showed the highest antioxidant capacity and in general this potential increased after digestion. Thus, the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of the phenolic compounds of araca-boi can be influenced by the fraction and digestive phase evaluated.

In vitro assays have been developed to determine metal bioaccessibility in contaminated soils; however, their application to Cd is limited. To assess their suitability to determine Cd relative bioavailability (RBA), Cd-RBA in 12 contaminated soils containing 3.00–296 mg kg−1 Cd were determined using a mouse model and compared with Cd bioaccessibility data based on four assays including the UBM, SBRC, IVG, and PBET. After being administered feed amended with soil or CdCl2 for 10-day, the Cd concentrations in the mouse liver and/or kidneys were used as biomarkers to estimate Cd-RBA. Cd-RBA was comparable at 34–90% and 40–78% based on mouse liver and kidneys with RSD of 7.10–8.99%, and 37–84% based on mouse liver plus kidneys with lower RSD of 5.8%. Cadmium bioaccessibility in soils varied with assays, with 61–99, 59–103, 54–107, and 35–97% in the gastric phase and 20–56, 38–77, 42–88, and 19–64% in the intestinal phase of the UBM, SBRC, IVG and PBET assays. Based on the combined biomarker of liver plus kidneys, better correlation was observed for PBET (r2 = 0.61–0.70) than those for IVG, UBM and SBRC assays (0.12–0.52). The monthly Cd intake in children was 0.24–23.9 μg kg−1 using total Cd concentration in soils, which was reduced by 43% to 0.18–12.3 μg kg−1 using bioavailable Cd. Our data suggest it is important to consider Cd-RBA to assess risk associated with contaminated soils and the PBET may have potential to predict Cd-RBA in contaminated soils. Keywords: Bioavailability, Heavy metal, Kidneys, Liver, Biomarker, Contamination

The effect of aging on the bioaccessibility of As and Pb in three soils spiked with As (40 or 400 mg kg(-1)), Pb (150 or 1500 mg kg(-1)) or As + Pb (40 mg kg(-1) As and 150 mg kg(-1) Pb) were investigated using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET). Prolonged aging in soils resulted in a decrease in As/Pb bioaccessibility, especially within the first month. After 76 weeks, As/Pb bioaccessibility in soils decreased to a stable level, with 48-84% and 8-34% for bioaccessible As and Pb respectively in the intestinal phase, illustrating that As in spiked soils was much more bioaccessible than Pb. Correlation analysis between sequential extraction data and PBET results showed that the non-specifically sorbed As contributed the most to bioaccessible As, while Pb bound with carbonates and exchangeable fractions were the source for bioaccessible Pb. For future work, minerals containing As and/or Pb instead of their soluble salts can be added to uncontaminated soils to better simulate the natural aging processes.

The presence of dietary fiber (DF) in the food matrix of some tropical fruits plays an important role in the release and absorption of its bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds (PCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the DF fractions in mango cv. ‘Ataulfo’, papaya cv. ‘Maradol’ and pineapple cv. ‘Esmeralda’, on the bioaccessibility of their PCs and antioxidant capacity (AOXC) under an in vitro digestion model. The highest PCs content and AOXC was found in mango (274.30 mg GAE/100 g FW), followed by papaya (212 mg GAE//100 g FW), and pineapple (107.63 mg GAE/100 g FW), respectively. About 50% of the total PCs in all fruits was released at gastric phase, increasing closer to 60% at intestinal phase in mango and pineapple. However, the highest content of PCs associated to DF was found in mango (2.48 mg GAE/100 g FW) compared with papaya DF fractions (0.96 GAE/100 g FW) and pineapple (0.52 GAE/100 g FW). The presence of DF in mango, papaya and pineapple did not represent a major limitation on the bioaccessibility of its PCs according to the in vitro digestion model used in this study.

Element bioaccessibility in some nuts and seeds has been determined by performing a physiologically based extraction test. Nine elements (B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni and Zn) in gastric and intestinal phase extractions of nuts and seeds were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Hazelnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, walnuts, chickpeas, pumpkin seeds and pistachio nuts were used as the materials in this study. The bioaccessible portions of magnesium and calcium were higher than for the other elements whereas B bioaccessibility was the lowest for each of the different types of nuts and seeds. Based on an ingestion rate of 10 g day−1, the amounts of B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni and Zn from the nuts and seeds accessible to the body were found to be lower than the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. The data were also subjected to chemometric evaluation using tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analyses (LDA) in an attempt to classify the nuts and seeds according to these elements bioaccessibility and to find out which elements are more bioaccessible in gastric and intestinal ingestions.

A variety of yogurt based calcium-rich snacks were formulated with pectin, whey protein or casein ingredients and combinations hereof to provide a crisp food matrix after freeze-drying. The calcium content ranged from 0.28 g to 0.74 g/100 g snacks. Pectin and heating prior to freeze drying were found important to provide snacks with a suitable texture, in terms of crispness and hardness. A three step in vitro static digestion simulating oral, gastric and intestinal conditions showed that the snacks with high calcium content had the largest difference between soluble calcium at the beginning and at the end of the intestinal phase. The soluble calcium at the end of the intestinal phase corresponds to calcium bioaccessibility, while the difference between soluble calcium at the beginning and at end of the intestinal phase shows a competition between absorption and precipitation during transport through the intestine. Enzymatic hydrolysis during the intestinal phase is suggested to liberate calcium from proteins but not from pectin. Heat treatment at 90 °C prior to drying and addition of pectin had little or no effect on the calcium bioaccessibility from any of the snacks.

This study analyzes the potential application of monolayered (Mo) and multilayered (Mu) fish oil microcapsules as EPA and DHA vehicles in cooked (C-SAU) and dry-cured (D-SAU) meat products and the bioaccesibility of their fatty acids. The quantities of EPA and DHA in all batches (44–64 mg EPA + DHA/100 g sample) exceeded the level established by the European Union to label a food as “source of ω-3 fatty acids” (40 mg EPA + DHA/100 g product). The highest percentages of released fat were observed in the intestinal phase. The amount of EPA and DHA bioaccesible was higher in C-SAU-Mu and D-SAU-Mu batches (0.35 and 0.33 mg EPA + DHA per gram of sample digested), in contrast to C-SAU-Mo and D-SAU-Mo batches (0.25 and 0.24 mg EPA + DHA per gram of sample digested). Therefore, the types of microcapsule of fish oil do not influence the EPA + DHA enrichment, but it did in their bioaccessibility, being better when using Mu.

Urban parks and schools sever as the mainly activity areas for children, but risk assessment posed by heavy metals (HMs) from soil and dust in these area has rarely been investigated. In this study, six urban parks and seven schools in Jiaozuo, China, were taken as research objects to understand the contamination level and bioaccessibility of HMs from soil and dust in urban parks and schools. The results indicated that Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Ni and Co from soil and dust were above the background values, especially Zn and Cd in dust, and As and Cd in soil. Serious Cd pollution was discovered, and respective Cd concentrations in soil and dust were 17.83 and 7.52 times the background value. Additionally, the average concentration and bioaccessibility of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co in dust were both higher than in soil. High concentration and high bioaccessibility of HMs in dust suggested that HMs contamination were serious and universal in Jiaozuo. The concentrations of most HMs were higher in the gastric phase, except for Cu and Cd which remained higher in the intestinal phase. Both in the gastric phase and intestinal phase, Mn, As and Cd in soil and dust both have high bioaccessibility which all exceed 10%. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks base on the total HMs for children (soil: 7.93, 1.96E-05; dust: 6.44, 3.58E-05) were greater than those for adults (soil: 6.35E-01, 1.32E-05; dust: 5.06E-01, 2.42E-05), and urban parks and schools posed high potential risk for children. Therefore, assessment the risk posed by HMs contamination of soil and dust in urban parks and schools is vital and urgent for children.

This paper reports the first study of patulin occurrence in fruit juices and risk assessment related to patulin intake by children, adolescents and adults in Serbia. During three consecutive years (2013-2015), 142 fruit (apple or multi-fruit) juices were collected from the market and analysed using HPLC-UV. Patulin was found in 51.4% of juices with 0.7% of the samples in excess of the legal limit of 50 μg kg−1 (mean 4.3 μg kg−1). Apple juices showed significantly higher percentage of contaminated samples (74.0% versus 27.5%), as well as higher mean patulin content (6.4 versus 2.1 μg kg−1) when compared with the multi-fruit ones. Bioaccessibility of patulin in fruit juices was studied using the standardized in vitrodigestion method. A mean of 21.6 % of the initial patulin amount reached the end of the intestinal phase showing a significant reduction of this toxin during the human digestion process. Risk assessment of patulin intake by Serbian children, adolescents and adults, conducted by deterministic and probabilistic approaches and including the bioaccessibility results, revealed no health concern. Although patulin alone does not represent risk, further research should consider its co-occurrence with other toxic substances in food and potential adverse effects of their mixtures. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The microstructure of cooked gluten-free pasta depends on the ingredients used, and this microstructure affects the starch hydrolysis (SH), the release of phenolic compounds (PC) and their antioxidant capacity (AC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the SD and bioaccessibility of PC during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of gluten-free pasta and its relationship with the microstructure. The highest SH was during the intestinal phase (≈60%), but pasta with the highest content of unripe plantain and chickpea presented the lowest release of PC (≈60%). The insoluble dietary fibre could be responsible (≈12.5%) for these effects. The cooked pasta showed high AC in the intestinal phase. Regions with gelatinized starch granules in a less dense protein network and other regions with intact or swollen granules surrounded by a protein network were observed. The starch digestion and bioaccessibility of PC were related to the structure of the matrix., The authors thank , SIP-IPN, COFAA-IPN, and EDI-IPN for support. One of the authors (GACM) acknowledges scholarships from CONACYT and BEIFI. Authors thank Alberto Peña for useful contributions towards this work. Additionally, authors recognize the experimental support of the CNMN-IPN.

The occurrence of the bovine β-casein-derived casomorphins YPF (f60–62, BCM3), YPFP (f60–63, BCM4), YPFPG (f60–64, BCM5), YPFPGP (f60–65, BCM6) and YPFPGPI (f60–66, BCM7) was investigated in different cheeses by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/HR-MS). A total BCMs content was revealed in the range 0–11.74 mg kg−1. The amount of BCM7 varied from 0 to 7.63 mg kg−1. Gorgonzola cheese presented the highest BCM7 quantity, and it was the only sample to contain all the searched BCMs. Cheddar, Gorgonzola, Maasdam and Grana Padano were assessed for BCMs content following a recently proposed standardized in vitro static gastrointestinal digestion method (Minekus et al., 2014). After the gastric step, BCM7 was found only in Cheddar and Gorgonzola (0.25 mg kg−1 and 2.87 mg kg−1, respectively), along with BCM4. Only the latter peptide was detected in Grana Padano, whereas none of the studied BCMs were identified in the digested Maasdam. At the end of intestinal phase, all samples contained BCM7 (0.12–1.26 mg kg−1); the BCM4 was released only in digested Gorgonzola. Based on these results, in vitro digestion of a serving size of the studied cheeses does not potentially release a BCM7 amount compatible with an in vivo opioid activity.

The growing interest in controlling the glycemic index of starchy-rich food has encouraged research about the role of the physical structure of food. The aim of this research was to understand the impact of the structure and the in vitro oral processing methods on bolus behavior and starch hydrolysis of wheat bread. Two different bread structures (loaf bread and bread roll) were obtained using different shaping methods. Starch hydrolysis during in vitro oro-gastro-intestinal digestion using the INFOGEST protocol was analyzed and oral processing was simulated by applying two different disintegration processes (basic homogenizer, crystal balls). The bread structure, and thus the shaping method during breadmaking, significantly affected the bolus particle size during all digestion stages. The different in vitro oral processing methods affected the bolus particle sizes after the oral phase in both breads, but they affected the particle size distribution after the gastric and intestinal phase only in the case of loaf bread. Aggregates were observed in the gastric phase, which were significantly reduced in the intestinal phase. When simulated oral processing with crystal balls led to bigger particle size distribution, bread rolls presented the highest in vitro starch hydrolysis. The type of in vitro oral processing allowed discrimination of the performance of the structures of the two breads during starch hydrolysis. Overall, crumb structure significantly affected texture properties, but also had a significant impact on particle size during digestion and starch digestibility., Authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Project RTI2018-095919-B-C21) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189).

The study was focused on a role of lymphocytes and macrophages in the immune response of mice to Trichinella spiralis infection with low (10) and high (400) infective doses of larvae. The light infection stimulated the proliferation of splenic T lymphocytes only during the intestinal phase of the infection, till day 15 post infection (p.i.), but the heavy infection activated T cells during the migration of newborn larvae (from day 20 to 30 p.i.). B cell proliferation was markedly stimulated after the heavy infection. The light infection increased the presence of helper CD4 cells till day 10 p.i. in contrast to the heavy infection, but subpopulation of CD8 T cells was not influenced by a different size of infective dose. Cytokine production of IL-5 and IFN-γ was not markedly affected by the light infection in contrast to the heavy infection that stimulated IL-5 synthesis during the whole experiment and IFN-Γ during the migration of newborn larvae. The light infection stimulated a metabolic activity of peritoneal macrophages already in the intestinal phase, but the heavy infection affected their activity only in the muscle phase of the infection.

The bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust was estimated by a series of in vitro digestion methods. However, the absorption of PBDEs by intestinal cells after in vitro digestion was seldom studied. In the present study, the bioaccessibility of BDE-28, 47, 99 and 153 in indoor dust was firstly investigated by using the in vitro digestion method. Bioaccessibility in intestinal phase (BDE-28: 24.5–30.1%; BDE-47: 6.99–13.0; BDE-99: 1.61–14.2%; and BDE-153 5.97–24.4%.) was higher than that in gastric phase (BDE-28: 38.3–58.0; BDE-47: 9.62–30.9%; BDE-99: 9.71–24.3%; and BDE-153: 13.8–57.4%). The organic matter contents in indoor dust showed variable influence on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. For the Caco-2 uptake assay, the BDE-28 showed greatest transport rate from medium to cell (K mc : 0.525 h −1 ), followed by -47, -99 and -153. The K mc of PBDEs was significantly negative correlated with its corresponding K OW value. Similar pattern was found for the maximum uptake flux (J u, max ) and the transport rate from cell to medium (K cm ). The combination of bioacessibility and the absorption factor by Caco-2 cells could be used to estimate human intake of PBDEs via indoor dust would avoid overestimate the health risk.

Intellectual disability (ID) and cerebral palsy (CP) are serious neurodevelopment conditions and low birth weight (LBW) is correlated with both ID and CP. The actual causes and mechanisms for each of these child outcomes are not well understood. In this study, the relationship between bioaccessible metal concentrations in urban soil and these child conditions were investigated. A physiologically based extraction test (PBET) mimicking gastric and intestinal processes was applied to measure the bio-accessibility of four metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)) in urban soil, and a Bayesian Kriging method was used to estimate metal concentrations in geocoded maternal residential sites. The results showed that bioaccessible metal concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the intestinal phase were statistically significantly associated with the child outcomes. Lead and nickel were associated with ID, lead and cadmium was associated with LBW, and cadmium was associated with CP. The total concentrations and stomach concentrations were not correlated to significant effects in any of the analyses. For lead, an estimated threshold value was found that was statistically significant in predicting low birth weight. The change point test was statistically significant (p value = 0.045) at an intestine threshold level of 9.2 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 8.9-9.4, p value = 0.0016), which corresponds to 130.6 mg/kg of total Pb concentration in the soil. This is a narrow confidence interval for an important relationship.

Pet owners desire treats with adequate nutritional profiles, functional benefits, long-lasting properties and an interactive nature. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand the digestion characteristics of treats produced by different processing methods and having variable nutritional composition. The objective of the present study was to measure in vitro disappearance characteristics of selected categories of commercially available treats. In vitro procedures developed by Boisen and Eggum in 1991 were modified to handle larger sample sizes. Treat samples were evaluated in triplicate. Following incubation, in vitro DM disappearance (DMD) was calculated. In vitro DMD of selected treats varied widely. For the gastric phase, DMD ranged from 6·9 to 88·8 %, whereas intestinal phase digestion resulted in a DMD range of 10·7–100·0 % (P in vitro DMD and safety of treats and to further investigate their impact on in vivo DM digestibility once fed to dogs.

Fluoride is considered important for health because of its beneficial effect on the prevention of dental caries and on bone development in the child population. However, excessive intake has negative effects. The main pathway for exposure is oral, through consumption of drinking water, and some food products. Therefore its bioaccessibility (quantity of the element solubilized during the digestive process) is a parameter to be considered when estimating the risk/benefit associated with this element. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the digestion phase, gastrointestinal digestion factors (pH, pepsin and bile salt concentrations) and the presence of cations on the bioaccessibility of fluoride from seafood products. The results show that the solubilization of fluoride takes place entirely during the gastric phase. Its bioaccessibility is strongly influenced by conditions that favor the formation of insoluble complexes of fluoride with other elements present in the matrix. The factors that are most influential in reducing its bioaccessibility are the increase in pH in the gastric phase, the presence of cations, especially in the intestinal phase, and a low concentration of bile salts.

[ES] Los peces predadores tienden a acumular altos niveles de mercurio (Hg). Por otro lado, estos productos alimentarios son ricos en selenio (Se), elemento que puede contrarrestar los efectos tóxicos de Hg. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido evaluar la bioaccesibilidad (fracción del contaminante que solubiliza desde el alimento durante la digestión gastrointestinal) del Hg y Se en pez espada cocinado, e identificar aquellos parámetros de la digestión (pH, concentración de pepsina, etapa de la digestión) que pueden influir en la misma. Las concentraciones de mercurio en las muestras analizadas oscilan entre 0,23 y 2,82 mg/kg peso húmedo (ph). La bioaccesibilidad del Hg varía entre un 15 y un 85%, siendo el rango de concentraciones en el bioaccesible muy variable (0,21-1,07 mg/kg ph). Las concentraciones de Se oscilan entre 0,46 y 0,98 mg/kg ph, con una bioaccesibilidad en general mayor que la de Hg y menos variable (63-100%; 0,41-0,51 mg/kg ph). En cuanto a los parámetros que influyen en la solubilización de estos elementos traza a su paso por el tracto gastrointestinal, se pone de manifiesto que la totalidad de la solubilización se produce en la etapa gástrica. Dentro de la etapa gástrica, los pHs ácidos (2-3) y el aumento de la concentración de pepsina suponen una mayor bioaccesibilidad, especialmente para el Hg. El presente estudio muestra que la consideración de la bioaccesibilidad en lugar de la concentración de Hg en el producto fresco supone una disminución de la exposición al tóxico, y por tanto un menor riesgo asociado a la ingesta de estos productos. También se pone de manifiesto que el estudio de la bioaccesibilidad de Hg y Se debe contemplar aquellos parámetros que se modifican durante la ingesta de alimentos y que como el pH y la pepsina son determinantes., [CA] Els peixos predadors tendeixen a acumular alts nivells de mercuri (Hg). D'altra banda, aquests productes alimentaris són rics en seleni (Se), element que pot contrarestar els efectes tòxics del Hg. L'objectiu del present estudi ha estat avaluar la bioaccessibilitat (fracció del contaminant que es solubilitza a partir de la seva matriu durant la digestió gastrointestinal) del Hg i Se en peix espasa cuinat, i identificar aquells paràmetres de la digestió gastrointestinal (pH, concentració de pepsina, etapa de la digestió) que poden influir en la mateixa. Les concentracions de mercuri en les mostres analitzades oscil·len entre 0,23 i 2,82 mg/kg pes humit (ph). La bioaccessibilitat del Hg varia entre un 15 i un 85%, sent el rang de concentracions en el bioaccesible molt variable (0,21- 1,07 mg/kg ph). Les concentracions de Se oscil·len entre 0,46 i 0,98 mg/kg ph, amb una bioaccessibilitat en general major que la de Hg i menys variable (63- 100%, 0,41-0,51 mg/kg ph). Quant als paràmetres que influeixen en la solubilització d'aquests elements traça al seu pas pel tracte gastrointestinal, es posa de manifest que la totalitat de la solubilització es produeix en l'etapa gàstrica. Dins de l'etapa gàstrica els pHs àcids (2-3) i l'augment de la concentració de pepsina suposen una major bioaccessibilitat, especialment pel Hg. El present estudi mostra que la consideració de la bioaccessibilitat en lloc de la concentració de Hg en el producte fresc suposa una disminució de l'exposició al tòxic, i per tant un menor risc associat a la ingesta d'aquests productes. També es posa de manifest que l'estudi de la bioaccessibilitat de Hg i Se ha de contemplar aquells paràmetres que es modifiquen durant la ingesta d'aliments i que com el pH i la pepsina són determinants., [EN] Predatory fish tend to accumulate high levels of mercury (Hg). Additionally, selenium (Se) present in these food products may counteract the toxic effects of Hg. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Hg and Se bioaccessibility (the contaminant fraction that solubilises from its matrix during gastrointestinal digestion) in cooked swordfish and to determine the influence of certain parameters of the gastrointestinal digestion (pH, pepsin concentration, stage of digestion) on Hg and Se bioaccessibility. The concentrations of Hg in cooked swordfish range between 0,23 and 2,82 mg/kg wet weight (ww). The bioaccessibility varies widely (15-85%), with concentrations in the bioaccessible fraction ranging from 0,21 to1,07 mg/kg ww. The concentrations of Se vary between 0,46 and 0,98 mg/kg ww, being the bioaccessiblity greater and less variable than that observed for Hg (63-100%; 0,41-0,51 mg/kg ph). The study of the influence of the parameters of the gastrointestinal digestion evidences that the whole solubilisation occurs in the gastric stage. In this gastric step, the acidic pHs (2-3) and the increase of the concentration of pepsin bring about an increases of the bioaccessibility, especially for Hg.

Hookworm infections are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with around 1.3 billion infected globally. Common manifestations of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections include symptoms due to larval penetration, pneumonitis, or the intestinal phase of infection. We report an unusual case of total hyphema with secondary glaucoma in the right eye of a 70-year-old male patient, caused by an adult hookworm in the anterior chamber. The extracted worm was identified to be of Ancylostoma species. The patient was treated with topical steroids, cycloplegics, and oral albendazole. Pain, corneal oedema and secondary glaucoma subsided and his vision improved.