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Araknida merupakan kelompok fauna yang umum dijumpai di gua dan berperan penting menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem gua. Kelompok fauna ini dapat ditemukan di seluruh zona gua baik terang, remang, maupun gelap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan araknida berdasarkan zonasi gua. Pengambilan data dilakukan di 3 gua yang terletak di kawasan Karst Tasikmalaya, yaitu Gua Sarongge, Liang Boeh, dan Liang Seungit. Pencuplikan araknida dilakukan dengan teknik hand collecting, sedangkan penghitungan individu dengan direct counting. Selain itu, dilakukan pengukuran parameter abiotik yang terdiri dari suhu udara, suhu tanah, kelembapan udara, kelembapan tanah, dan intensitas cahaya. Data dianalisis dengan uji indeks similaritas Jaccard, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, dan Canonical correlation analysis. Terdapat 311 individu araknida tergolong dalam 3 ordo dan 7 morfospesies yang berhasil dikoleksi. Mayoritas araknida tergolong kategori adaptasi troglofil. Terdapat kemiripan komposisi spesies yang tinggi antara zona remang dan gelap (indeks similaritas 0,833) dibandingkan kemiripan keduanya dengan zona terang (0,571 dan 0,429). Kelimpahan individu araknida antar zona tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Mayoritas spesies memiliki preferensi habitat dengan kondisi intensitas cahaya rendah dan kelembapan tinggi.AbstractArachnid is one of the cave-adapted fauna with diverse cave representatives and plays a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance. This group is widely distributed in all cave zonation, namely entrance, twilight, and dark zones. This study aimed to reveal the difference in diversity and abundance of arachnids in different caves zonation. The study was carried out in three caves situated in Tasikmalaya karst region, namely Sarongge, Liang Boeh, and Seungit. Arachnids were sampled through hand collecting, while abundance was estimated through direct counting. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity were also measured. Data were analysed through Jaccard’s similarity index, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and CCA. In total, 311 individuals belonged to 3 orders and 7 morphospecies were identified. Most observed morphospecies were categorized as troglophiles. There was a great degree of similarity in species composition between twilight and dark zones (similarity 0.833) compared to entrance zone (0.571 and 0.429, respectively). Meanwhile, abundance was relatively similar. Most species prefer habitats with low light intensity but high humidity.

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk melihat dampak aplikasi border plant (bunga kenikir, Cosmos suphureus) pada proses penyerbukan pada tanaman produksi (dengan tanaman mentimun sebagai model) oleh serangga liar maupun serangga domestikasi telah dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan terhadap aktivitas dari serangga penyerbuk dalam bentuk jumlah kunjungan per bunga (Visitation Rate, (VR)) dan waktu yang dihabiskan pada bunga (Flower Handling Time, (FHT)) serta dampak dari aktivitas tersebut terhadap kualitas dari buah yang ditentukan berdasarkan panjang, diameter, dan bobot buah yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa serangga penyerbuk yang mengunjungi bunga mentimun pada sistem border plant adalah Tetragonula laeviceps, Apis cerana, Xylocopa confusa, dan Xylocopa latipes sedangkan pada perlakuan non-border plant (kontrol) adalah Tetragonula laeviceps dan Apis cerana. Aktivitas serangga pada sistem border plant adalah VR dari T. laeviceps, A. cerana, X. confusa, dan X. latipes berturut-turut adalah 29,75%; 13%; 6,25%; dan 9,5% serta (2) FHT adalah 0,39; 12,09; 0,20; dan 0,19 detik. Sementara itu, nilai VR pada perlakuan non-border plant bagi A. cerana dan T. laeviceps adalah 13,5% dan 4% dengan nilai FHT sebesar 0,14 dan 0,92 detik. Kualitas terbaik buah mentimun terdapat pada kelompok perlakuan border plant dengan panjang buah 18,3 cm, diameter 36,9 cm, dan bobot 171,9 gram sedangkan kualitas buah terendah diperoleh pada perlakuan non-border plant dengan panjang buah 10,2 cm, diameter 29,2 cm dan bobot 77,6 g.AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the impact of using border plant (Cosmos suphureus) on the interaction between crop (cucumber, Cucumis sativus) and pollinating insects, either wild or domesticated. The observation was conducted on the activities of the pollinating insects in term of number of visitation per flower (Visitation Rate (VH)) and times spend in flower (Flower Handling Time (FHT)) and the quality of the harvested products (length, diameter, and weight). The pollinating insects found at area with application of border plant consisted of Tetragonula laeviceps, Apis cerana, Xylocopa confusa, and Xylocopa latipes, while insects found at area without border plant were Tetragonula laeviceps and Apis cerana. The insect activity of T. laeviceps, A. cerana, X. confusa, and X. latipes for observation of (1) VR were 29.75%, 13%, 6.25%, and 9.5%, respectively and (2) FHT were 0.39 s, 12.09 s, 0.20 s, and 0.19 s, respectively. On the other hand, VR of A. cerana and T. laeviceps at non-border treatment area were 13.5% and 4%, respectively, and the FHT were 0.14 s and 0.92 s, respectively. The highest quality of cucumber produced was found at area with border plant treatment with fruit length of 18.3 cm, diameter of 36.9 cm, and weight of 171.9 grams. Meanwhile, the lowest fruit quality was obtained in the non-border plant treatment with fruit length of 10.2 cm, diameter of 29.2 cm and weight of 77.6 grams.

Studies show that in the tropical region, like Indonesia, eggs have a low shelf life, ranging from 10 to 14 days when kept at room temperature. The application of natural coating material, such as propolis, could improve the shelf life of eggs. However, due to the high cost of the material, it is necessary to find more efficient application methods. In this study, propolis extraction using aquadest as solvent was applied, by brushing and spraying, to 180 fresh eggs of local chicken (Gallus sp.) aged 24 hours with another 180 eggs, without propolis coating, designed as control. All eggs were kept in room temperature for 35 days and changes on the albumen index, yolk index, and height of air sacs were measured every 7 days. This study showed that the different application methods did not significantly affect the value of the albumen index and yolk index for each observation time, but haugh unit and height of the air cell. However, the result indicated that the application of propolis by spraying maintained egg quality for a longer time than brushing and the average shelf life of eggs sold at the local market.

Larva lalat tentara hitam (LLTH) (Hermetia illucens) dapat mengonsumsi berbagai limbah organik untuk menghasilkan biomassa yang kaya akan kandungan protein dan lemak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguji dari aplikasi LLTH pada produk pangan olahan yang sudah kedaluwarsa, hal yang relatif belum banyak diteliti di Indonesia terutama terkait dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dari LLTH. Produk yang diujikan adalah susu bubuk instan dengan pakan ayam komersial sebagai kontrol dan alpukat sebagai pembanding produk yang umum digunakan sebagai pakan LLTH. Pada penelitian ini, 200 ekor larva berusia 7 hari menjadi sampel uji pada tiga kelompok tersebut. Pakan diberikan setiap 3 hari (200 mg/larva/hari) hingga 50% dari larva telah bermetamorfosis menjadi prepupa. Pengambilan data terkait berat tubuh dan tingkat kematian dilakukan bersamaan dengan waktu penggantian pakan. Saat prepupa bermetamorfosis menjadi pupa, setiap individu ditempatkan pada botol vial terpisah untuk proses identifikasi jenis kelamin dan masa hidup. Data pada kelompok susu kedaluwarsa dan kontrol menunjukkan rata-rata berat akhir larva lebih tinggi (0,11 gram berbanding 0,12 gram), proporsi lalat dewasa yang lebih banyak betina (♂:♀, 90:94 dan 90:98), waktu pertumbuhan larva hingga pupa lebih singkat (keduanya memiliki waktu yang sama yaitu 34 hari), dan total masa hidup lalat lebih pendek (57,3 hari berbanding 54,8 hari) lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok alpukat. Sementara itu, kelulushidupan larva tertinggi tercatat pada kelompok kontrol diikuti dengan kelompok yang mendapatkan pakan alpukat (98,5%) dan susu kedaluwarsa (96,5%). Berdasarkan hasil ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa susu kedaluwarsa dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti pakan ayam dalam pengembangan sistem produksi larva BSF yang lebih berkesinambungan

Pemanfaatan pucuk daun mangga ( Mangifera indica L.) oleh masyarakat menjadi lalapan dan dipercaya berkhasiat sebagai obat tradisional. Hal ini merupakan suatu proses kearifan lokal berdasarkan pengalaman empiris orang-orang terdahulu yang kemudian dijadikan kajian studi ilmiah, yaitu etnobotani. Kajian studi etnobotani termasuk pemanfaatan pucuk daun mangga sebagai lalapan masih jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa bioaktif termasuk mangiferin yang terkandung dalam lima kultivar mangga. Sampel kultivar mangga yang digunakan dalam penelitian antara lain Manalagi, Arum manis, Cengkir, Gedong apel dan Golek. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu skrining fitokimia dan pengukuran kadar senyawa mangiferin dengan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sampel positif mengandung senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tanin. Kadar senyawa mangiferin paling tinggi secara berurutan terdapat pada kultivar Arum manis (20,83%), Manalagi (20,56%), Gedong apel (18,54%), Cengkir (15,10%), dan Golek (5,05%). Kultivar mangga Arum manis memiliki kadar mangiferin paling tinggi, untuk selanjutnya dapat dikaji pemanfaatannya sebagai obat herbal tradisional. Abstract Utilization young leaf of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by the community as lalapan and it is believed to be eff icacious as traditional medicine s . This process through of local wisdom based on empirical experience of conservative people used as a scientific study, namely ethnobotany. Ethnobotany studies include the use of mango leaf shoots as fresh vegetables are still rarely performed.This study aims to determine bioactive compounds including mangiferin contained in five cultivars of mango. Mango cultivar samples used in this study include Manalagi, Arum manis, Cengkir, Gedong apel and Golek. The research method used was phytochemical screening and measurement of mangiferin compounds by HPLC. The results showed a positive sample containing bioactive compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. T he highest levels of mangiferin compounds were found in Arum manis (20.83%), Manalagi (20.56%), Gedong apel (18.54%), Cengkir (15.10%) and Golek (5.05%). Arum manis cultivars has highest value of mangiferin levels, which can be explored for their use as traditional herbal medicines.

Greenhouse is widely applied to provide protection against pest and harsh environment condition and most farmers usually planted mixed crops inside. However, this system creates an isolation to pollination which responsible for fruit production. In this study, local domesticated stingless bees, Trigona (Tetragonula) laeviceps, was applied as pollinator for two crops, beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) planted as mixed crops inside greenhouse. The benefit of the bees was measured as pollination success and quality of the crops produced (size and weight). Tomato flowers received no visit from both wild pollinators (all was Apis cerana) and stingless bees while in bean flowers, A. cerana exhibited more and longer visits to flower than T. laeviceps albeit lower number of flowers visited. The pollination efficiency between wild pollinator and T. laeviceps for beans (both at 41%) while self pollination produced better pollination efficiency for tomatoes planted at open field (84% compared to 71%). Beans planted at open field produced better products (bigger size and heavier) while tomatoes produced lesser quality although the differences were not significant. Based on this study, T. laeviceps may applied as pollinator agent in greenhouse and for mixed crops of beans and tomatoes.

Organic waste produced by economic activities may create health, aesthetic, and economic problems. One of the approaches applied to solve this problem is the utilization of decomposer macrofauna to decompose the waste. One of the decomposers with great potential is Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) that can consume various types of organic wastes and converts it into biomass with high protein and lipid content. In this study, banana peels and coconut testa had been fed to the larvae at 200 mg/larvae/day as the objects that represented organic wastes with low fiber content and high fiber content respectively. The purpose of this study was to observe the growth and efficiency of BSF larvae in decomposing those wastes. The analysis was conducted on some parameters such as the growth and consumption rate, the efficiency of conversion of digested (ECD), waste reduction index, and mortality rate. The results showed that BSF larvae THAT consumed banana peel had a higher final weight (58.24 mg), growth rate, and consumption rate while the mortality rate was lower than BSF larvae that consumed coconut testa. The ECD of the larvae group that consumed banana peel was higher than the larvae group that consumed coconut testa. The waste reduction index of banana peel was higher than coconut testa (1.5 and 1.4, respectively). The larvae that consumed coconut testa had a longer pupation period (9±1,75 days) compared to the larvae that consumed banana peel. Based on this result, it can be concluded that the fiber content of organic waste affected the decomposition rate and growth of BSF larvae.

—Earthworm plays important role in the terrestrial ecosystem as decomposer and sensitive to environmental changes. Herbicide application as an effort to improve farm productivity may produce some effects on earthworms. The objective of this study was to find the toxicity level of paraquat, glyphosate, and metsulfuron, the three most common active ingredients of herbicide, on earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Three hundred adult earthworms, weighed between 300 to 600 mg, were divided evenly into one control group and four treatment groups for each herbicide. A dose of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/kg for paraquat; 0, 2500, 5000, 10000, 20000 mg/kg for glyphosate; and 0, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 mg/kg for metsulfuron was sprayed and mixed evenly on medium of earthworms medium. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The mortality rate was recorded daily for 14 days and used as data to calculated LC50 of each herbicide. LC50 of paraquat, glyphosate, and metsulfuron was 951.93 ± 115.63 mg/kg, 5456.36 ± 514.62 mg/kg, and 2599.96 ± 211.85 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, the weight of earthworm has a negative correlation with the dose of herbicide applied to the medium. Based on this study, paraquat was the most toxic herbicide followed by metsulfuron and glyphosate. Keywords: eisenia fetida, glyphosate, LC50, metsulfuron, paraquat, toxicity Abstrak— Cacing tanah memiliki peran yang penting di ekosistem terestrial sebagai dekomposer dan peka terhadap pengaruh lingkungan. Penggunaan herbisida sebagai sarana peningkatan produksi lahan pertanian kemungkinan memiliki dampak terhadap cacing tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan LC50 (15 hari) dari herbisida kelompok parakuat, glifosat, dan metsulfuron pada Eisenia fetida dan pengaruhnya terhadap perubahan berat cacing tanah. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tiga ratus cacing tanah dewasa (sudah terbentuk klitelum) dengan berat masing-masing antara 300-600 mg yang dibagi menjadi satu kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan untuk tiap kelompok jenis herbisida. Herbisida didedahkan ke dalam media tempat tinggal cacing sebanyak 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/kg untuk parakuat; 0, 2500, 5000, 10000, 20000 mg/kg untuk glifosat; dan 0, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 mg/kg untuk metsulfuron. Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan empat kali pengulangan. Jumlah cacing tanah yang mati dicatat selama 14 hari pengamatan dan pada akhir pengamatan ditentukan nilai LC50 dari setiap herbisida. Nilai LC50 yang didapat pada kelompok parakuat, glifosat, dan metsulfuron adalah sebesar 951.93 ± 115.63 mg/kg, 5456.36 ± 514.62 mg/kg, dan 2599.96 ± 211.85 mg/kg. Berat cacing tanah didapatkan menurun seiringan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi herbisida. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa herbisida dari kelompok senyawa aktif parakuat memiliki toksisitas paling tinggi, disusul oleh herbisida dari kelompok senyawa aktif metsulfuron dan glifosat. Kata kunci: eisenia fetida, glifosat, LC50, metsulfuron, parakuat, toksisitas

Papaya is a familiar fruit in Indonesia. During this time, papaya fruit is consumed by direct eating and sold at low prices. Young papaya can be processed into a form of creative food products such as abon. The manufacturing process includes preparation of material tools, stripping, steaming for 40 minutes, thin slicing, addition of complementary spices, drying, frying, and serving. The implementation of PKM activities included the dissemination of material and the practice of making abon papaya. Based on the results of the activity, it was obtained information that the participants in the activity didn’t know much about the nutrients contained in papaya fruit, even the participants had never known that papaya fruit could be processed into shredded fruit. The community service activities on the topic of making shredded papaya fruit can increase awareness, knowledge, skills, and also the motivation of the business of Pamagersari Hamlet Community in Tanjungsari Village, Sumedang.

Trogloxenes particularly bats play an important role in subterranean habitat. They provide organic material and induce cave microclimate that influence cave-dwelling biota, including arthropods. This study aimed to learn how bats population influences cave-dwelling arthropods community. Data collections were performed in three caves which had different bats species in Tasikmalaya karst area namely Liang Boeh, Liang Seungit and Sarongge. We recorded bats population, guano production, physicochemical condition of caves passage, and arthropods community in each cave. All samplings were only conducted in the specific sites of the dark zone where bat populations were aggregated. Data indicated that Liang Boeh was inhibited by Hipposideros sp (±472 individuals), Liang Seungit by Pteripodidae and Miniopterus sp. (±188 individuals), and Sarongge by Rhinolophus sp. (±1194 individuals). Guano production was positively correlated with bats population. Chemical compositions of soil were varying among bats species. Bats population strongly induced caves physicochemical condition. A total 15986 individuals of cave-dwelling arthropods belonging to 5 Classes and 18 Orders were recorded. Our result revealed that bats population determined arthropods community. Caves with greater bats population size and dominated by insectivorous species would potentially have greater diversity and abundance of cave-dwelling arthropods.

Agricultural wastes had been considered as one of the major sources of environmental as most of the waste consist of organic wastes which produces a significant amount of greenhouse gases when decompose. Some studies showed the benefit of these wastes as a material for insect farming, such as larva of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens), to produce a protein and lipid-rich biomass for various types of bioindustries. However, other studies showed that most of the organic agricultural wastes originated from local farms, contaminated with insecticides. This condition caused a major concern on the health of the larvae during farming as the information on the effect of insecticide on black soldier fly larvae is considered rare. In this study, we tested the toxicity of some common synthetic and organic insecticides, applied in the local farming system, to black soldier fly larvae. Two types of synthetic insecticides (active ingredient endosulfan and profenofos) and one type of organic insecticide (a microbial insecticide with active ingredient 5-endotoxin) were mixed with commercial chicken feed which used as feeding material for the 10 days-old larvae. A total number of 120 larvae were used in this study and the mortality rate was observed for 72 hours. The result of this study showed LC50 of endosulfan was recorded at 236.25 ppm, profenofos at 380.62 ppm, and 5-endotoxin at more than 7600 ppm. All of this value significantly higher than insecticide residual limit regulation and reports on the level of insecticide residual level of common local agricultural products. Based on this study, it can be concluded that common organic agricultural wastes are applicable to be used as feeding material of black soldier fly larvae directly although further studies are needed regarding the safety of the final product of insect farming.

Black and white pepper have been considered as the most important perennial crops in some regions of Indonesia yet it took about 3-5 years before the plant start producing. One of the possible approaches to maintain the income of the farmer in the perennial plantation is multi-cropping with high-value annual crops, such as vegetables. However, many pests of vegetables already showed resistance to the common synthetic pesticide applied on the black pepper plant. Thus, it is necessary to apply another strategy for pest control, by applying entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, bioassays and field efficacy of two local isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps sp.) against one of the most insecticide-resistant pests, larvae of Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabr.) was conducted. In this study, exposure to 1 x 104 conidia mL−1 to 1 x 107 conidia mL−1 resulted in mean larval mortalities from 23.33 to 100% in two days. The probit analysis showed that the LC50 of B. bassiana was estimated at 4.26 x 104 conidia mL−1 which significantly more toxic than Cordyceps sp. (1.57 x 105 conidia mL−1) although the lethal time was similar. From the field tests, cabbage was sprayed with suspension contained 107 conidia mL−1. Means percent of mortality for all treatments was more than 75% and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control (tween 80). Conidia of Cordyceps sp. in palm oil cooking oil offered the most promising result against the C. pavonana.

Fungicide is one of the common pesticide applies in agriculture. Even though fungicide is specifically designed to prevent growth of fungi, some studies reported neurotoxic effects of fungicide to some tested animals. Therefore there are concerns about the possible determintal effects of fungicide to beneficial non target organisms, like pollinating insects. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of commercial fungicide to pollinator, Trigona ( Tetrgonula ) laeviceps Smith, by determining the LD 50 and hazard quotient (HQ). The fungicides tested were triazole (tridimefon and difenoconazole), propamorcab (propamocarb HCl), and dithiocarbamate (mancozeb and propineb). Forager bees were collected and anasthesized by exposing the bees to low temperature (-10 o C) for 1 min. About 1 µl of tiadimefon (6,25; 12,5; 25; 37,25; 50 µg/bee), difenoconazole (1,25; 2,5; 5; 6,25; 12,5; 25 µg/bee), propamocarb HCl (72.,25; 144,5; 216,6; 361,25; 433,5 µg/bee), mancozeb (1,6; 3,2; 4,8; 6,4; 8 µg/bee), and propineb (0.9; 1.8; 2.7; 6; 8.4; 16.8; 25.2 µg/bee) were applied using topical application on dorsal area of bees. Ten bees were used for each concentration and replicated 3 times. Mortality of bees was recorded for 48 hours. Results showed that LD 50 and HQ for each tested fungicide were as follow: triadimefon LD 50 13.43 ±1.78 µg/bee, HQ = 18.62; difenoconazole LD 50 9.25 ± 1.21 µg/bee, HQ = 27.03; propamocarb HCl LD 50 270.45 ± 19.48 µg/bee, HQ = 14.34; mancozeb LD 50 3.75±0.47 µg/bee, HQ = 512; and propineb LD 50 9.71 ±2.20 µg/bee, HQ = 144.18. Among all 5 tested fungicide, two fungicide, mancozeb and propineb, has intermediate level of toxicity to foragers of T. laeviceps and could produce determintal effect to colony.

Environmental pollution by nuclear radiation has been known to endanger chromosomes. This research aims to analyze the abnormal forms of root shallot chromosomes which are irradiated by nuclear with various levels of radiation. This is a quasi-experimental research. The treatment group was given radiation through nuclear reactors at a dose of 11.88 rad, 8.69 rad, 2.01 rad, 1.28 rad, 1.15 rad, 0.26 rad, 0.00034 rad, 0.00016 rad, while the control group was without radiation. The staining of the preparations was carried out using Acetocarmine 2%. Reading preparations using a microscope with a magnification of 400x. The results of the study showed the emergence of various forms of chromosomal abnormalities. Abnormal forms that appear are pole to pole arrangement chromosome, unequal separation, binucleate cell, pulverized ball metaphase, sticky anaphase with broken bridge, chromosome rosette, abnormal chromosome fragment, early cell plate formation at late anaphase, sticky metaphase, binucleate cell with a bridge, chromosome fragments, binucleate cells, chromosome gaps, ball anaphases with a diagonal scattered anaphase bridge, and aberrant grouping at anaphases in a giant cell. The novelty of this preliminary study is that chromosomal abnormalities in the onion roots were found even in the very low radiation group. Large-scale research is required and their effects if eaten by animals or humans need further research.

Organic wastes are one of the major problems in many cities. A common treatment for the wastes usually by sanitary landfill, composting, or burning. However, many cities of developing countries lack the effort to collect, separate, and transform organic waste lead to an increasing pile of organic wastes and the cost of treatment. Bioconversion of organic wastes by larvae of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) into versatile prepupae could be considered as a solution for this problem as this process give economic value to organic wastes. Studies in Indonesia showed the high potency of this insect to apply for managing organic wastes. However, most of the studies only focused on one type of wastes which is only available from standardizing industrial systems, not municipal systems, and small industries which are the main organic producers in Indonesia. In this study, BSFL was fed only one type of organic wastes showed a shorter development period. Changes in feedstock quality from low protein to high protein material generally produced lower survival rates and weight with a longer development period. The result indicated the importance of the nutrition content early period feedstock to produce high-quality larvae and more sustainable organic waste management.

One of the essential ecosystem services which profoundly affect the human population is pollination. Studies in subtropical countries which applies modern and expansive agricultural systems showed the significant impact of pollinator agent. However, the study on pollination service impact on the productivity of farms in Indonesia is quite rare. This research was conducted to determine pollination efficiency both open pollination by wild bees (Apis cerana) and stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps) to the quality and quantity of green beans, cucumbers, and tomatoes in a monocropping system of a local small-scale farm. This research was conducted from January to April 2018 in Sukawangi Village, Pamulihan, Sumedang, West Java. The observation was started at 08.00-16.00 every five minutes during the flowering period. In these experiments, ten flowers that still not bloomed, in each of 10 plants per treatment were randomly selected. The effects of the pollinator were assessed by the visitation pattern of visits and plant reproductive success. This study showed that each of the pollination treatments did not affect the weight and the average length of all tested fruits. However, the application of stingless bees as pollinator revealed a significant difference in the average diameter (p=0.013) and fruit shape of the cucumbers.

Insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens) are currently being considered as an alternative source of protein for poultry and aquaculture industry while in the same time apply as agent to manage organic wastes. In order to achieve both roles it is necessary to develop an appropriate farming methodology and understand the impact of different feeding source for the insect production. The study explored the effect of three local plant based organic wastes as feedstocks to growth of the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on horse manure (HM), vegetable wastes (VW), and tofu dreg (TD) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight and total prepupal yield in grams content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and ability to reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. The result showed all materials suitable as feeding material for black soldier fly. Difference on physical properties and chemical content affected the development time, harvested biomass, efficiency of digestivity, and efficiency of biomass production which is unique for each type of waste. This study provide base line information for future development of plant based organic waste management.

Serangga penyerbuk liar maupun terdomestikasi memainkan peran penting dalam proses penyerbukan pada berbagai tanaman bernilai ekonomi terutama tanaman monoceious seperti dari kelompok Cucurbitaceae. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan informasi mengenai peran dari serangga penyerbuk liar dan aplikasi koloni Trigona (Tetragonula) laeviceps Smith terhadap produksi dan kualitas buah kabocha (Cucurbita maxima) sebagai model tanaman pada lahan pertanian tradisional. Pengamatan dilakukan pada pukul 07:00–15:00 selama periode pebungaan dalam kurun waktu tiga minggu. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tiga plot perlakuan: open pollination + T. laeviceps (OPT), open pollination (OP), dan hand pollination (HP). Efek dari polinator ditinjau melalui tiga parameter, yaitu pola kunjungan, plant reproductive success, dan kualitas buah. Pola kunjungan diukur berdasarkan frekuensi dan lama kunjungan serangga, plant reproductive success diukur dari fruit set dan jumlah biji, sedangkan kualitas buah diukur berdasarkan diameter dan berat buah serta produksi buah/tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas polinator liar aktif pada pagi hari, sedangkan T. laeviceps lebih aktif mulai siang yang diduga disebabkan oleh pengaruh variasi toleransi terhadap suhu pada tiap spesies. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada fruit set antara perlakuan OPT (80%), OP (65%), dan HP (38.3%) (F2,35 = 19.907, P = 0.000). Jumlah biji dan kualitas buah yang dihasilkan pada perlakuan OPT dan OP lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan HP, sedangkan jumlah buah pada OPT jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lainnya. Rendahnya kesuksesan penyerbukan pada plot HP menunjukkan ketepatan waktu penting bagi penyerbukan kabocha. Berdasarkan hasil ini maka penyerbukan oleh lebah pada tanaman kabocha sulit digantikan oleh manusia dan variasi kunjungan yang dimiliki oleh T. laeviceps berdampak positif pada produksi buah kabocha.

In Indonesia, hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important spices. Despite the fact that high yield cultivars and fertilizers have been applied to increase the annual production of this spice, local farming is always unable to maintain constant production. Studies to find the explanation of this problem mostly focused on pest attack while possibility of low fruit production due to lack of pollination was neglected. In this study, the effect of pollinator visitation to fruit set and quality was assessed by application of two local domesticated honey bees, Asiatic honey bees (Apis cerana) and stingless bees (Trigona laeviceps) as potential pollinator agents at hot pepper plantation. This study found that both bees had similar visitation rate whileA. ceranaspend less time in flowers. Visitation byA. ceranaandTrigona laevicepsimproved fruit set, fruit production per plant, average fruit weight, and fruit size. This result confirms the importance of cross pollination for hot pepper production and both species could be used as pollination agent for hot pepper. Advantages and disadvantages for each species as pollination agent for local Indonesia farm system are discussed in this paper.

Lalat rumah ( Musca domestica ) merupakan serangga urban yang dapat berperan sebagai vector penyakit. Serangga ini umumnya menggunakan limbah organik sebagai sumber makanan bagi larvanya. Area peternakan merupakan salah satu bentuk industri yang menghasilkan limbah organic yang memiliki potensi sebagai media hidup bagi larva lalat rumah. Area peternakan di Indonesia umumnya terletak pada lokasi yang berdekatan dengan perumahan penduduk sehingga diperlukan suatu metoda untuk pengendalian populasi lalat rumah pada daerah peternakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat perkembangan dari larva lalat rumah yang hidup pada berbagai jenis kotoran ternak. Kotoran yang digunakan adalah kotoran ayam, sapi dan kuda, sedangkan untuk kontrol digunakan bekatul yang merupakan pakan standar pemeliharaan larva lalat rumah di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larva yang hidup pada kotoran kuda memiliki laju perkembangan paling tinggi (5 hari), akan tetapi memiliki tingkat keberhasilan hidup larva (30%), berat pupa (6,8 ± 0,141 g), dan berat imago betina (4,9 ± 0,14 g) terendah di antara materi uji lainnya. Hal ini mengindikasikan kualitas nutrisi yang rendah pada kotoran ini. Hasil penelitian ini perlu dilanjutkan dengan penelitian pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan populasi secara langsung, seperti tingkat fekunditas lalat betina dan keberhasilan hidup telur. Dengan penambahan data-data baru pada penelitian lanjutan diharapkan metoda pengendalian populasi lalat rumah pada daerah peternakan dapat didesain dengan tepat.

Kinasih I, Cahyanto T, Widiana A, Kurnia DNI, Julita C, Putra RE. 2016. Soil invertebrate diversity in coffee-pine agroforestry system at Sumedang, West Java. Biodiversitas 17: 473-478. In order to maintain natural habitat while provide economic benefit for community near forest, some agroforestry systems were developed. This system depends on service provided by ecosystem such as nutrient cycling by soil invertebrates. One of important factors of healthy ecosystem services at particular agroecosystem is local biodiversity of the area. In this study we carried out biodiversity survey of soil invertebrates at local coffee - pine agroforestry system at Rancakalong Sub-district, Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Soil invertebrates were collected from coffee plantation, coffee and pine (Pinus merkusii) plantation and pine plantation by 40 pitfall trap per location. Results showed the highest abundance was recorded at coffee plantation (2477 individuals) and the lowest was at pine plantation (1372 individuals). All collected soil invertebrates grouped into 3 classes (Arachnida, Chilopoda and Insecta), 16 orders, 47 families, and 124 morphospecies. Soil invertebrates were dominated by Formicidae, Scarabaeidae, Blattidae, Forficulidae, and Phalangiidae. The average diversity index of soil invertebrates was 2.25 (coffee plantation), 2.64 (coffee and pine plantation) and 1.85 (pine plantation). The evenness value was 0.30 (coffee plantation), 0.49 (coffee and pine plantation) and 0.39 (pine plantation). This study showed agroforestry may improve soil invertebrate abundance and diversity of monoculture pine forest through creation of additional and alternative nutrition and microhabitats.

This study aims to determine the distribution of brittle star (Ophiuroidea) in the waters of Rancabuaya coasts, Garut, West Java. The study was conducted in January-April 2016. The method used purposive sampling technique. The results showed that there were eight species (Gymnolophus obscura, Ophiomastix venosa, Clarkcoma canaliculata, Ophiocoma alexandri, Ophiocoma echinata, Ophiocoma valenciae, Ophiocoma erinaceus and Ophiocoma scolopendrina) into 4 genera and 2 families. Rancabuaya coastal has habitat characteristics with three types of substrate (rock, rocky and coral reef substrate) and the water conditions based on the substrate types (DO, pH, temperature, salinity) are in normal condition and suitable for the life of the Ophiurodea. The species of Ophiocoma scolopendrine has the widest distribution compared to other species because the substrate is in accordance with habitat its species. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for future coastal waters management.