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International audience; Background Apathy is a common behavioral syndrome that occurs across neurological and psychiatric disorders. An influential theoretical framework defined apathy as the quantitative reduction of self-generated voluntary and purposeful behaviors. There is evidence in the literature of the multidimensional nature of apathy with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions. To date, apathy has been assessed using various scales and questionnaires. Alternative objective and ecological measurements of apathy are needed. New method We used the ECOCAPTURE protocol and an ethological approach to investigate behavior in bvFTD patients under ecological conditions (a waiting room) while they freely explored a novel environment. Data were collected by behavioral coding from 7-minute video using an ethogram and transformed into behavior time series data. We present an approach considering behavioral kinetics to assess behavior. We aimed to construct a new behavior analysis method, called ECOCAPTURE kinetics, using temporal classification for behavior time series data analysis. To develop our classifier, we retained a nonelastic Euclidian metric, combined with a convolutional approach. Results We applied the ECOCAPTURE kinetics method to a cohort of 20 bvFTD patients and 18 healthy controls. We showed that bvFTD patients can be classified according to their behavioral kinetics into three groups. Each subgroup was characterized by specific behavior disorders and neuropsychological profile. Comparison with Existing Method(s) The ECOCAPTURE kinetics method is different from those of the classical approach of measuring behavior, producing time budgets, frequency of behavior occurrences, or kinematic diagrams. Conclusions This approach can be extended to any behavioral study encoding time.

What makes humans human? How are body and mind connected, and how are the sciences of the body connected with the sciences of the mind? Evolution has left its marks on the body and the soul. For this reason, the accumulated evolutionary knowledge is a useful and indispensable underpinning for the human sciences, which continue to epitomise the body-mind problem through the separation of the natural sciences and the humanities. Based on this insight, a theory of the human sciences is offered to steer a course towards well-grounded interdisciplinary scientific study and understanding of humans. The proposed interdisciplinary framework is illustrated by examples that span the evolution and expansion of learning, reflective and cultural capacities, aspects of social behaviour, the evolution of moral consciousness, "opposed instincts" such as aggression and the inhibition of aggression, gender differences in behaviour, and attachment behaviour. This knowledge can serve to expand behavioural freedom, including the freedom to act responsibly. Since the chapters are self-contained, they can be read independently, depending on one's interests. Version of record

The late Professor Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, who passed away on 2 June 2018, was one of the most outstanding contemporary biologists investigating problems of animal and human behaviour. He was the founder of human ethology. He developed the long-term research programme investigating indigenous peoples: Yanomami, Eipo, San (Bushmen), Himba, as well as Trobriand and Bali tribes. His literary output comprises 19 books and around 500 scientific papers, in which he stated, among other things, that humans are phylogenetically adapted to perceive, process information, think and exhibit human behaviour. Eibl-Eibesfeldt was also the author of publications in the field of philosophy and social studies, in which he discussed basic problems concerning the society, economy and environmental protection.

By gathering data on people during their ordinary daily activities, we tested if looking at, but not manipulating, smartphones led to a mimicry response in the observer. Manipulating and looking at the device (experimental condition), more than its mere manipulation (control condition), was critical to elicit a mimicry response in the observer. Sex, age and relationship quality between the experimenter and the observer had no effect on the smartphone mimicry response that tended to decrease during social meals. Due to the role of food as a tool in increasing social affiliation, it is possible that during communal eating, people engage in other forms of mimicry involving facial expressions and postures rather than the use of objects. Understanding the ethological mechanisms of the use of smartphones at everyday-social scale could unveil the processes at the basis of the widespread/increasing use of these devices at a large scale. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10164-021-00701-6.

In this chapter, the author aims to make the case that the roots of human sociality lie in a special capacity for social interaction, which itself holds the key to human evolution, the evolution of language, the nature of much of daily concerns, the building blocks of social systems, and even the limitations of political systems. He tries to stand back and extract some generalizations about the special human abilities that seem to lie behind the structure of social interaction. Many sociocultural anthropologists may react with hostility to the ideas so far discussed—the direction of argument may seem to belittle the role of the cultural construction of social life, like so many ideas in sociobiology, human ethology, or evolutionary psychology. The hypothesis is that the interaction engine will be most recognizable in informal, everyday conversation, which forms the normal matrix for language acquisition and socialization.

According to an emergent group of researchers, systemic, relational and evolutionary thought is needed to understand the development of organisms’ characteristics and competences. In this paper, we first introduce the prevalent view on the biological basis of behavior, based on the New Synthesis of Modern Biology. Next, we present the critical view of those who defend Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. The existing debate between the different perspectives is illustrated by studies on infants’ sensorial capacities, attachment, and neonatal imitation. Possible interpretations, based on the theoretical approaches presented, lead to a reflection on the innate/acquired dichotomy: from the prevailing view, this dichotomy is overcome because the interaction between the innate and the acquired is being considered to explain the characteristics of living beings. A further reflection on the developmental processes involved in the emergence of behavior, on the concepts of what is learning and what is innate leads to the dissolution of this dichotomy. Resumo Uma corrente emergente de pesquisadores vem defendendo que a compreensão sobre o desenvolvimento das características e competências dos organismos passa pela adoção de um pensamento sistêmico, relacional e também evolucionista. Com o objetivo de apresentar este pensamento, inicialmente discutimos a visão prevalente sobre as bases biológicas do comportamento, que se baseia na Nova Síntese da Biologia Moderna, e, a seguir, expomos a crítica colocada pelos defensores da Síntese Estendida da Evolução. Os debates entre as abordagens serão exemplificados por meio da apresentação de pesquisas sobre as capacidades sensoriais e estabelecimento de vínculo do bebê e a imitação neonatal. As interpretações possíveis, baseadas nas abordagens teóricas apresentadas, desembocam em uma reflexão sobre a dicotomia inato/adquirido: pela visão prevalente, esta dicotomia está superada porque a interação entre o inato e o adquirido vem sendo considerada para explicar as características dos seres vivos. Uma reflexão aprofundada sobre os processos de desenvolvimento envolvidos na emergência do comportamento ressignifica, no entanto, os conceitos de inato e aprendido, levando à dissolução desta dicotomia. Resumen Una corriente emergente de investigadores viene defendiendo que la comprensión del desarrollo de los carácter y competencias de los organismos implica la adopción de un enfoque sistémico, relacional y evolucionista. Con el fin de presentar este argumento, en principio discutiremos la visión predominante sobre las bases biológicas del comportamiento, soportada en la Nueva Síntesis de la Biología Moderna y, a continuación, expondremos la crítica propuesta por los partidarios de la Síntesis Evolutiva Extendida. El debate entre los enfoques será ejemplificado a través de la presentación de investigaciones sobre capacidades sensoriales, el establecimiento del apego e imitación neonatal. Las posibles interpretaciones desde cada uno de los enfoques teóricos presentados desembocaran en una reflexión sobre la dicotomía innato/ adquirido: el punto de vista predominante sostiene que esta dicotomía se supera cuando se consideran las interacciones innato-adquirido. Una reflexión profunda sobre los procesos de desarrollo, involucrados en la emergencia del comportamiento, conduce a la disolución de la dicotomia innato-aprendido.

The issue with most studies concerned with mate selection preferences in humans is that they rely on declarations and rational actions of experimental subjects, which are affected by their pre-conceived opinions and prejudices. Moreover, current research suggests that subcortical structures and processes, rather than the neocortex, play the principal role in actual partner choice behaviour. Consequently, we have only limited information on how relevant our current knowledge is in relation to real-life human ethology. To address these issues, we surveyed 2718 women and 4073 men between the ages of 16–50 and compared their declared and observed preferences for various properties in short-term and long-term partners. We found differences between what the subjects declared to prefer and what they preferred in reality: for example, men declared that wealth was the second least desirable property out of eleven in short-term partners, but we observed that in reality, they considered wealth the third most important factor after charisma and sense of humour. Similarly, while women declared that dominance and masculinity were desirable properties in short-term partners, in the observational part of the study, they showed little preference for these traits. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of the phase of the menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and partnership and parenthood status on these preferences. We found some support for the good parents hypothesis and no support for the good genes and the immunocompetence handicap hypotheses when observed, rather than declared preferences were considered. We also detected that hormonal contraception, and parenthood and partnership status influenced declared preferences in considerable ways, but had only a small, if any, impact on observed preferences. We suggest interpreting the results of studies reliant on declarations and rational actions of experimental subjects with great caution.

A proposta desta investigação surgiu de lacunas existentes na literatura sobre o papel dos tios/tias nos contextos familiares. Seus aportes teóricos foram estudos sobre etologia humana e família na sociedade. Teve como objetivo geral investigar o papel dos tios/tias paternos e maternos na socialização dos sobrinhos, buscando identificar os fatores de cuidado e proteção, em famílias pertencentes às camadas populares, residentes no Subúrbio Ferroviário da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, segundo a perspectiva dos sobrinhos/as. Foram seus objetivos específicos: Investigar o lugar dos tios/tias na socialização de seus sobrinhos e sobrinhas e sua contribuição como membros da família estendida no desenvolvimento dos sobrinhos e das sobrinhas; descrever as atividades relacionadas aos processos de socialização exercidas pelos tios/tias. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa descritiva e exploratória em que se utilizou um questionário fechado e dados sócio-demográficos. 206 alunos responderam ao questionário fechado após um pré-estudo com 462 alunos visando identificar a presença de tios e coletar dados gerais sobre estes. Os principais resultados revelaram que a contribuição dos tios ocorreu pelo apoio afetivo, por atividades de cuidado e pela contribuição financeira. As tias foram as mais mencionadas pelos sobrinhos e tios e tias de linhagem matrilinear receberam os maiores percentuais de menções. Concluiu-se que o principal papel exercido pelos tios é o afetivo e que as tias são as mais atuantes em buscar o bem-estar dessas crianças, jovens e adolescentes. Pesquisas posteriores, ampliando as análises e a coleta de informações, mostram-se necessárias.

Every service encounter corresponds to a “queue network” in which a system of waiting lines is connected to servers. We posit that each production service type (e.g., restaurant, airport) requires an adapted queue design in order to maximize attributes salient to customers (i.e., their primary elements of perceived value) in today’s globalized service environment. While the queues have been studied from many angles, a scientific contribution based on a human ethology approach proposing the early identification of “at-risk” behaviors to regulate queue dynamics seems to be novel. To remedy this shortcoming, the large-scale food distribution sector has been chosen for the application of a naturalistic observation approach to describe in detail the behavior of customer queues. Sixteen immersion episodes were conducted in the months between May and June 2016. Using RQDA, we analyzed the immersion transcripts and identified typical customer queue behavioral patterns. Then, we developed an ethogram containing what we considered to be “at-risk” queue behaviors. This ethogram can ultimately be used as an anticipatory indicator in the context of feedforward management controls. Feedforward control, as opposed to classical feedback controls, is based on the early detection of risks and the implementation of mitigation before damage occurs. While this approach requires human attention and expertise (which can be labor-intensive), there is also potential for human ethology to assist managers with supportive or complementary automation. Indeed, the factual description of behaviors contained in our ethogram can easily be coded with modern technology like facial expression and body recognition technologies.

This research project aims to improve the management and reliability of airport security gate procedures by redesigning passenger queues based on human ethology methodologies. While queues have been studied from many angles, a scientific contribution based on a human ethology approach proposing regulation of queue dynamics to improve security effectiveness seems to be novel. Queueing behaviors, observed in previous fieldwork, led to the hypothesis that queue structuring can have a positive impact on wait time perception. This hypothesis was operationalized, according to ethology experiment design, through a passenger queue simulation. The data collected (n=140) confirmed the hypothesis. Average perceived time was lower for passengers who put items to be X-rayed on the belt in a specified order, along with higher personal awareness compared to the usual case where no order is imposed. Although this research is exploratory, we have been able to provide airport security management with some practical insights.

Presento una doble innovación docente en el contenido y también en su metodología.Un experimento ensayado en el contexto del Senior Research Studio in Architecture de la Universidad de Calgary durante el curso 2016-17 cuyo marco teórico, la estética evolutiva de la arquitectura, considera a la arquitectura un comportamiento característico de la etología humana. Tras la ocupación y balizado in situ de un emplazamiento periurbano, los estudiantes desarrollan sus proyectos en tres niveles, el individual (una vivienda con taller)el grupal (de los recintos delimitados en la ocupación) y el proyecto colectivo de un barrio funcional. La presentación de resultados provisionales (iteraciones) cada pocas semanas permite comprobar en una maqueta de trabajo del emplazamiento, cómo afloran las emociones arquitectónicas básicas de la especie humana a medida que se articulan los intereses individuales con los de grupo, y los de cada grupo con los de curso. I here introduce a double teaching innovation, in its content and also in its methodology. An experiment rehearsed in the context of the Senior Research Studio in Architecture at the University of Calgary during the 2016-17 academic year, whose theoretical framework, the Evolutionary Aesthetics of Architecture, considers that architecture is a typical behavior of the human ethology. After the claim of a periurban site, the students develop their designs in three nested levels. The individual level (a dwelling with a workshop) the group level (within the claimed enclosures) and the collective design of a functional neighborhood. The submission of interim outcomes every few weeks (iterations) enable us to verify on a working model of the site, how the basic architectural emotions of the human species arise as the individual interests get articulated with those of the group and, in their turn, also the group interests get articulated with those of the studio.

In recent years, the fine arts, architecture, music and literature have increasingly been examined from the vantage point of human ethology and evolutionary psychology. In 2011 the authors formed the research group 'Ethology of the Arts' concentrating on the evolution and biology of perception and behaviour. These novel approaches aim at a better understanding of the various facets represented by the arts by taking into focus possible phylogenetic adaptations, which have shaped the artistic capacities of our ancestors. Rather than culture specificity, which is stressed e.g. by cultural anthropology and numerous other disciplines, universal human tendencies to perceive, feel, think and behave are postulated. Artistic expressive behaviour is understood as an integral part of the human condition, whether expressed in ritual, visual, verbal or musical art. The Ethology of the Arts-group's research focuses on visual and verbal art, music and built environment/architecture and is designed to contribute to the incipient interdisciplinarity in the field of evolutionary art research.

The article introduces the problem of autonomy of law. The paper examines the medieval origins of legal positivism from a historical approach, sketching the main theories concerning the emergence of law, and phrasing some preliminary consideration for a historical and philosophical view of the problem of the birth of law. As a result of reasoning the article suggests some legal historical and human ethological ideas relating to the phenomena of crystallization of the law.

The development of territorology requires the overcoming of the dichotomy between determinist and constructivist approaches, in order to advance towards a general science of territory and territorial phenomena. Insights for this task can come from at least four main threads of research: biology, zooethology and human ethology; human ecology, social psychology and interactionism; human, political and legal geography; and philosophy. In light of the insights derived from these traditions, the article aims to conceptualize territorial components, technologies, movements, effects, and their interplay, in order to establish the main lines of inquiry for territorology. A general territorology, it is argued, amounts to a sociology of territorial acts and relations, whose aim is to analyze the expressive and functional components of territories, as fixed through their organizational and technological devices.

This approach to human ethology is through synthesis of ideas and generalizations from lower animal ethology, psychoanalysis, cybernetics, and neuropsychology, which are relevant for a theory of human behavior. It emphasizes the relative failure of human intelligence, and its social derivative, science, to explore the social environment and refine social behavior. The synthesis, though limited in scope, provides a language in which, at one end, lower animal ethology, and at the other, art, science, and culture can be discussed in related terms. Certain pathological factors are considered, the control of which would speed up human evolution and release great potentialities for progress.

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar, de maneira didática, a perspectiva evolucionária no estudo do comportamento humano. Para isso, apresenta-se a etologia, apontando algumas variações nas perspectivas de estudo da área. A etologia surgiu com o objetivo de estudar os comportamentos inatos nas diversas espécies em ambiente natural. Atualmente pode-se falar em duas tendências: a etologia tradicional e a ecologia comportamental, preocupadas, respectivamente, com as causas imediatas e evolutivas do comportamento. Superando concepções dualistas como inato-aprendido e natureza-cultura, a etologia tem contribuído para a compreensão do comportamento humano. Neste artigo, apresenta-se como exemplo o desenvolvimento do apego, relacionando pressões seletivas, neotenia, cuidados parentais e o surgimento da instituição familiar. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a didactic manner an evolutionary perspective concerning the study of human behavior. In order to do this, an ethological perspective is given, indicating a number of variations in the study of the subject. Ethology first arose as the scientific study of innate behavior of different species that occurs in a natural environment. Currently we consider that there are two tendencies: a traditional ethology and a behavior ecology addressing immediate and evolutionary causes of behavior, respectively. Beyond the dualist concepts, innate-learned and nature-culture, ethology has contributed to the understanding of human behavior. In this paper, we have included the examples of the development of attachment and its relation with selective pressures, neoteny, parental care and the emergence of the family institution.

Linguistic politeness (LP) refers to the set of “linguistic features mediating norms of social behaviour, in relation to such notions as courtesy, rapport, deference and distance” (Crystal 2008). Although researchers (e.g. Eelen 2001, Watts 2003) agree that it is intimately connected to normativity, group hierarchy and cooperation – the core questions of human ethology and human behavioural ecology – linguistic politeness has largely been neglected from those perspectives (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1989 being a notable exception). In this paper we spell out the significance of a naturalistically oriented study of LP, outline a research agenda, and identify a number of methodological problems whose resolution is a prerequisite for such an approach.

En este texto se reflexiona sobre los vínculos existentes entre la Etología Humana, a partir de algunos de los supuestos teóricos desarrollados por Eibl-Eibesfeldt, y la Lingüística. Se busca establecer una relación entre estos supuestos y una parcela de los estudios lingüísticos, la Fraseología (especialmente, las fórmulas rutinarias). A fin de cumplir este objetivo, se describen, someramente, los principios básicos de la Etología Humana; se considera, asimismo, la atención que ha consagrado esta ciencia a la comunicación humana, el lenguaje y la Lingüística, y de la posibilidad de aplicar la Etolingüística al estudio de la Fraseología. Se defiende la idea de que la Etología Humana puede apoyar la reflexión sobre las bases innatas y culturales que subyacen a diferentes tipos de fraseologismos., In this paper I analyse the connections between Human Ethology and Linguistics. I start out by considering some of the theoretical principles developed by Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b and 1993 and I try to relate them with a branch of linguistic studies, Phraseology, and more specifically, the routine formulas. In order to achieve this goal, I first describe, briefly, the fundamentals of Human Ethology. Secondly, I show how this science dealt with human communication, language and Linguistics and I also consider the possibility of applying Etholinguistics to the study of Phraseology. I defend the idea that the ethological studies offer different paths that might turn useful to the phraseological research, especially to unravel the innate and cultural bases ruling the construction and use of formulae., Dans ce texte, nous réfléchissons sur les liens entre Éthologie Humaine et Linguistique, à partir de certaines des hypothèses théoriques développés par Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1979a, 1979b, 1993). Nous cherchons à établir une relation entre ces hypothèses et une partie d’études linguistiques, la Phraséologie (et spécifiquement, les formules de routine). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous décrivons succinctement, les principes de base de l'Éthologie Humaine. Nous parlons alors des efforts que cette science a consacré à la communication humaine, au langage et la Linguistique, et la possibilité d'appliquer l'Etolinguistique à l'étude de la Phraséologie. Nous défendons l'idée que l'Éthologie Humaine peut favoriser une réflexion sur les fondements innés et culturels qui sous-tendent différents types d'unités phraséologiques.

This paper explores the cultural domain wherein we try to locate the causes of missing girls with particular reference to Punjab, prevailing cultural constructions of the social structures wherein girls are born in outnumber as compared to boys but due to latter structures they continues to diminish since the ancient times. It captures on one side the state historical efforts to check it by means of the social legislation during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and during the pre and post independent times and links these efforts to the recent efforts of the government and further it illuminates how the advancement in medical technologies and medicines had been grossly (mis) used to determine the sex of the unborn child and finally reveal that how these technology has become the integral part of culture of Missing girls!

Over the last 15 years there has been a large body of research and considerable public debate on directto-consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription pharmaceuticals. Concerns include the accuracy, fairness, consequences, and gender messages of these advertisements. Less attention has been paid to the role of DTC advertisement in the social construction of patienthood in American society. Based on a content analysis of a sample of 40 broadcast DTC ads, this paper addresses two questions: What is a patient as constructed through this communication channel? What are the messages about what how patients should feel and act embedded in DTC advertising? In short, we seek to understand what might be called the construction of pharmapatienthood. Moreover, we argue that the scripting of patienthood in DTC pharmaceutical advertising forms part of a discourse regime that can be read as containing meanings, communicated through sights and sounds, that produce a subject, namely the modern patient.

Writing a paper is a tedious job, however, following the established rules that work not only becomes much simpler, but also more accessible, which often results in the birth of the desire of researchers to write an article. Knowledge of the principles established by the process of scientific research demystifies the process. Decomposition process research into simpler trying to animate all those who can contribute to the advancement of medical science. Emphasizes the importance of pursuing the following five steps: identification of the main research questions, the selection of a scientific approach, study design and data collection, data analysis and presentation of the work

O presente artigo pretende apresentar ao público leitor de psicologia alguns conceitos importantes sobre o masculino e o feminino defendidos em obras seminais da etologia humana, sociobiologia e psicologia evolutiva. As críticas clássicas das ciências sociais ao determinismo biológico não encontram eco nas actuais teorias biológicas sobre o comportamento, que enfatizam a interacção necessária entre factores genéticos, ecológicos e sócio-culturais, assim como o carácter estatístico das observações empíricas. No entanto, a conclusão do artigo aponta para o risco potencial destas disciplinas reduzirem demasiado a distância entre as causas últimas e os factores próximos de motivação, ignorando desta forma os efeitos inovadores dos processos actuais de socialização. This paper intends to introduce the readers of psychology to some important concepts about male and female specificities presented in seminal works of human ethology, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. The classical critiques of social sciences on the biological determinism of these disciplines do not resonate in current biological theories about behavior. These later emphasize the interaction between genetic, ecological and socio-cultural factors, as well as the statistical nature of empirical observations. Nevertheless, the conclusion stresses the risk that these disciplines may reduce the distance between the ultimate causes and the proximate factors of motivation, thus avoiding the innovative effects of current socialization processes.

O presente texto visa abordar o amor na teoria freudiana e lacaniana, sustentando a hipótese de que este pode ser defendido segundo o axioma lacaniano do inconsciente estruturado como uma linguagem. Assim, percorremos algumas das diferentes formas de aparição do conceito de amor na teoria freudiana e lacaniana e suas relações com os conceitos de transferência, processos econômicos, pulsão, narcisismo, sexualidade, metáfora, desejo, com o intuito de apontar sua estrutura enquanto campo de fenômeno com aproximações e afastamentos frente a estes conceitos. Mesmo levando em consideração a importância do amor nas teorias de Freud e de Lacan, nossa hipótese é que o estatuto conceitual do amor ficou em aberto, e para retomá-lo, utilizaremos a verdade como fio condutor de nosso tema. Deste modo, entendemos que o amor em psicanálise, não poderia ser tomado de forma isolada, mas sim, só poderíamos discorrer sobre o mesmo, levando em consideração uma rede conceitual na qual ele está inserido, isto é, suas relações com a sexualidade, pulsão, desejo e gozo. Nas categorias de estudo do tema empregadas no trabalho ressaltamos a presença da correlação entre amor, falta e significante e por consequência, a verdade, como uma espécie de denominador comum. Assim, conforme concluiremos, Lacan não descarta a soberania da linguagem ao final de seu ensino e, nesse sentido, a torna resposta a uma utilização de cunho naturalista. Com base nessa abordagem, encontramos correlações entre a concepção de amor e de verdade estudadas por Freud e Lacan, na medida em que há efeitos recíprocos na constituição de um fenômeno no outro. ABSTRACT - This dissertation attempts to deal with the theme of love in the Freudian and Lacanian theory, sustaining the hypothesis that it can be defended via the Lacanian axiom of the unconscious structured as a language. Thus, we overview some of the different forms of appearance of the concept of love in Freudian and Lacanian theory and their relation with the concepts of transference, economic processes, drive, narcissism, sexuality, metaphor, desire so as to place its structure in a phenomenon field, with approximations and distancing from these concepts. Even taking into consideration the importance of love in the theorie of Freud and Lacan, our hypothesis is that the conceptual status of love continues open, and in order to retrace it, we used truth as the leading thread of discussion of our theme. Thus, we understand that in psychoanalysis, cannot be considered in isolation but must run on its own, taking into consideration a conceptual network in which it is inserted, that is, its relations with sexuality, drive, desires and pleasure. In the categories studied with this theme used in our work, stress is laid on the presence of the correlation between love, its lack, and significance and, consequently, the truth as a sort of common denominator. Therefore, as is concluded, Lacan does not discard the sovereignty of language at the end of his teachings. Instead, he makes it the answer to a naturalist utilization. Based on this orientation, we found the correlations between the concept of love and truth studied in Freud and Lacan, to the extent that there are reciprocal effects in the constitution of one the phenomena on the other.

O presente artigo tem como objectivo apresentar algumas perspectivas etológicas acerca das primeiras relações entre pares. De inicio são discutidos os trabalhos da década de 70 sobre a hierarquia de dominância em crianças de idade pré escolar. De seguida é discutido o conceito de afiliação e em particular os estudos sobre a identificação das estruturas afiliativas em grupos de crianças no pré-escolar. Face às dificuldades encontradas com a interpretação dos sociogramas comportamentais é apresentado uma alternativa de identificar subgrupos de crianças com perfis de afiliação e a evolução deste tipo de metodologia. Finalmente, discutem-se possíveis pontes entre os conceitos de afiliação e dominância. This article aims to present some ethological perspectives on early peer relationships. Firstly we discuss the research work of the 1970s about the dominance hierarchies in preschool-age children. Then we discussed the concept of affiliation and in particular the studies on how to identify affiliative structures in groups of children in preschool. Given the difficulties presented by the interpretation of behavioral sociograms an alternative method is presented to identify subgroups of children with affiliation profiles: the evolution of this methodology is described. Finally, we discuss the possible links between the concepts of dominance and affiliation.

El Sistema Europeo de Educación Superior necesita nuevas metodologías que proporcionen formación científica y técnica a su alumnado. En este marco, se ha desarrollado el presente diseño didáctico para el estudio de la Etología Humana en la Facultad de Biología de Sevilla. La investigación de la conducta humana desde el paradigma experimental de la Etología se centra en patrones conductuales como: apego en la infancia, gestión de emociones, jerarquía, comunicación no verbal, cortejo u otros rituales. La metodología y el alcance de los estudios precisan estrategias de aprendizaje específicas; por lo que se ha propuesto un diseño basado en la resolución de problemas y de aprendizaje cooperativo desarrollado en el entorno del aula. Esta aproximación metodológica de enseñanza utiliza el planteamiento de cuestiones concretas y el análisis intensivo de la literatura científica como herramienta de aprendizaje cooperativo. En concreto, la presente práctica se ha diseñado para facilitar la compresión de los mecanismos de reconocimiento facial a dos niveles: cómo los seres humanos generan las diversas expresiones faciales individualmente y cómo se reconocen dichas expresiones en otras personas. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una amplia base de datos de fotografías de diferentes rostros humanos, de fácil manejo, que permita realizar medidas sobre diferentes expresiones y sujetos, segregados por género y edad, para contestar a la primera de las cuestiones. A continuación, y sobre segmentos de rostros, se procederá a cuantificar su relevancia en la identificación de cada emoción. Por último, se reflexionará (mediante una Sesión de Discusión con bibliografía científica suministrada previamente) sobre la ventaja adaptativa que representan las estrategias conductuales de reconocimiento facial para la estabilidad de los grupos humanos, relacionándolas con el tamaño de sus redes sociales. Para este último objetivo de la práctica, se planteará la comprobación de la validez de los cálculos del número de Dunbar, individualmente, por el alumnado participante. The European Higher Education Area needs new methodologies that facilitate technical and scientific formation for the students. In this context, the present program developed a didactic design for the study of Human Ethology in the Faculty of Biology of Seville. The aim of the study of human behavior from the experimental paradigm of Ethology is the behavioral patterns like infant attachment, emotion management, hierarchy, nonverbal communication, courtship or other rituals. These studies need specific strategies of learning. For this reason, this program has proposed a Problem-based design and cooperative learning in the classroom. This methodological approach of education uses specific questions and the intensive analysis of scientific bibliography like a tool for cooperative learning. This laboratory activity has been design to facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of facial recognition by two main questions: how the human beings generate the diverse facial expressions individually and how these expressions are identified by other people. A huge data base of easy handling with photographs has been created. Student would be allowed to measure on different expressions and subjects, segregated by gender and age to answer the first question. Next, on different selected segments of faces, it would be quantified its relevance in the identification of each different emotion. Finally, the group would discuss (by means of a Session of Debate with the scientific bibliography previously provided) about the adaptive advantage of behavioral strategies of facial recognition would concern the stability of the human groups, with respect to their social networks size. For that, the students, individually, would validate the calculations of the Dunbar’s number.

O presente artigo tem como objectivo apresentar algumas perspectivas etológicas acerca das primeiras relações entre pares. De inicio são discutidos os trabalhos da década de 70 sobre a hierarquia de dominância em crianças de idade pré escolar. De seguida é discutido o conceito de afiliação e em particular os estudos sobre a identificação das estruturas afiliativas em grupos de crianças no pré- -escolar. Face às dificuldades encontradas com a interpretação dos sociogramas comportamentais é apresentado uma alternativa de identificar subgrupos de crianças com perfis de afiliação e a evolução deste tipo de metodologia. Finalmente, discutem-se possíveis pontes entre os conceitos de afiliação e dominância. ABSTRACT: This article aims to present some ethological perspectives on early peer relationships. Firstly we discuss the research work of the 1970s about the dominance hierarchies in preschool-age children. Then we discussed the concept of affiliation and in particular the studies on how to identify affiliative structures in groups of children in preschool. Given the difficulties presented by the interpretation of behavioral sociograms an alternative method is presented to identify subgroups of children with affiliation profiles: the evolution of this methodology is described. Finally, we discuss the possible links between the concepts of dominance and affiliation.

This paper reports on a case study of abstract reasoning in a real collaborative modeling setting. The study was conducted according to the behavioral observation principles of human ethology. Our findings indicate a relation between an individual's executive functioning and his ability to do abstract reasoning. Furthermore, we find individual differences in these abilities, and our results suggest that lack of certain skills pushes a session back to its initial phase until a shared conception of what is being modeled is achieved. These findings further our understanding of the process of collaborative modeling, how the qualities and behaviors of an individual modeler influence the interactive modeling process and its final outcomes.

El Sistema Europeo de Educación Superior necesita nuevas metodologías que proporcionen formación científica y técnica a su alumnado. En este marco, se ha desarrollado el presente diseño didáctico para el estudio de la Etología Humana en la Facultad de Biología de Sevilla. La investigación de la conducta humana desde el paradigma experimental de la Etología se centra en patrones conductuales como: apego en la infancia, gestión de emociones, jerarquía, comunicación no verbal, cortejo u otros rituales. La metodología y el alcance de los estudios precisan estrategias de aprendizaje específicas; por lo que se ha propuesto un diseño basado en la resolución de problemas y de aprendizaje cooperativo desarrollado en el entorno del aula. Esta aproximación metodológica de enseñanza utiliza el planteamiento de cuestiones concretas y el análisis intensivo de la literatura científica como herramienta de aprendizaje cooperativo. En concreto, la presente práctica se ha diseñado para facilitar la compresión de los mecanismos de reconocimiento facial a dos niveles: cómo los seres humanos generan las diversas expresiones faciales individualmente y cómo se reconocen dichas expresiones en otras personas. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una amplia base de datos de fotografías de diferentes rostros humanos, de fácil manejo, que permita realizar medidas sobre diferentes expresiones y sujetos, segregados por género y edad, para contestar a la primera de las cuestiones. A continuación, y sobre segmentos de rostros, se procederá a cuantificar su relevancia en la identificación de cada emoción. Por último, se reflexionará (mediante una Sesión de Discusión con bibliografía científica suministrada previamente) sobre la ventaja adaptativa que representan las estrategias conductuales de reconocimiento facial para la estabilidad de los grupos humanos, relacionándolas con el tamaño de sus redes sociales. Para este último objetivo de la práctica, se planteará la comprobación de la validez de los cálculos del número de Dunbar, individualmente, por el alumnado participante. The European Higher Education Area needs new methodologies that facilitate technical and scientific formation for the students. In this context, the present program developed a didactic design for the study of Human Ethology in the Faculty of Biology of Seville. The aim of the study of human behavior from the experimental paradigm of Ethology is the behavioral patterns like infant attachment, emotion management, hierarchy, nonverbal communication, courtship or other rituals. These studies need specific strategies of learning. For this reason, this program has proposed a Problem-based design and cooperative learning in the classroom. This methodological approach of education uses specific questions and the intensive analysis of scientific bibliography like a tool for cooperative learning. This laboratory activity has been design to facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of facial recognition by two main questions: how the human beings generate the diverse facial expressions individually and how these expressions are identified by other people. A huge data base of easy handling with photographs has been created. Student would be allowed to measure on different expressions and subjects, segregated by gender and age to answer the first question. Next, on different selected segments of faces, it would be quantified its relevance in the identification of each different emotion. Finally, the group would discuss (by means of a Session of Debate with the scientific bibliography previously provided) about the adaptive advantage of behavioral strategies of facial recognition would concern the stability of the human groups, with respect to their social networks size. For that, the students, individually, would validate the calculations of the Dunbar’s number.