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Dramatic advances have recently marked the study of international joint ventures (IJVs). The progress has been mixed, however. Although several theoretical dimensions have been emphasized in the literature, researchers have not addressed certain crucial questions at the heart of the IJV relationship. Consequently, individually useful IJV studies have not coalesced into a collectively coherent body of work with an underlying theoretical structure. This weakness in theory development. I argue, may stem from the convergence of "hard" methodological approaches with "soft" behavioral variables. In proposing and justifying a research program toward deeper understanding of voluntary interfirm cooperation, I offer a theoretical framework for OVs, develop a typology of theory-development approaches, and apply this framework and typology to demonstrate how a near-term shift in foci can accelerate rigorous IJV theory development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of a body of knowledge concerned with the definition and assessment of political risk has been uncoordinated, due to the absence of a consensus regarding the conceptual framework on which to develop. In this paper, previous work is drawn together as a first step in establishing such a framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing literature examines the link between preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and peace among member states. However, despite the potentially competitive nature of these agreements, there has been little research examining whether and how PTAs could induce hostilities between members and nonmembers. In this article, I argue that dyadic conflict is more likely when one dyad member’s exclusive PTA with a third party results in lower exports for the dyad member that is excluded from the agreement. Importantly, I contend that trade creating as well as trade diverting PTAs can have this effect. I use a triadic extension of the gravity model of trade to estimate how an exclusive PTA influences the exports of nonmembers relative to PTA members. Using these estimates in statistical tests of dyadic militarized interstate dispute onset spanning 1961 to 2000, I find that PTA-induced trade distortions are associated with a higher likelihood of conflict between members and nonmembers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 2014 USACOR report forecasts that economic cooperation across the Atlantic will increase through the implementation of free trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the development of free trade areas in the African continent. Such agreements shall be complemented by multilateral security cooperation to prevent conflicts, asymmetric warfare and also to guarantee food and water security. The report recommends that free trade agreements be supported by fair labor and antitrust laws to protect working and middle classes, common environmental regulations and multilateral mechanisms for dispute resolution. The report underlines the vast availability of undiscovered mineral resources, especially in Africa, and the need for public-private partnerships to exploit such resources. It stresses the importance of environmental protection in the exploration and extraction of resources to preserve the fragile ecosystem. The main priority for economic development in Africa is the improvement of the health condition of its population. The education is essential to promote religious tolerance and harmony in a diverse religious environment. The report also recommends limiting factory fishing within territorial waters and reforestation through soil enhancement techniques. The use of genetically engineered photosynthesizing bacteria would increase the production of electricity. Many types of algae and bacteria can flourish in salt water, conserving fresh water for saline-adverse crops. Vaccination and water sanitation are the two factors that would improve the health conditions in Africa. Investments from the private sector in conjunction with public institutions are Future of Atlantic & Role of Africa in International Development Francesco Stipo et al necessary to implement such techniques and to foster sustainable economic development in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation to produce collective goods is widespread in society, and yet so is its failure. Theorists have identified competing mechanisms for facilitating group cooperation, including group identity, sanctions and reciprocity. Here I use empirical data to explore how these mechanisms influence cooperation in the natural laboratory of microcredit borrowing groups. Microcredit makes loans to high-risk borrowers through borrowing groups in which individuals 'access to credit is dependent on the behavior of other members of the group, thereby creating a social dilemma for members and an opportunity to observe cooperation in real world groups. By analyzing both collective goods production (loans) and compliance (repayment), I find that the competing mechanisms have differential effects. Group identity, sanctions and reciprocity are all associated with more borrowing in the group. Only reciprocity, however, limits loan delinquency and is associated with group longevity, suggesting both that collective goods production is a distinct process from group compliance over time, and that reciprocity may be an important mechanism in both processes. I discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of group cooperation, as well as the implications for the related theoretical concept of embeddedness.

To keep my economist union card, I am required every morning when I arise to place my hand on the leather-bound family heirloom copy of Adam Smith's The Wealth of [...]

Using survey data collected in 1995, this article examines how Mexicans assess responsibility for the 1995 PESO DEVALUATION CRISIS. Mexicans primarily blame former president, Carlos Salinas, but a significant number also blame external actors and institutions for the crisis. The tendency to blame recent presidents is related to assessments of economic conditions and to partisanship; by contrast, the tendency to blame external actors and institutions is related to traditional Mexican nationalism with its defensive posture toward the United States. This posture is found primarily among the economically maginalized and the politically alienated. Nationalism remains an important force in citizen politics in Mexico, but its meaning is still contested. A traves de una encuesta de 1995, este articulo examina la manera en que los mexicanos deslindan la responsabilidad de la crisis de la devaluacion del peso en 1995. Por lo general, los mexicanos culpan al presidente Carlos Salinas, aunque un buen numero atribuye la crisis a factores e instituciones externas. La tendencia a culpar a los presidentes recientes se relaciona con la evaluacion de las condiciones economicas y las lealtades de partido; por contraste, la tendencia a culpar a factores e instituciones externas se relaciona con el nacionalismo tradicional y con su actitud defensiva hacia los Estados Unidos. Dicha actitud se percibe principalmente entre los marginados economicamente y los alienados politicamente. De tal modo que el nacionalismo aun permanece como una fuerza importante en la politica del ciudadano en Mexico aunque su significacion to-davia se disputa.

Amid the gloom of current world affairs, there are hopeful signs and promising opportunities that stand out, by which the current state can be withstood. On May 24, 2002, the [...]

Recent events suggest that justice is a central yet neglected element in the theory and practice of international organization. For example, in March 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) [...]

The article discusses the reported benefits of interdependence in relation to global activities such as trade, travel, and investment as of November 2013, focusing on efforts to eradicate global poverty prior to the Global Financial Crisis of the early 21st century. The Internet and mobile technology are addressed in relation to their impacts on the global economy. Economic empowerment measures in developing countries are examined, along with an assessment of America's economy since 1993.

Archaeology provides a powerful lens for revealing the complex social processes and profound consequences of global encounters. This study of archaeological ceramics from the southern Philippines investigates patterns of quality, source variation, and spatial distribution for Chinese trade porcelain dating before and after Spanish colonization. It aims at placing archaeological research on ceramics trade into the broader context of trans-Pacific trade between East Asia and Spanish America, as well as the historical circumstances for the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities involved in the global exchange. The patterns documented reveal continuity and transformation of the Asiatic trade network and the diverse responses to the colonial condition by native communities. The ceramic trade and indigenous political development were juxtaposed with the global competition of empires and changing economic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are difficulties associated with arguing that globalization is creating coordinates for class creation that are no longer national. Transnationalization of the capitalist class is certainly a clear historical trend, but a contradictory one and thus limited.

Issues raised by debate about transnational class formation, globalization and the emergence of a transnational state are discussed. It is argued that, in the age of globalization, competition between capitals is just as strong as it ever was under capitalism, although this competition has new forms.

Class conflict, and in particular the ruling class, receive very little attention within debate about globalization and transnational economic activity. It is vital to avoid a one-dimensional transnational model, recognizing that globalization embraces more than just the economy.

Randolph B. Persaud (*) Capitalism has generally found laborers when and where it needed them, and migratory movements have carried labor power to market all across the globe. --Eric Wolf, [...]

Public belief regarding globalization and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is examined. The author maintains one aspect of public belief focuses on environmental and health risks of GMOs which has been covered by the media, and other aspects focus on biotechnology corporations, which are portrayed as profit driven and working against the small farmer, and globalization.

This article examines the relationship between stakeholder management, shareholder value, and corporate social participation. Research suggests that greater stakeholder management increases shareholder value while socially responsible actions taken by corporations may be negatively linked with shareholder value.

The author asserts that studies of social transformations continue to be influenced by Western models of nation-states and industrialization, despite the increasing significance of globalization. Suggested new approaches to research include: focusing on transnational processes; analyzing the local aspects of change; and constructing interdisciplinary, international networks to facilitate research.

The article discusses the relationship between the law and macroeconomics as of December 2012, focusing on the economic aspects of private law topics such as torts and contracts, as well as jurist Mark Kelman's study of the history of law and economics in 1993. Law reform efforts and a globalized international economy are mentioned, along with an analysis of the influence of politics on economic thinking and practice. Economist John Maynard Keynes is also examined.

The prominence of English in Malaysia suggests a one-way flow of globalization; the author examines local usage and perspectives of the language as used by three Malaysian writers to evaluate this assertion. The superiority of English is questioned by developing a familiarity with it; the colonial language is used to explore the history of Malaysia, its society and cultural identity; a more pluralistic view of culture, politics and the economy is demanded, in order to control globalization's imperializing tendencies.

This article evaluates the effects of globalization on the indigenous peoples (IPS) of Sarawak, Malaysia and on the process of democratization and other political processes in this region. The author concludes that democratization allows people to control how globalization impacts their lives by placing it at a local level and thus empowering the people; examples of this include IPS protesting against the state's environmental policies by unlawful occupation of state-owned lands and putting up blockades, and with the intervention of international nongovernmental organizations forcing the government to take the issue seriously.

This article examines Indian enterprises in South Africa from the eighteenth century to the present. The authors discuss the effects of apartheid had on business, and the ways in which Indian businesses have developed during globalization, as well as the inequality stemming from global capitalism.

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Au Canada le 'nouveau travail' signifie les emplois a temps partiel et les faibles revenus des travailleurs autonomes. L'auteure assure que le gouvernement et les employeurs sont responsables en grande [...]

L'auteure insiste sur le besoin depromouvoir chez toutes les militantes, les imperatifs de changement qui assurent la solidarite feministe et elle ajoute que seuls les feminismes qui defient le systeme [...]

'The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces,' traditional standard for world literature anthologies, reached its 7th edition in 1999. The relatively superficial celebration of diversity in this edition can be countered by supplementing with other texts and by engaging students with the anthology's history.

This article examines the politics of reproductive labor in globalization. Using the case of migrant Filipina domestic workers, the author presents the formation of a three-tier transfer of reproductive labor in globalization between the following groups of women: (1) middle-class women in receiving nations, (2) migrant domestic workers, and (3) Third World women who are too poor to migrate. The formation of this international division of labor suggests that reproduction activities, as they have been increasingly commodified, have to be situated in the context of the global market economy. This division of labor is a structural process that determines the migration of Filipina domestic workers. As such, this article also uses in-depth interviews to examine and enumerate the contradictions that migrant Filipina domestic workers experience in their family and work lives as a result of 'being in the middle' of this division of labor.

Youth cannot be understood without examining elderhood, and age more generally. Among the Tuareg, Islamic religious rituals and liturgical music tend to be identified with the 'aged' (those with children of marriageable age), and these are symbolically opposed to secular popular musical performances classified as 'anti-Islamic,' which are identified with 'youth.' These images comment upon long-standing concerns with marriage, courtship, sexuality, and descent, but they are also increasingly being translated into concerns of cultural autonomy, as local youths struggle for cultural survival in conflict between Tuareg and the central state. I analyze three types of popular musical performance and the instruments featured in them, and show how their age-related imagery, commentary, and interaction express changing intergenerational relationships. These concerns, however, do not fall into a binary of 'old' and 'new,' or align with any one age group; rather, they suggest shifting associations of agentive power and questioning of 'tradition' by youth and aged in diverse contexts. These data on age symbolism in Tuareg popular musical performances suggest more dynamic, nuanced formulations of 'traditional,' 'modern,' and 'global' in anthropological theory. Keywords: Africa, Tuareg, aging, performance, globalization

Globalization has been associated with a range of cultural consequences. These can be analyzed in terms of three major theses, namely, homogenization, polarization, and hybridization. The homogenization thesis proclaims that global culture is becoming standardized around a Western or American pattern. While some evidence supports this view, the presence of cultural alternatives and resistance to Western norms suggests that polarization provides a more convincing picture of global cultural development. Global interconnection and interdependence do not necessarily mean cultural conformity. Culture, it seems, is harder to standardize than economic organization and technology. Yet the idea of polarization has its limits, too. The hybridization thesis argues that cultures borrow and incorporate elements from each other, creating hybrid, or syncretic, forms. Evidence to support this view comes mainly from popular music and religious life. The cultural consequences of globalization are therefore diverse and complex.

In an era of globalization, basic institutional structures that shape our daily interactions transcend national boundaries. According to the institutional approach to social justice favored by John Rawls, we have a special obligation to ensure that the basic terms of these interactions are just. Two recent proposals would help accomplish this: a global resource dividend and a Tobin tax. Both of these proposals work within markets. Some have objected that globalization will lead to the homogenization of previously diverse cultures. However, although globalization will increase the pace of cultural and social change, the path of these developments is unpredictable.

By many measures, a revolution in living conditions is sweeping the world. Most people today are better fed, clothed, and housed than their predecessors two centuries ago. They are healthier, live longer, and can read and write. Women's lives are less centered on bearing and raising children, and political democracy has gained a foothold. Western Europe and its offshoots have been the leaders of this advance in the human condition. Most of the less developed world joined in the twentieth century, with the newly emerging nations of sub-Saharan Africa the latest to participate. Although the picture is not one of universal progress, it is the greatest advance in the condition of the world's population ever achieved in such a brief span of time.

In this article, I explore the strategic practices and cultural theories of marketing managers in three U.S.-based transnational corporations (TNCs) as they seek to meaningfully direct their products across national borders. While cultural anthropologists have lately focused on local adaptation and appropriation of TNCs' products to local meanings, the reverse process by which TNCs co-opt local meanings to a universalizing evolutionary paradigm - in what they have come to regard as a consumption-led new global order has not been examined. Globalization is explored as a key cultural concept driving marketing managers' practices - the myth and charter behind large TNC border crossings. [consumer marketing, globalization, transnational corporations, United States]

The effect of globalization on social and environmental policies is discussed from an anthropological perspective. Topics include connections between globalization processes and policy, anthropology and social welfare policy, the effect of structural adjustment and economic restructuring on migration, social inequality in relation to policies involving global agriculture, policies affecting sustainable agriculture, and environmental effects of political and economic hegemony.

Urban development transformed the location and lifestyles of the majority of the world's people during the twentieth century. In this article, key features of the urban geography of the contemporary world are identified and differences between countries are commented upon. Ways in which the urban world is changing through urban growth, urbanisation and the spread of urbanism are analysed and urban growth and urbanisation are explained as locational responses to the rise of a global economy. The spread of urbanism is linked to the emergence of a global society made possible by developments in telecommunications and mass media. Criticisms of such explanations are outlined and assessed. The problems of generalising about world urban patterns are acknowledged.

History has for a long time focused on the stable aspects of societies; recently, however, in the context of a rising interest in global interconnections, people on the move have caught the attention of historians. The article follows this interest in stressing the importance of faster mobility for sustaining the expansion of empires or the development of a world economy in the wave of globalisation at the turn of the 20th century. Yet at the same time – and this has mostly been neglected – it is crucial on the one hand to distinguish different kinds of mobility and on the other to analyse how these differentiations were actually established at a time of increasing acceleration. This is pursued by first introducing concepts that have developed such a differentiated approach towards mobility, or rather mobilities. Subsequently these arguments are taken further through an investigation of the political processes that determine the distinction between different mobilities. This structuring of mobilities becomes most evident in spaces where different trajectories overlap and intersect. What emerges is neither all-encompassing acceleration nor the hardening of borders and constraints, but rather the channelling of movements in an attempt to bring them under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the state of economic affairs in Southeast Asia following the global economic crisis. While the region is integrated into the economies of the European Union, the U.S., and Japan enough to not avoid being affected, regional economies proved to be surprisingly resilient. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth is rebounding along with demand for exportation. The author urges that Southeast Asia must prepare for an altered international economic paradigm.

International economic law (IEL) is influenced by diverse theoretical approaches. This article emphasizes that international economic activity is a social phenomenon and international trade should also be conceived as a specific type of social interaction. The scarcity of sociological analysis in contemporary IEL literature does not diminish the influence of social factors that are active in the under-explored layer of the international economic arena. Sociological analysis may recast well-known dilemmas in a different manner and generate insights regarding better legal mechanisms for coping with modern challenges faced by IEL. These properties of sociological analysis are illustrated in this article, which addresses one of the most challenging dilemmas in current IEL literature: the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements (RTAs). The underlying argument of this article is that the economic dimension of RTAs is overlaid with a sociological dimension. Consequently, the global/regional debate is analysed with new conceptual tools: sociological theories, mainly the structural-functional perspective, the symbolic-interactionist approach, and the social conflict perspective. The core sociological theories lead to different conceptions of IEL and different interpretations of existing WTO legal provisions regarding RTAs. This article argues that while each of the above sociological approaches underscores certain significant aspects of the global/regional debate, the symbolic-interactionist perspective should generally serve as a point of departure for law- and policy-making in this sphere. This approach suggests that the relevant WTO legal rules should be interpreted in a liberal manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From urban protesters against the World Trade Organization to African nations barred from importing generic HIV drugs, globalization is seen as either brute capitalism or a new and more efficient form of colonialism. But a body of rules is emerging that may both constrain and improve the decisions of the new global bureaucrats. From the United Nations to the Basel Committee of national bank regulators, accountability is on the march. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discussion of the Black liberation movement is presented, focusing on the Black Radical Congress. Topics include the social, political and economic effects of global restructuring, economic transformations, and paternalism.

Although sociologists have expressed growing interest in globalization, they have devoted little sustained empirical attention to the many claims made in its name. I focus on the link that has been drawn between globalization and the deindustrialization of the advanced industrial societies. To examine this, I employ a pooled time-series of cross-sections data set that combines observations on 18 OECD nations across the 1968-1992 period. Fixed-effects regression models that control for unmeasured country-specific effects reveal support for arguments that implicate foreign direct investment and North-South trade in the declining percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing in the OECD countries. Regression results also show that deindustrialization across this period is largely explained by a model that combines an attention to the post-Golden Age 'troubles' of northern manufacturing with classic generalizations of the process of development. Interpretation of the empirical findings is tempered by an exercise in counterfactual history, which reveals that deindustrialization would have been considerable in these countries even if the upswings in direct investment and southern imports had not occurred or if the performance of the manufacturing sector had been stronger.