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Este trabajo busca contribuir a explicar el desequilibrio de género en la judicatura española. Aunque las mujeres constituyen el 54% de los integrantes de la carrera judicial, su presencia se concentra en los órganos unipersonales y es escasa en la cúpula del poder judicial. El trabajo se articula a partir de las explicaciones de las propias magistradas sobre este desequilibrio, extraídas de una investigación basada en entrevistas biográficas a 20 magistradas, con un mínimo de 20 años de experiencia como jueces profesionales. Las explicaciones son tratadas como hipótesis explicativas que se contrastan con otros datos publicados por el Consejo General del Poder Judicial (CGPJ). Las explicaciones examinadas son tres: la reciente incorporación de las mujeres a la carrera judicial; la autoexclusión de las mujeres de puestos de libre designación por parte del CGPJ y puestos gubernativos; la exclusión de las mujeres de los puestos discrecionales a través de los mecanismos selectivos. La revisión de las estadísticas y el análisis de las trayectorias profesionales de las magistradas permiten descartar el argumento de que el acceso tardío de las mujeres a la carrera judicial explica su escasa presencia en la alta magistratura y los puestos discrecionales. Parece más prometedor, sin embargo, profundizar en las hipótesis basadas en la autoexclusión y la existencia de sesgos de género en los procesos selectivos, así como en su relación.

Autophagy is a crucial mechanism for the functioning and survival of pancreatic beta cells. Its dysregulation has been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, decreased autophagy in insulin-secret ing beta cells has been reported to contribute to the devel opment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which constitutes about 95% of all diabetes cases and is a chronic metabolic disease that it currently affects millions of people around the world. In different models of rodents, whether diabetic or obese, it has been observed that treatment with autophagy enhancers lowers glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, and protects beta cells from apoptosis. As stated above, it has recently been proposed to carry out an early intervention in patients with T2DM, using drugs that promote autophagy, which could help preserve the mass of beta cells and prevent the progression of the disease. This review provides an over view of the importance of the physiological process of auto phagy and its imminent role in the development of T2DM. Keywords: Pancreatic beta cells; autophagy; cell death; diabetes mellitus type 2

Este texto pertenece a una mesa redonda que ofrece un debate con James B. Jacobs, autor del clásico de la sociología de las prisiones Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society, sobre la vigencia de su obra cuarenta años después. Este comentario destaca dos contribuciones importantes de la obra y las relaciona con cambios acaecidos en la sociedad y en la articulación del castigo desde entonces. En primer lugar, y a partir de este ejemplar estudio de las relaciones entre la cárcel y la sociedad, se plantea si esta ha variado sustancialmente con la existencia de mayores canales de comunicación y con el incremento de personas encarceladas. En segundo lugar, reconociendo su excelente uso de Weber para entender el castigo, se plantean dinámicas contradictorias que empujan a la vez hacia un ejercicio de la autoridad más legal-racional y más carismático. This text belongs to a round table which offers a discussion with James B. Jacobs, author of the classic in sociology of prisons Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society, on the importance of his work 40 years later. This commentary stresses two important contributions of his work and relates them to changes in society and the configuration of punishment since then. First, this outstanding study of the relations between prison and society is used as a springboard from which to pose the question of whether this relationship has varied substantially with the existence of more channels of communication and the increase of people being imprisoned. Second, acknowledging his excellent use of Weber for understanding punishment, the issue of contradictory dynamics pushing for a more legal-rational and more charismatic exercises of authority is raised. Aquest text pertany a una taula rodona que ofereix un debat amb James B. Jacobs, autor del clàssic de la sociologia de les presons Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society, sobre la vigència de la seva obra quaranta anys després. Aquest comentari destaca dues contribucions importants de l'obra i les relaciona amb canvis esdevinguts en la societat i en l'articulació del càstig des de llavors. En primer lloc, i a partir d'aquest estudi exemplar de les relacions entre la presó i la societat, es planteja si aquesta ha variat substancialment amb l'existència de més canals de comunicació i amb l'increment de persones empresonades. En segon lloc, reconeixent el seu excel·lent ús de Weber per entendre el càstig, es plantegen dinàmiques contradictòries que empenyen alhora cap a un exercici de l'autoritat més legal-racional i més carismàtic.

En el presente artículo se analizan los procesos punitivos que afectan de una manera notable a las personas extranjeras en España. Tras una breve contextualización del proceso migratorio, y de su problematización en términos relacionados con la inseguridad y la delincuencia, se presta atención a dos formas de penalización: la administrativa, vinculada a las leyes de extranjería, y la penal, reforzada por la situación precaria de estos colectivos. Posteriormente se analizan sus efectos materiales –relacionados con el mercado laboral-, simbólicos –en las categorizaciones sociales- y disciplinarios –en la conformación de subjetividades-. Se defiende la pertinencia de estudiar los procesos de penalización para vislumbrar dinámicas sociales más amplias y la pertinencia de dar mayor importancia a estos procesos en los estudios sobre las personas migrantes.

Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) is a tropical rain forest tree distributed in Central and South America. It is an important source of tetracyclic dipyrano coumarins (Soulatrolide) and Mammea type coumarins. Soulatrolide is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and displays activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Mammea A/BA and A/BB, pure or as a mixture, are highly active against several human leukemia cell lines, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. Nevertheless, there are few studies evaluating their safety profile. In the present work we performed toxicogenomic and toxicological analysis for both type of compounds. Soulatrolide, and the Mammea A/BA + A/BB mixture (2.1) were slightly toxic accordingly to Lorke assay classification (DL50 > 3000 mg/kg). After a short-term administration (100 mg/kg/daily, orally, 1 week) liver toxicogenomic analysis revealed 46 up and 72 downregulated genes for Mammea coumarins, and 665 up and 1077 downregulated genes for Soulatrolide. Gene enrichment analysis identified transcripts involved in drug metabolism for both compounds. In addition, network analysis through protein-protein interactions, tissue evaluation by TUNEL assay, and histological examination revealed no tissue damage on liver, kidney and spleen after treatments. Our results indicate that both type of coumarins displayed a safety profile, supporting their use in further preclinical studies to determine its therapeutic potential.

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer algunas propuestas con el ánimo de intentar superar algunas de las limitaciones de la economía política del castigo. Para ello, se señalarán algunas de las principales aportaciones de esta corriente, a fin de reconocerles su valor e intentar mantenerlas en futuros trabajos. A continuación se repasarán algunas de las críticas más recurrentes. En la tercera parte se propondrán algunas soluciones a partir del trabajo del sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, quien en su propia obra se planteó superar algunas limitaciones de los enfoques marxistas. This chapter offers up proposals in the hope of overcoming some of the limitations of the political economy of punishment. To that end, some of the main contributions this trend makes will be highlighted; their value acknowledged and recovered for future works. Next, the most recent criticisms will be reviewed. The third part will be devoted to proposing some solutions departing from the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who considered some of the limitations of Marxist approaches in his own work.

El debate sobre la eficiencia de las instituciones de castigo en tanto espacios de rehabilitación y reinserción ha sido abordado desde diferentes disciplinas, entre las que se incluye la sociología. Sin embargo, pocas personas han podido integrar la perspectiva sociológica en el trabajo en prisiones. María Jesús Miranda ha sido pionera en nuestro país en el estudio sociológico del delito, el conflicto y la desviación y, sobre todo, ha podido analizar a través de su trabajo en instituciones penitenciarias las modificaciones del sistema jurídico y penal español de los últimos cuarenta años y la repercusión que ello ha tenido en la estructura y los procesos de las cárceles.

Desde Encrucijadas hemos entendido imprescindible dedicar un número monográfico a las cuestiones relacionadas con la delincuencia, pero también con la constitución de grupos, con la moralidad y su expresión, con las formas de ejercer autoridad y poder y con un sistema que tiende a proteger más a los grupos dominantes, contribuyendo así, y no sólo garantizando, a la dominación social. Se trata de ámbitos relacionados con el castigo, el control, las instituciones y las políticas penales, así como las representaciones que las acompañan. Para tratar estas cuestiones e intentar conseguir una reflexión fundamentada sobre un tema que trasciende lo coyuntural, consideramos interesante abordarlos desde las ciencias sociales y, en concreto, desde la sociología.

Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are a class of materials that combine the properties of liquid crystals (LCs) and ionic liquids (ILs). This type of materials is directed towards properties such as conductivity in ordered systems at different temperatures. In this work, we synthesize five new families of ILCs containing symmetrical and unsymmetrical substituted pyrazolium cations, with different alkyl long-chains, and anions such as Cl−, BF4−, ReO4−, p-CH3-6H4SO3− (PTS) and CF3SO3− (OTf). We study their thermal behavior by polarized light optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All of them, except those with OTf as counteranion, show thermotropic mesomorphism. The observations by POM reveal textures of lamellar mesophases. Those agree with the arrangement observed in the X-ray crystal structure of [H2pzR(4),R(4)][ReO4]. The nature of the mesophases is also confirmed by variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction. On the other hand, the study of the dielectric properties at variable temperature in mesomorphic (Cl− and BF4−) and non-mesomorphic (OTf) salts indicates that the supramolecular arrangement of the mesophase favors a greater ionic mobility and therefore ionic conductivity.

Tropical trees of Calophyllum genus (Calophyllaceae) have chemical and biological importance as potential source of secondary active metabolites which can lead to the development of new drugs. Research on this species has been rising since 1992 due to the discovering of anti-HIV properties of Calanolide A found in Calophyllum inophyllum leaves. This compound is the most important natural product for potential development of new anti-HIV drugs and phytomedicines. The scientometric analysis (1953---2014) here performed revealed that the most studied species of Calophyllum genus are: C. inophyllum and C. brasiliense, distributed in the Asian, and American continents, respectively. Current research on these species is carried out mainly in India and Brazil, respectively, where these species grow. Research on C. brasiliense is focused mainly on ecological, antiparasitic, cytotoxic properties, and isolation of new compounds. Chemical studies and biodiesel development are the main topics in the case of C. inophyllum. Text mining analysis revealed that coumarins, and xanthones are the main secondary active metabolites responsible for most of the reported pharmacological properties, and are potential compounds for the treatment of leukemia and against intracellular parasites causing American Trypanosomiasis and Leshmaniasis. On the other hand, C. inophyllum represents an important source for the development of 2nd generation biodiesel. Medicinal and industrial applications of these species may impulse sustainable forest plantations. To our knowledge this is the first scientometric and text mining analysis of chemical and biomedical research on Calophyllum genus, C. brasiliense and C. inophyllum.

Endometriosis is linked to altered cell proliferation and stem cell markers c-kit/stem cell factor (SCF) in ectopic endometrium. Our aim was to investigate whether c-kit/SCF also plays a role in eutopic endometrium. Eutopic endometrium obtained from 35 women with endometriosis and 25 fertile eumenorrheic women was analyzed for in situ expression of SCF/c-kit, Ki67, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), phosphorylated RAC-alpha serine/threonin-protein kinase (pAkt), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β), throughout the menstrual cycle. Expression of Ki67 and SCF was higher in endometriosis than in control tissue (P < .05) and greater in secretory rather than proliferative (P < .01) endometrium in endometriosis. Expression of c-kit was also higher in endometriosis although similar in both phases. Expression of Akt and GSK3β was identical in all samples and cycle phases, whereas pAkt and pGSK3β, opposed to control tissue, remained overexpressed in the secretory phase in endometriosis. Unceasing cell proliferation in the secretory phase of eutopic endometriosis is linked to deregulation of c-kit/SCF-associated signaling pathways.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by mammea A/BA and A/BB (3 : 1) on K562 cells. Methods These compounds were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense and its cytotoxicity was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell death was evaluated by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunocytofluorescence of active caspase-3. Genotoxicity was tested using comet assay. Lastly, a chemoinformatic analysis was performed with Osiris-Molinspiration software. Key findings The mixture of mammea A/BA and A/BB (3 : 1) showed cytotoxic activity against K562 cells (IC50 = 43.5 μm). TUNEL positive cells and active caspase-3 were detected after treatment. Genotoxicity of mammea A/BA and A/BB on K562 was detected since first hour of treatment. Additionally, mammea A/BA and A/BB were found to be in compliance with Lipinski ‘rule of 5’ suggesting that they possess strong potential of druglikeness. Conclusions The overall results confirm and extend the knowledge about coumarins as an important resource of antitumor drugs, and indicate that these compounds could be used in further preclinical studies against leukaemia.

Cancer prevention remains a high priority for the scientific world. Magnolia dealbata Zucc (Magnoliaceae), a Mexican endemic species, is used for the empirical treatment of cancer.To evaluate the cytotoxic and cancer chemopreventive effects of an ethanol extract of Magnolia dealbata seeds (MDE).The cytotoxic effect of MDE, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg/ml, on human cancer cells and human nontumorigenic cells was evaluated using the MTT assay for 48 h. The apoptotic activities of MDE 25 μg/ml on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells were evaluated using the TUNEL assay and the detection of caspase 3 using immunofluorescence analysis for 48 h, each. The chemopreventive effect was evaluated by administrating different doses of MDE, between 1 and 50 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally daily into athymic mice which were implanted with MDA-MB231 cells during 28 days. The growth and weight of tumors were measured.MDE showed cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB231 cells (IC₅₀ = 25 µg/ml) and exerted pro-apoptotic activities as determined by DNA fragmentation in MDA-MB231 cells. MDE 25 µg/ml also induces the activation of caspase 3 in MDA-MB231 cells. These results suggest that Magnolia dealbata may be an optimal source of the bioactive compounds: honokiol (HK) and magnolol (MG). MDE 50 mg/kg i.p. exerted chemopreventive effects by inhibiting the growth of MDA-MB231 tumor by 75% in athymic mice, compared to the control group.MDE exerts cytotoxic, apoptotic and chemopreventive activities on MDA-MB231 human cancer cells.

En este artículo se trata la relación positiva que algunos estudios han venido recogiendo entre la aplicación de políticas neoliberales y la expansión del sistema penal. Comienza mostrando algunos de los cambios más significativos de la penalidad en España, y señala la escasa atención que le ha prestado la Sociología española. Tras defender la pertinencia de estudiar el castigo como una institución social, presenta la evidencia empírica internacional que apunta a fuertes correlaciones entre estas dos variables, mucho más predecibles que las que mantiene el sistema penal con las tasas de delincuencia. Tras señalar las limitaciones de estos estudios, se propone pensar el neoliberalismo como un paradigma de políticas que debería reflejarse en la configuración institucional, y se anima a otra tipo de estudios más cualitativos (o, preferiblemente, estudios de caso) para poder aclarar algunos de los múltiples problemas existentes para poder sugerir relaciones causales más allá de estas correlaciones.

Pachyrhizus erosus (Fabaceae) is a herb commonly known as ‘yam bean’, which has been cultivated in México since pre-Columbian times for its edible tubers. The seeds are also known for their acaricidal and insecticidal properties due to rotenone and other isoflavonoid contents. Rotenone has exhibited cytotoxic activity against several human tumour cell lines; however, its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. In this study, we determined the cytotoxicity of rotenone isolated from P. erosus seeds on K562 human leukaemia cells. Rotenone exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 13.05 μM), as determined by the MTT assay. Three other isolated isoflavonoids were not cytotoxic. Rotenone genotoxicity was detected using the comet assay. Rotenone induced cell death, and caspase-3 activation as indicated by TUNEL assay, and immunocytofluorescence. Plasmid nicking assay indicated that rotenone does not interact directly with DNA.

Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) is a tropical rain forest tree, mainly distributed in South and Central America. It is an important source of bioactive natural products like, for instance soulatrolide, and mammea type coumarins. Soulatrolide is a tetracyclic dipyranocoumarins and a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mammea A/BA and A/BB coumarins, pure or as a mixture, are highly active against several leukemia cell lines, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. In the present work, a toxicogenomic analysis of Soulatrolide and Mammea A/BA+A/BB (3:1) mixture was performed in order to validate the toxicological potential of this type of compounds. Soulatrolide or mixture of mammea A/BA + A/BB (3:1) was administered orally to male mice (CD-1) at dose of 100mg/kg/daily, for 1week. After this time, mice were sacrificed, and RNA extracted from the liver of treated animals. Transcriptomic analysis was performed using Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array. Robust microarray analysis (RMA) and two way ANOVA test revealed for mammea mixture treatment 46 genes upregulated and 72 downregulated genes; meanwhile, for soulatrolide 665 were upregulated and 1077 downregulated genes. Enrichment analysis for such genes revealed that in both type of treatments genetic expression were mainly involved in drug metabolism. Overall results indicate a safety profile. The microarray data complies with MIAME guidelines and are deposited in GEO under accession number GSE72755.

El present llibre, editat per Peter Squires i John Lea, és una recopilació d’articles que tracten d’una o altre manera l’obra de Loïc Wacquant. És el primer llibre d’aquestes característiques que s’ha publicat en anglès -una mica abans es va publicar un en espanyol (González Sánchez, 2012) i una mica després en portuguès (Malagui Batista, 2012)-, i s’uneix al debat que ja genera l’obra de l’escriptor francès recentment en els fòrums criminologics., El presente libro, editado por Peter Squires y John Lea, es una recopilación de artículos que tratan de una u otra manera la obra de Loïc Wacquant. Es el primer libro de estas características que se ha publicado en inglés- algo antes se publicó uno en español (González Sánchez, 2012) y algo después en portugués (Malagui Batista, 2012)-, y se une al debate que ha generado la obra del escritor francés recientemente en los foros criminológicos.

D3CLP (9-[(3-chloro)phenylamine]-2-[3-(diethylamine)propylamine]thiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline) is a potent cytotoxic thiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline synthetic derivative that induces apoptosis of leukemia cells, while it displays low toxicity towards non-tumoral cells. The aim of this study was to determine if D3CLP can enhance the cytotoxicity of other antineoplastic drugs.Leukemia, breast and cervical cancer cell lines were exposed to D3CLP-alone or in combination with imatinib, tamoxifen or cisplatin, respectively. Cell viability after treatment was evaluated by the MTT assay, and cell death by the TUNEL assay. The effects of combined treatments were analyzed by combination index and isobolographic analysis.Antiproliferative activity results indicate that D3CLP in combination with antineoplastic drugs induced a synergistic effect, at 3:1 and 1:1 ratios for D3CLP plus imatinib in K-562 leukemia cells, and at a 3:1 ratio for D3CLP with cisplatin in HeLa cells, as determined by their combination index. Furthermore, isobolographic analysis demonstrated a significant synergism for a 3:1 combination ratio of D3CLP with cisplatin in HeLa cells. In addition, TUNEL assay suggests cell death by apoptosis of HeLa cells after treatment with D3CLP and its combination with cisplatin at a 3:1 ratio.Overall the results indicate that D3CLP, in combined preparation with antineoplastic drugs, is a good candidate for pre-clinical studies in the treatment of different carcinoma cell types.

Ressenya de l'obra d'Elisa García España, José Becerra Muñoz i Araceli Aguilar Conde apareguda el 2012, Realidad y política penitenciarias., Reseña de la obra de Elisa García España, José Becerra Muñoz y Araceli Aguilar Conde aparecida en 2012, Realidad y política penitenciarias.