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Durant les vingt dernières années, la microfinance en tant qu’outil de financement des couches économiquement défavorisées a fait le bonheur de milliers de personnes vivantes en situation de pauvreté extrême et en quête de financement adapté à leur profil économique et social. Néanmoins la microfinance semble aujourd’hui placée devant le dilemme suivant : faut-il davantage se concentrer sur les objectifs sociaux ou bien se consacrer exclusivement aux objectifs financiers ? (Shisme de la microfinance, Morduch, 2000). En parallèle, et afin de concilier entre les objectifs ci-dessus : certains auteurs insistent sur la nécessité de la mise en place de bonnes pratiques de gouvernance (Djoufouet & Nzongang, 2020 ; Mori, et al., 2015). Dans cette même veine, une bonne gouvernance s’avère nécessaire, voire fondamentale, car elle va mettre en exergue un certain arbitrage entre les performances et mener des décisions jugées optimales qui limitent le pouvoir abusif des dirigeants. Dans cette perspective, divers efforts ont été consentis dans ce sens qui ont aboutis à des résultats contrastés entre pays. Le présent travail est une revue de littérature théorique et empirique autour de la question de l’interaction entre la gouvernance et la performance des IMF.

This paper aims to investigate the cointegration and causal effect of economic growth and education in the case of Morocco, over the period 1990 to 2019. Education in all of it’s forms, considered a fundamental factor of development. Therefore, a country needs to invest more in education. Without a significant investment in education (or human capital), no country can achieve sustainable economic development. Several studies have used various proxies for education, which is the enrollment rate at primary, secondary and tertiary levels (Chatterji, 1998). However, in our study, the quantity dimension of education is proxies by primary, secondary, and tertiary enrolment ratios and an education index. To investigate the relationship between education and economic growth the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach developed by Pesaran et al., (2001) and the Augmented Granger Causality approach given by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) are applied. To do that, we have used time-series data on economic growth, labor force, physical capital and four separate education indexes from 1990 to 2019. The data are collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and Human Development Reports (HDR). Furthermore, we used a global measure of education, called the education index, by adopting the UNDP methodology. The education index is a proxy for education development. The several indicators were used to demonstrate the robustness of the empirical results. Our results of the ARDL-bound test show that there exist cointegration between economic growth and education. The results also show that there is bidirectional causality between education and economic growth. All levels of education Granger cause economic growth, while economic growth causes all indicators of education except gross enrollment ratio, primary in all cases of causality analysis. These findings suggest that the government should invest in gross primary enrollment to accelerate economic growth, which leads to further education and thus economic growth. Keywords: ARDL bounds test, Education index, Gross enrolment ratio, Economic growth, Toda-Yamamoto approach JEL Classification: C5 C22, I25, O4

This paper attaches particular attention to the unequal dimension of education in Africa using several indicators. To account for the dynamics of the reduction of inequalities, we estimated the validity of the Kuznets curve of education. The results suggest that the shape of the Kuznets curve depends on the measure used to approximate inequality. Indeed, the assumption of the Kuznets curve is checked if the standard deviation of schooling is used. For its part, the Gini index maintains a significant negative relationship with the average number of years of study. The results also applies to all African countries and for each group of countries with a significant advance in reducing inequalities initiated by English speaking countries.

Bu çalışma, çeşitli göstergeler kullanılarak Afrika’daki eğitim eşitsizliğine dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Eğitim eşitsizliğini azaltmaya yönelik dinamikler, eğitimde Kuznet Eğrisi’nin geçerliliği bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkan sonuçlar, Kuznet Eğrisi’nin şeklinin ortalama eşitsizliğinin ölçülmesine bağlı olduğunu önermektedir. Kuznet Eğrisi’ne bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan varsayımlar öğretim verilerinin standart sapmasına bağlı olarak test edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda çalışmada kullanılan Gini İndeksi ortalama eğitim süresine bağlı olarak negatif ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar aynı zamanda İngilizce konuşulan Afrika ülkelerinde eğitimde fırsat eşitsizliğinin azaltılmasına yönelik pozitif bir eğilim olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

The aim of this paper is to study the extent to which transfers can contribute to a change in behavior that would be consistent with a reduction in discrimination against women remained in the country. To this end, this research uses macroeconomic aggregate data to check the effect of remittances on human development of women at the international level. We have chosen a sample of 58 countries belonging to five groups of countries. We have relied on one single database source; which is the annual data of the World Development Indicator (2010). The period under study covers the years from 1999 to 2010. The results of the macroeconomic approach are substantially different when going from one region to another. In particular, the presented estimates show that the effect of transfers on female labor supply depends on the studied area. The complexity of the studied phenomenon shows the existence of contradictory effects, in which case the local and regional characteristics may play an important role. - Lo scopo di questo studio è analizzare in che termini le rimesse dei lavoratori migranti possono contribuire a ridurre comportamenti discriminatori nei confronti delle donne che rimangono in patria. A questo fine vengono utilizzati dati macroeconomici aggregati per testare gli effetti delle rimesse sullo sviluppo umano delle donne a livello internazionale. Il campione scelto consta di 58 paesi suddivisi in 5 diversi gruppi. Abbiamo utilizzato un solo database, cioè i dati del World Development Indicator per il 2010. I risultati di questo approccio macroeconomico sono sostanzialmente differenti da un gruppo all’altro. In particolare, le stime presentate mostrano che l’effetto delle rimesse sulla forza lavoro femminile dipendono dall’area presa in considerazione. La complessità dei fenomeni studiati evidenzia che vi sono risultati contradditori che dipendono dalle diverse caratteristiche dei territori considerati.

Dans un pays en développement qui présente des degrés de pauvreté et d’analphabétisme assez élevés, l’engagement des parents pour la réussite éducative et sociale de leurs enfants peut constituer un élément clé. Pour tester la réalité de l’accroissement des attentes éducatives des familles pauvres marocaines, un programme expérimental a été mis en place dans une région pauvre, le programme Tayssir. L’objectif était d’agir sur l’abandon scolaire en neutralisant certains des facteurs qui réduisent la demande pour l’éducation, tels que les coûts de scolarisation directs ou indirects. Les résultats montrent des attitudes favorables au prolongement des études des enfants, et ce même en cas d’arrêt des subventions. Le niveau d’instruction des parents ne semble pas affecter leurs attentes éducatives et l’arrêt des subventions ne déclenche pas de revirement de leurs intentions. Enfin, l’étude révèle un engagement beaucoup plus important de la part des mères, qui sont plus disposées que les pères à investir et à utiliser au mieux les subventions. In a developing country with relatively high levels of poverty and illiteracy, the involvement of parents can be the key to the educational and social success of children. To test if the educational expectations of poor Moroccan families has really increased, a pilot programme, the Tayssir programme, was set up in a poor area. The objective was to reduce the school drop-out rate by eliminating certain factors which reduce the demand for education, such as direct or indirect schooling costs. The results show positive attitudes towards the extension of children’s schooling, even when subsidies are stopped. The level of education of parents does not seem to affect their educational expectations and subsidies being stopped does not trigger a change in their aspirations. Finally, the study shows a significant level of involvement by mothers, who are much more likely than fathers to invest and to put the subsidies to good use. En un país en desarrollo que presenta unos grados de pobreza y de analfabetismo bastante elevados, el compromiso de los padres con el éxito educativo y social de sus hijos puede constituir un elemento clave. Para poner a prueba la realidad del crecimiento de las expectativas educativas de las familias pobres marroquíes, se puso en marcha un programa experimental en una región pobre, el programa Tayssir. El objetivo era el de actuar sobre el abandono escolar neutralizando algunos de los factores que reducen la demanda de educación, tales y como los costes directos e indirectos de la escolarización. Los resultados muestran unas actitudes favorables a la prolongación de los estudios de los niños, y eso aun en el caso de la parada de las subvenciones. El nivel de instrucción de los padres no parece afectar las expectativas educativas y la desaparición de las subvenciones no acarrea un cambio de sus intenciones. Por fin, el estudio revela un compromiso mucho más importante por parte de las madres, quienes están más dispuestas que los padres a invertir y utilizar lo mejor posible las subvenciones.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze monetary integration through the correlation of business cycles across countries. In this context, different estimation methods have been used in real GDP data (Dollars in base 1995) for 8 Southern Mediterranean countries of the (SMC) and covering the period 1960-2004. The results show that i) the cross-correlation of business cycles are very low, ii) SMC have very different cycles and therefore they do not fulfill the criteria of the OCA theory. To refine these results, we distinguished two groups of countries, the AMU countries and those of the Middle East. Correlations remain low despite the consolidation. However, the correlation matrix of long cycles gives interesting results since in most cases; long cycles are well correlated except in the case of Syria and Turkey. The results, taken together, show the difficulty of implementing a monetary union between PSM.

We evaluate the determinants of aggregate matching efficiency changes through a stochastic Cobb-Douglas production frontiermodel. The efficiency coefficient is represented by a stochastic function of variables meant to capture workers and firms characteristics. The model is estimated on French data covering twenty-two regions from March 1990 till February 1995. Our estimates suggest that aggregate matching efficiency has decreased steadily in the early nineties. There are also wide cross-regional differences. On average, about 30% of the variations of efficiency observed across time and regions can be related to changes in the explanatory variables used in the model. The most important explanatory variables are the proportion of youngsters, females and immigrants in the stock of job seekers. Long-term unemployment has a significant negative effect, population density a significant positive one. The huge decline in the proportion of permanent job offers has apparently little effect on matching efficiency.