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2. Linagliptin Effects on Heart Failure and Related Outcomes in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk in CARMELINA
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McGuire D, Alexander J, Johansen O, Perkovic V, Rosenstock J, Cooper M, Wanner C, Kahn S, Toto R, Zinman B, Baanstra D, Pfarr E, Schnaidt S, Meinicke T, George J, von Eynatten M, Marx N, Aizenberg D, Fiorella A, Edgardo N, Belen C, Alonso P, Walter M, Maia K, Guillermo S, Leandro B, Constanza R, Alejandra N, Melina C, Ariel I, Rodrigo C, Alvarez C, Jorge M, Gabriel C, German S, Bartolacci I, Bolobanich G, Tale T, Meritano M, Echeverria M, Gerrini S, Alvarez M, Torrijos N, Berli M, Coggiola J, Castaneda G, Rode R, Milessi R, Roude A, Bono J, Caresani J, Arias V, Westberg J, Allende G, Liberman A, Bordonava A, Almagro S, Gerbaudo C, Schiavi L, Budassi N, Cecilia M, Buncuga M, Carlos S, Osvaldo T, Mercedes S, Calella P, Agustina V, Aljandro M, Alberto D, Fiorella M, Cantero M, Cariganano M, Anadon P, Cartasegna L, Gabriela M, Fernanda A, Alberto R, Chacon C, Jazmin F, Colombo H, Coni E, Mattausch S, Thomsenhall K, della Torre M, Morandini M, Berra F, Margarita H, Commendatore V, Tedesco J, Bolzan P, Cuneo C, Narcisa G, Caputi V, Pablo S, Sandra G, Pacora F, Tinari M, Jure H, Parody M, Toranzo A, Frechtel G, Yohena S, Lovecchio S, Muller C, Martin S, Olivera C, Breyaui M, Bianchi G, Garcia C, Luciana V, Florencia F, Ruben G, Gelersztein E, Rey G, Sanchez C, Fornasari L, Di Pierro L, Giacomi G, Miguel S, Laura T, Gonzalo C, Ramon C, Glenny J, Koretzky M, Porto A, Tiberio O, Ellenberg A, Saurral R, Igarzabal C, Vilamajo O, Matkovich J, de Lapertosa S, Villagra M, Cuzziol G, de la Cruz M, Pinchetti R, Mierez M, Lopez C, Gorosito V, Gabito A, Kleiban A, Grosembacher L, Adrian P, Paula R, Javier G, Kraft F, Andres F, Krynski F, Nicolas P, Marcelo F, Alfredo F, de la Fuente R, Natalia C, Luquez H, Recuero Y, Becchetti N, Ruiz M, Costantino M, Vazquez G, Guzman C, Pelatia P, Maffei L, Sassone S, Yantorno M, Prado G, Khron B, Maldonado N, Gustavo L, Veronica V, Marino J, Elizabeth A, Alejandra C, Oscar R, Azize G, Gallardo M, Escudero M, Vargas E, Ramos H, Lucero C, Najenson M, Crocci I, Chiesa A, Nardone L, Dominguez S, Zanini A, Manghi F, Grossman M, Giudice G, Romeo A, Piskorz D, Miguel C, Susana D, Noeli U, Rosa S, Martin V, Soledad A, Virginia M, Lorena G, Prado A, Veronica L, Eduardo H, Adolfo P, Florencia W, Rista L, Scolari C, Rojas N, Bertolio V, Zarandon R, Jair S, Orlando C, Sanabria H, Ignacio D, Viviana C, Marina R, Sarjanovich R, Scaro G, Huerta C, Mana M, Gutierrez M, Dain A, Gavicola R, Sessa H, Sacripanti J, Felman R, Vilarino P, Sicer M, Lagrutta M, Sala J, Casabella T, Cecilia H, Carlos B, Vines G, Javier R, Vico M, Lanchiotti P, Martella C, Torres L, Villarino A, Molina M, Martinez J, Farias C, Bertola S, Rojas M, Guzman P, Nisi J, Martinez D, Barrionuevo M, Vita N, Lopez A, Vottero E, Giuliano M, Paron L, Vogel D, Mele P, Imposti H, Dominguez A, Zaidman C, Fernando G, Beck M, Beltrame P, Chemello D, Junior R, Abreu A, Fernandes V, Saboia J, Rodrigues L, Carvalho M, Gurgel M, Gadelha D, Ramos C, Borba V, Golbert M, Pitthan M, Golbert L, Valentini R, Canani L, Gross J, Valenti A, Sartori C, Dutra O, Azevedo E, Azevedo A, Vaz R, Vaz H, da Costa F, da Costa L, Panarotto D, Lain F, Camazzola F, Dellomea B, Rech R, Pizzato P, Nunes C, Jaeger C, Silveira D, Wagner L, Machado L, Rea R, de Bem A, Alves J, Jonasson T, Malucelli F, Betti R, Lerario A, Lisboa H, Bem J, Tres G, Tavares C, Nardi A, Pozzatto M, Backes L, Reolao J, Scariot E, Ziguer E, Baldissera D, Griz L, Antunes D, Victor F, Freire K, Barros A, Costi B, Sa M, Carneiro A, Felicio J, Felicio K, Penha P, Ferreira J, Melo F, Alves A, Souza A, Costa L, Pinheiro D, Turatti L, Augusto G, Leanca C, Santomauro A, Forti A, Sena R, Marinho A, Facanha C, de Souza K, de Souza A, de Queiroz W, Leite S, Vieira S, Gubert L, Olsen A, Piazzetta G, Fuck A, Ferreira M, Fortes J, Brandao T, Alves F, Radice E, dos Santos J, de Almeida R, Franco D, Saporito W, Eliaschewitz F, de Siqueira K, Bona R, Genestreti P, de Castro D, Visconti G, Sampaio C, Palhares F, Konigsfeld H, Alves E, Feder C, Leao B, Saraiva J, Rodovalho S, Costa M, Pires N, Figueiredo E, Werner G, Garcia J, de Paiva I, Quirino B, Botelho R, da Silva R, Navarro A, Lourenco C, Pereira A, Arantes F, Boner D, Saad J, Falchetto E, Washizu E, Mandil A, Pimenta N, Tofani F, Fonseca T, Teixeira L, Maia L, Lemos M, Mouco O, Nakazone M, Weiand L, Bohn J, Hissa M, Araripe F, Carvalho F, Cancado G, Wang R, Chacra A, Fusaro A, de Mendonca E, Cercato C, Halpern A, Alves B, Braile M, Sestito R, Mustafa E, Ferreira V, Sbardellini B, de Almeida P, Guimaraes F, Piedade M, Bienert I, Braga J, Daher R, Hirakawa T, Terra E, Farias E, Figueiredo M, Lima L, Moraes K, Avelino I, Flato U, Plavnik F, Portes E, Moreira M, Vendramini M, Veloso R, Padilha M, Rodrigues A, Adam R, Santos S, Sayeg N, Guerrero D, Madeira M, Siqueira J, Pinheiro R, Villacorta A, Mellazi A, Braga T, Kaiser S, Paolino B, Lefterov I, Marinchev A, Angelova S, Klyuchkova N, Lybomirova Z, Kerekovski Y, Kuneva T, Penkova D, Levterov G, Videnova E, Georgieva P, Shinkov A, Borissova A, Vlahov J, Dakovska-Dekova L, Lucheva M, Luchev P, Temelkova M, Borisova K, Tsenov S, Andreeva V, Margaritov V, Arasheva G, Lozanov L, Borisov R, Gorcheva D, Henein S, Whatley S, Boutros M, Kalyniuk N, Berlingieri J, Nisker W, Hoag G, Hepburn D, Harvey M, Manjoo P, Yale J, Sherman M, Tsoukas M, Rehman W, Mason M, Santerre M, De Kock J, Barkhuizen F, Rooke C, Gill C, Kooy J, Burgoyne G, de Kock J, Degen G, Hockman L, Invik R, Roberts P, Ward K, Alasaad H, Susan A, Davies V, Gupta N, Milhalidis J, Grossman L, Agawal N, Yared Z, Rwaheed, Nouhad S, Nahla A, Khandwala H, Warwick A, Wadehra D, Manan A, Vecchiarelli J, Aslam N, Ferrao A, St-Maurice F, Collette R, Davey B, Nawaz S, Coutu B, Costi P, Greiss I, Mansour F, Raymond J, St-Phard W, Nadra I, Della Siega A, Barahona L, Klinke P, Contractor H, Fryer M, Chandra N, Conti B, Telzer L, Sorensen S, Lounsbury N, Martin E, Mitchell L, Pelzer E, Nelson S, Jones M, Cox J, Luco G, Trhoughton T, Labonte R, Chouinard G, Frechette A, Rheaume M, Cusson J, Faucher J, Dery V, Kelly A, Miranda B, Al-Kayssi N, Malette P, Rheault P, Fredette P, Dumas R, Palardy J, Belanger A, Boucher P, Doyon B, Charbonneau J, Bailey G, Odendaal M, Stephan K, Badenhorst J, Knight D, Thurgood A, Johnston M, Cooper-Rosen E, Jagger R, Green M, Weisnagel S, Gangloff A, Bergeron J, Pesant Y, Chevalier P, Woo V, Hurd C, Ruckert G, Lira J, Navarro G, Venegas M, Gonzalez P, Montecinos H, Vidal G, Fernandez M, Varas J, Fernandez C, Aguilar J, Marin R, Kindel C, Yovaniniz P, Gherman O, Aravena M, Carvajal J, Macias E, Corrado P, Lazcano M, Garrido B, Charme G, Carrasco J, Vignolo P, Saavedra S, Gajardo V, Saavedra C, Santamaria D, del Castillo B, Balda I, Zurvarra V, Fu G, Jiang D, Huang H, Wang M, Song J, Lu W, Lin Y, Lu Z, Shi Y, Zhong M, Zhao X, Chen D, Zhang G, He Y, Shi P, Chu K, Gao Q, Deng W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu E, Xie Y, Lin R, Tan W, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Ren J, Yu H, Luo M, Ma W, Shi W, Xu H, Xu M, Liu G, Dong Y, Bai B, Guo R, Liu X, Gao Y, Li S, Xu X, Liu P, Dong X, Wang S, Fu F, Jiang Q, Meng C, Yin X, Lu Y, Cui Y, Su G, Miao W, Wei F, Zhao Q, Li Z, Gao X, Lozno H, Prada W, Figueroa W, Ordonez A, Quintero E, Vallejo G, Contreras C, Escobar J, Alvaran J, Ortiz L, Marin M, Montoya C, Mendoza J, Manjarres J, Navarro B, Martinez G, Bonfanti A, Perci X, de la Hoz L, Arroyo J, Rendon C, Lopez J, Escobar N, Franco J, Lozano M, Zapata C, Ibarra L, Barrero A, Sarmiento A, Lozada H, Olitte M, Florez L, Munoz C, Quintero G, Correa G, Ruiz S, Dorado A, Causa A, Palma E, Morales A, Arteaga J, Beltran J, Granados M, Rubio A, Dada F, Bueno W, Rivera R, Corredor K, Romero V, Accini F, Palmera J, Ruiz G, Ortega M, Sanchez A, Lora Y, Cano J, Duque S, Thiriez S, Castano M, Giraldo P, Boljkovac Z, Grcic I, Balen M, Zukanovic S, Jeric M, Dvorscak D, Car S, Knezevic A, Herceg D, Franov B, Miskovic V, Bakula M, Hadak A, Superba M, Rubes J, Gornik I, Hamzic J, Ballek L, Sedlackova L, Hejlova J, Galatikova D, Huskova A, Zak P, Flekac M, Mraz M, Potuznik P, Palova S, Novak P, Okenka L, Matuska J, Rohac F, Vondrak K, Reichert P, Shamasna A, Skopek J, Lejskova M, Jiruska M, Lang P, Podoubsky R, Svobodova J, Cifkova R, Jozifova M, Krajcoviechova A, Wolfhart P, Sulc P, Silhova E, Cechakova M, Machova V, Balkova J, Peterka M, Votocek S, Prosecky R, Valis M, Barton P, Tomek J, Pumprla J, Axmannova M, Vitaskova R, Sincl F, Horanska P, Richter B, Malicherova E, Roderova E, Jenickova P, Winkelmann B, Finger C, Klausmann G, Milek K, Schwabe M, Weiss N, Mahlmann A, Werth S, Schmidt C, Schoell I, London M, Steidl E, Orban K, Taeschner H, Bonigut S, Schiefke I, Schwittay A, Kornmann O, Eich A, Franke S, Kis J, Szobota E, Danos P, Beke E, Grosz A, Csecsei G, Ferenczy J, Filo A, Ferencz I, Mihaly E, Baranyi T, Revesz K, Schlezak J, Harcsa E, Dombroczki Z, Kocsis I, Juhasz E, Literati-Nagy B, Kulcsar E, Bezzeg K, Kemeny V, Peterfai E, Buday B, Keltai K, Balo T, Somogyi A, Nagy G, Oroszlan T, Bagosi Z, Bujtor Z, Tabak A, Ferencz V, Domjan B, Tanczer T, Palinkas A, Karolyi H, Kovacs K, Csaszar I, Palhegyi E, Engelhalter G, Horthy R, Vanko E, Szabo G, Sipos G, Szigyarto M, Sebo N, Paragh G, Zsiros N, Szentimrei R, Pal D, Kobling T, Szanto I, Varadi Z, Bajnok L, Szujo S, Nemes O, Bajnok A, Mezosi E, Bodis B, Marton Z, Konyves L, Farago M, Kiss G, Kiss O, Nagy E, Takacs R, Nyitray S, Abraham G, Fehertemplomi K, Deak L, Dezso E, Karneili E, Deeb D, Zloczower M, Mahmid R, Zolotov S, Hochberg I, Elias M, Goldstein L, Poletaev V, Rock W, Koren O, Saliba W, Wolf F, Adawi F, Nimer A, Mosenzon O, Raz I, Potekhin M, Cahn A, Yulian T, Zvulunov E, Israel H, Shpitz D, Bar-Or I, Chananashvili L, Irena L, Dessau H, Halabe A, Vishlitzky V, Nabriski D, Baraf L, Itelman M, Schiff E, Willner N, Fireman-Klein E, Svistunov V, Dotan Y, Pavlichev O, Saig L, Bashkin A, Kuyantseva E, Gershkov S, Nodelman M, Arbel Y, Bogomolny N, Leshem-Rubinow E, Rofe M, Chorin E, Havkuk O, Wainstein J, Feldman D, Fujino Y, Kitamura H, Toriumi Y, Ishiguro H, Naganuma T, Shu S, Suzuki K, Hirota Y, Hayashi T, Hozawa K, Fukui T, Abe Y, Yamauchi K, Maruyama M, Matsumura S, Kozuma R, Nagai Y, Kihara Y, Maeda H, Nakanishi K, Iitsuka T, Hatori M, Shinozaki Y, Akiyama D, Kawabe M, Takei M, Sato A, Kawai Y, Kitajima K, Ide M, Sato N, Morisaki H, Nakashima K, Takayanagi H, Watanabe H, Iwahashi N, Tsujimoto M, Hibuse K, Hata T, Ueno K, Tatsuma H, Wakida Y, Ito T, Mizuno R, Fujita H, Konishi N, Kanehira T, Watanabe R, Miyaoka H, Okada T, Yamamoto M, Okita S, Murakami H, Todo Y, Umeoka F, Hori K, Shiraishi K, Tada F, Shimizu T, Tamai J, Sasaki C, Okuzima Y, Yasuda M, Iwaita Y, Tanaka K, Rha S, Na J, Cho D, Cho Y, Hwang E, Choi T, Won K, Kim H, Kim S, Oh D, Lee J, Choi H, Chung H, Park H, Suh Y, Kim Y, Kim N, Kim K, An J, Kim J, Park K, Kwak S, Kim M, Hwangbo Y, Lee D, Hong A, Kim L, Oh C, Moon S, Jung C, Jin J, Hyun B, Yang Y, Kong S, Yoon K, Yang H, Hong T, Oh J, Park J, Lee H, Choi J, Ahn J, Han S, Park W, Jo S, Suh S, An W, Park M, Lee S, Kim D, Jin H, Seo J, Chung C, Lim J, Huh J, Park I, Yu S, Sim N, Khan S, Albakari N, Sivaraman J, Manaf K, Maharuddin I, Nagendram S, Ali N, Abdul Latiff N, Othman N, Sarip S, Chew E, Mohamed S, Aziz N, Hui K, Lin L, Velaiutham S, Khir A, Lee L, Manikam S, Chooi K, Chang M, Ooi C, Anthony J, Seganathirajah M, Ng O, Ismail N, Cheah C, Ramanathan G, Mui N, Wen F, Choo T, Bin Ruhani A, Jamaludin S, Abidin S, Nor F, Abu Hassan M, Hanari N, Ahmad N, Suan M, Zainul N, Ali S, Sridhar G, Han C, Chin A, Vin L, Kadir K, Zain A, Hussain N, Pusparajah P, Lozano F, Gomez A, Zaccari E, Vigil A, Preciado C, de Leon M, Parra M, Cervantes A, Aguirre E, Orozco E, Gonzalez S, Elizondo R, Flores E, Guerrero M, Flores F, Sanchez J, Perez F, Rodriguez J, Martinez L, Marquez D, Gutierrez B, Flores M, Real M, Campos P, Garcia P, Rios M, Romero E, Perez Z, Tarabay C, Munoz L, Farias J, Gonzalez J, Palestino N, Sanchez L, Carrillo G, Ordonez N, Pech C, Andrade M, Euan J, Ortegon M, Garcia S, Orozco J, Vazquez H, Herrera R, Perez E, Arango A, Ibarra M, Gonzales L, Esperano J, Quintana L, Salazar I, Ruiz L, Barron C, Ballesteros C, Cervera L, Hercilla E, Gomez H, Mesa J, Herrera P, Rodriguez M, Ochoa R, Mora E, Charles C, Silva R, Mijangos J, Diaz C, Zavala C, Baron P, Bernal A, Martinez F, Tlapale M, Ramirez E, Basila A, Munguia R, Tello M, Martinez M, Mulder H, van der Graaff P, Nawaz A, Keller I, Schoofs M, Smak-Gregoor P, Al-Windy N, Bulut S, de Jong J, Maas A, Schaardenburgh P, Imholz B, Heijster J, Hoogenberg K, Smit C, Kooy A, Huvers F, Landewe-Cleuren S, Kars M, van Moorsel D, Wolffenbuttel B, Lutgens H, Schutte E, Gansevoort R, Idzerda N, Westerink J, Weijmans M, Berg J, van Kleef M, Slob M, Jaspers N, Hovens M, Monajemi H, Kobielusz-Gembala I, Zmuda W, Adamczyk M, Konieczny M, Strzelecka-Sosik A, Nowacka E, Krzyzagorska E, Sekulska M, CzajkowskaKaczmarek E, Kaczmarek B, Opawska K, Dabrowska M, Kus W, Wrzesien-Kus A, Piotrowski G, Hotlos L, Ocicka-Kozakiewicz A, Jurowiecki J, Stasinska T, Karczewicz-Janowska J, Jaruga J, ZytkiewiczJaruga D, Krupinska E, Pupek-Musialik D, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Skrypnik D, Skokowska E, Bojarska-Los M, Giermkowska-Samek M, Pirog M, Wojnowski L, Jelinska A, Gradzka M, Danyluk A, Lysek R, Sliwinska T, Podrazka-Szczepaniak A, Barney M, Tomczyk A, Necki M, Malicka J, Dudzinska M, KiszczakBochynska E, Markiewicz A, Galbas K, Paciorkowski A, Mazur S, Mazur M, Chmielowski A, Swiatek A, Sobocka B, Wis J, Jozefowska M, Kaczmarek M, Timler M, Cieplucha Z, Lazuka L, Lazuka N, Wittek A, Spyra J, Jasiel-Wojculewicz H, Stefanski A, Wierucki L, Hanczuk A, Misiura M, Szmygel K, Kolcowa O, Orlowska-Kunikowska E, Rutkowski M, Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska A, Popenda G, Maciejewska J, Mostowy A, WojteckaGrabka M, Grazyna M, Wieslaw K, Barbara K, Kramarczuk E, Wojciech C, Jaroslaw H, Ewa B, Karas P, Agnieszka S, Hanna C, Justyna S, Piotr K, Wozniak I, Mateusz W, Katarzyna W, Jacek F, Andrzej J, Cymerman K, Gmytrasiewicz M, Zambrzycki J, Krysiak-Kowaluk H, Klodawska K, Klszczewski Z, Zieleniewski J, Opadczuk P, Urbanska K, Faran-Grabowska K, Szczepanik T, Siegel A, Kleczek A, Kincel K, Nowak D, Slowik-Gomulka L, Watemborska-Matuszyk G, Lampart J, Strozik-Krecichwost A, Dziewit T, Broncel M, Wojcik-Odyniec J, Jakubczyk E, Wierzbicka K, Witowicz A, Jedrych B, Korczyk P, Socik-Pojawa M, Monteiro P, Monteiro S, Mendes P, Soares F, Mendes S, Leite L, Vicente J, Santos M, Ferreira A, Alves P, Rosario F, Garrao A, Duarte L, Rogado C, Duarte R, Laginha T, Matos P, Raposo J, Mariz J, Teixeira J, Capela C, Leitao A, Cardiga R, Alface M, Augusto S, Basto L, Cunha A, Rei D, Dantas J, Verdasca I, Andrade L, Silva A, Suarez M, Dias V, Silva J, Pereira N, Goncalves M, Goncalves A, Silveira A, Sampaio A, Dias A, Diogo M, Vilaca C, Cif A, Calin T, Elena S, Crisan C, Adina S, Ramona S, Anghel V, Simona C, Turcu L, Mihaela V, Cosma D, Cristina H, Marius-Calin H, Negrisanu G, Andreea-Andrada M, Maria-Mihaela V, Camelia T, Oana P, Monia A, Onaca A, Mircea O, Mot A, Stolea V, Elena N, Barbonta D, Cristian B, Oana S, Popescu A, Madalina M, Coman A, Anca C, Constantinescu S, Mircea C, Diaconu-Sotropa M, Ene D, Pintilei E, Mihai G, Delia R, Toarba I, Simona H, Negru D, Flaminzeanu F, Iulian C, Maria-Cristina C, Doros R, Cleo S, Sorin B, Demian L, Mihai S, Raul B, Ioana A, Nicolau A, Cosmin P, Isabela G, Elena C, Ileana T, Valuyskikh E, Miroshnichenko E, Klementyeva N, Zelman O, Chumakova G, Vigel A, Leonova N, Pergaeva Y, Stefanovskaya O, Pushkareva S, Antoshkina L, Zheleznova N, Iveitsman, Barbarash O, Zvereva T, Zhuravleva E, Zavyrylina I, Usoltceva E, Savostyanova Y, Kupriyanova T, Krivoshapova K, Kondyukova N, Inozemceva A, Argunova Y, Tsyba L, Belenky D, Mariich O, Terekhova A, Tsygankova O, Kuznetsova E, Nagibovich G, Ivchenko Y, Dobronravov V, Dobronravov A, Bush M, Trofimenko I, Vishnevsky A, Zikov V, Kositsyn D, Palzman Z, Spiridonova T, Rodina N, Polozhentsev S, Mamedova L, Panov A, Abesadze I, Alugishvili M, Ivashkin V, Drapkina O, Korneeva O, Zyatenkova E, Glinkina I, Poluboyarinova I, Gurova O, Raykhman A, Vertkin A, Rodykova I, Shamaeva K, Petrovskaya T, Uzueva E, Milovanov Y, Milovanova S, Milovanova L, Markina M, Dobrosmyslov I, Markov V, Afanasiev S, Babich E, Belokopytova N, Demyanov S, Maximov A, Maximov I, Rebrova T, Shtatolkina M, Masin A, Demko A, Chuyko O, Pronina A, Charf G, Akatova E, Urlaeva I, Nikolin O, Khovaeva Y, Ermachkova L, Burdina E, Shvalb P, Suchkov I, Pshennikov A, Gryaznov S, Rymar O, Dolinskaya Y, Bahareva Y, Mustafina S, Sherbakova L, Ovsyannikova A, Bolshakova O, Polunicheva E, Dora S, Agafyina A, Yashina A, Vasilieva I, Yakhontova P, Selivanova S, Kargapoltseva O, Shilina N, Bayramova G, Sorokin I, Astamirova K, Kuchuk P, Koniushenko D, Malykh N, Dvorkin M, Krovelets T, Konovalova K, Seeber M, van Niekerk F, Siebert H, Steenkamp W, Wiid S, Noeth M, Siebert R, Breedt J, Bouwer J, Kapp C, Venter T, Rayner B, Trinder Y, Rheeder P, 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Satyavolu S, Dev D, Yalamanchili H, Sumeyye C, Fernandes H, Chaleff F, Jancko M, Trenche S, Kaplan W, Wilcox S, Goisse M, Rua M, Black J, Chapman K, Suh D, Yan L, Song D, Chanara S, Houchin V, McKeinness A, Sotolongo R, Gutierrez K, Miranda-Palma B, Solano M, Jain M, Needell J, Banerjee A, Jarratt M, Hantel S, Lees K, Welty F, Freedman S, Parhofer K, Birkeland K, McGill J, Tijssen J, Clemmensen P, Pehrson S, Grande P, Januzzi J, Wood M, Petrie M, Sairanen T, Tatlisumak T, Soinne L, Kase C, Turan T, Mann J, Agarwal R, Fogarty D, Navaneethan S, Srinivas T, Forsmark C, Frossard J, Gelrud A, Mayerle J, Lee R, Heist R, Sullivan R, Buchbinder E, Chodak G, Edelman M, Thompson V, Coles A, and CARMELINA Investigators
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cardiovascular disease ,type 2 diabetes mellitus ,heart failure ,chronic kidney diseases - Abstract
Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for heart failure (HF), particularly those with coexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Some but not all dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have been associated with increased HF risk. We performed secondary analyses of HF and related outcomes with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin versus placebo in CARMELINA (The Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin), a cardiovascular outcomes trial that enrolled participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Methods: Participants in 27 countries with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease were randomized 1:1 to receive once daily oral linagliptin 5 mg or placebo, on top of standard of care. All hospitalization for HF (hHF), cardiovascular outcomes, and deaths were prospectively captured and centrally adjudicated. In prespecified and post hoc analyses of HF and related events, Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for region and baseline history of HF were used. Recurrent hHF events were analyzed using a negative binomial model. In a subset of participants with left ventricular ejection fraction captured within the year before randomization, HF-related outcomes were assessed in subgroups stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction > or 50%. Results: CARMELINA enrolled 6979 participants (mean age, 65.9 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73m(2); hemoglobin A1c, 8.0%; 62.9% men; diabetes mellitus duration, 14.8 years), including 1873 (26.8%) with a history of HF at baseline. Median follow-up was 2.2 years. Linagliptin versus placebo did not affect the incidence of hHF (209/3494 [6.0%] versus 226/3485 [6.5%], respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.74-1.08), the composite of cardiovascular death/hHF (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.82-1.08), or risk for recurrent hHF events (326 versus 359 events, respectively; rate ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.20). There was no heterogeneity of linagliptin effects on hHF by history of HF at baseline, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate or urine albumin-creatinine ratio, or prerandomization left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusions: In a large, international cardiovascular outcome trial in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease, linagliptin did not affect the risk of hHF or other selected HF-related outcomes, including among participants with and without a history of HF, across the spectrum of kidney disease, and independent of previous left ventricular ejection fraction. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01897532.
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- 2019
3. Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk The CARMELINA Randomized Clinical Trial
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Feldman D, Fujino Y, Kitamura H, Toriumi Y, Ishiguro H, Naganuma T, Shu S, Suzuki K, Hirota Y, Hayashi T, Hozawa K, Fukui T, Abe Y, Yamauchi K, Maruyama M, Matsumura S, Kozuma R, Nagai Y, Kihara Y, Maeda H, Nakanishi K, Iitsuka T, Hatori M, Shinozaki Y, Akiyama D, Kawabe M, Takei M, Sato A, Kawai Y, Kitajima K, Ide M, Sato N, Morisaki H, Nakashima K, Takayanagi H, Watanabe H, Iwahashi N, Tsujimoto M, Hibuse K, Hata T, Ueno K, Tatsuma H, Wakida Y, Ito T, Mizuno R, Fujita H, Konishi N, Kanehira T, Watanabe R, Miyaoka H, Okada T, Yamamoto M, Okita S, Murakami H, Todo Y, Umeoka F, Hori K, Shiraishi K, Tada F, Shimizu T, Tamai J, Sasaki C, Okuzima Y, Yasuda M, Iwaita Y, Tanaka K, Rha S, Na J, Cho D, Cho Y, Hwang E, Choi T, Won K, Kim H, Kim S, Oh D, Lee J, Choi H, Chung H, Park H, Suh Y, Kim Y, Kim N, Kim K, An J, Kim J, Park K, Kwak S, Kim M, Hwangbo Y, Lee D, Hong A, Kim L, Oh C, Moon S, Jung C, Jin J, Hyun B, Yang Y, Kong S, Yoon K, Yang H, Hong T, Oh J, Park J, Lee H, Choi J, Ahn J, Han 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L, Ocicka-Kozakiewicz A, Jurowiecki J, Stasinska T, Karczewicz-Janowska J, Jaruga J, ZytkiewiczJaruga D, Krupinska E, Pupek-Musialik D, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Skrypnik D, Skokowska E, Bojarska-Los M, Giermkowska-Samek M, Pirog M, Wojnowski L, Jelinska A, Gradzka M, Danyluk A, Lysek R, Sliwinska T, Podrazka-Szczepaniak A, Barney M, Tomczyk A, Necki M, Malicka J, Dudzinska M, KiszczakBochynska E, Markiewicz A, Galbas K, Paciorkowski A, Mazur S, Mazur M, Chmielowski A, Swiatek A, Sobocka B, Wis J, Jozefowska M, Kaczmarek M, Timler M, Cieplucha Z, Lazuka L, Lazuka N, Wittek A, Spyra J, Jasiel-Wojculewicz H, Stefanski A, Wierucki L, Hanczuk A, Misiura M, Szmygel K, Kolcowa O, Orlowska-Kunikowska E, Rutkowski M, Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska A, Popenda G, Maciejewska J, Mostowy A, WojteckaGrabka M, Grazyna M, Wieslaw K, Barbara K, Kramarczuk E, Wojciech C, Jaroslaw H, Ewa B, Karas P, Agnieszka S, Hanna C, Justyna S, Piotr K, Wozniak I, Mateusz W, Katarzyna W, Jacek F, Andrzej J, Cymerman K, Gmytrasiewicz M, Zambrzycki J, Krysiak-Kowaluk H, Klodawska K, Klszczewski Z, Zieleniewski J, Opadczuk P, Urbanska K, Faran-Grabowska K, Szczepanik T, Siegel A, Kleczek A, Kincel K, Nowak D, Slowik-Gomulka L, Watemborska-Matuszyk G, Lampart J, Strozik-Krecichwost A, Dziewit T, Broncel M, Wojcik-Odyniec J, Jakubczyk E, Wierzbicka K, Witowicz A, Jedrych B, Korczyk P, Socik-Pojawa M, Monteiro P, Monteiro S, Mendes P, Soares F, Mendes S, Leite L, Vicente J, Santos M, Ferreira A, Alves P, Rosario F, Garrao A, Duarte L, Rogado C, Duarte R, Laginha T, Matos P, Raposo J, Mariz J, Teixeira J, Capela C, Leitao A, Cardiga R, Alface M, Augusto S, Basto L, Cunha A, Rei D, Dantas J, Verdasca I, Andrade L, Silva A, Suarez M, Dias V, Silva J, Pereira N, Goncalves M, Goncalves A, Silveira A, Sampaio A, Dias A, Diogo M, Vilaca C, Cif A, Calin T, Elena S, Crisan C, Adina S, Ramona S, Anghel V, Simona C, Turcu L, Mihaela V, Cosma D, Cristina H, Marius-Calin H, Negrisanu G, Andreea-Andrada M, Maria-Mihaela V, Camelia T, Oana P, Monia A, Onaca A, Mircea O, Mot A, Stolea V, Elena N, Barbonta D, Cristian B, Oana S, Popescu A, Madalina M, Coman A, Anca C, Constantinescu S, Mircea C, Diaconu-Sotropa M, Ene D, Pintilei E, Mihai G, Delia R, Toarba I, Simona H, Negru D, Flaminzeanu F, Iulian C, Maria-Cristina C, Doros R, Cleo S, Sorin B, Demian L, Mihai S, Raul B, Ioana A, Nicolau A, Cosmin P, Isabela G, Elena C, Ileana T, Valuyskikh E, Miroshnichenko E, Klementyeva N, Zelman O, Chumakova G, Vigel A, Leonova N, Pergaeva Y, Stefanovskaya O, Pushkareva S, Antoshkina L, Zheleznova N, Iveitsman, Barbarash O, Zvereva T, Zhuravleva E, Zavyrylina I, Usoltceva E, Savostyanova Y, Kupriyanova T, Krivoshapova K, Kondyukova N, Inozemceva A, Argunova Y, Tsyba L, Belenky D, Mariich O, Terekhova A, Tsygankova O, Kuznetsova E, Nagibovich G, Ivchenko Y, Dobronravov V, Dobronravov A, Bush M, Trofimenko I, Vishnevsky A, Zikov V, Kositsyn D, Palzman Z, Spiridonova T, Rodina N, Polozhentsev S, Mamedova L, Panov A, Abesadze I, Alugishvili M, Ivashkin V, Drapkina O, Korneeva O, Zyatenkova E, Glinkina I, Poluboyarinova I, Gurova O, Raykhman A, Vertkin A, Rodykova I, Shamaeva K, Petrovskaya T, Uzueva E, Milovanov Y, Milovanova S, Milovanova L, Markina M, Dobrosmyslov I, Markov V, Afanasiev S, Babich E, Belokopytova N, Demyanov S, Maximov A, Maximov I, Rebrova T, Shtatolkina M, Masin A, Demko A, Chuyko O, Pronina A, Charf G, Akatova E, Urlaeva I, Nikolin O, Khovaeva Y, Ermachkova L, Burdina E, Shvalb P, Suchkov I, Pshennikov A, Gryaznov S, Rymar O, Dolinskaya Y, Bahareva Y, Mustafina S, Sherbakova L, Ovsyannikova A, Bolshakova O, Polunicheva E, Dora S, Agafyina A, Yashina A, Vasilieva I, Yakhontova P, Selivanova S, Kargapoltseva O, Shilina N, Bayramova G, Sorokin I, Astamirova K, Kuchuk P, Koniushenko D, Malykh N, Dvorkin M, Krovelets T, Konovalova K, Seeber M, van Niekerk F, Siebert H, Steenkamp W, Wiid S, Noeth M, Siebert R, Breedt J, Bouwer J, Kapp C, Venter T, Rayner B, Trinder Y, Rheeder P, Delport E, Mathijs S, Soma P, van Zyl D, Strydom M, Marais A, Badat A, Hansa S, Fourie D, Walton T, Engelbrecht J, Jansen J, Roos J, du Toit S, Lehloenya K, van Zyl L, van Zyl F, Naude M, Mookadam M, van der Merwe A, Trokis J, Lombard L, Coetzee K, Ismail S, Bruning H, Latiff G, Yasmin O, Pillay T, Mohamed Z, Dawood S, Stapelberg A, Abrahams P, Jurgens J, van Heerden P, Swart E, Botha C, Meeding J, Hemus A, Oosthuysen W, Visagie G, Fourie N, Hutton P, van der Merwe N, Chelin N, Everton T, Duki M, Ghila N, Joshi M, Hira M, Madueno F, Martinez B, Sebastian N, Mercadal L, Isbert S, Gonzalez I, Asencio J, Figueras M, Rivas M, Garcia H, Fusalba A, Geat D, Cambra G, Sastre J, Castro F, Mas A, Portillo C, Serrano I, Hernandez S, Fajardo F, Juan C, Ferrer J, Peralta F, Padin C, Mauricio D, Madorell B, San Miguel F, Pedrol N, Trescoli C, Montanana C, Gonzalo M, Capellan J, Estrella A, Martinez C, Montesinos I, Loscos A, Coronado J, Perez J, Castillo B, Alonso C, Quesada V, Teruel J, Perez S, Lama M, del Rio E, Zlova T, Ponomarenko K, Karpenko O, Bezuglova S, Mitskevych L, Kizim S, Nevolina I, Katerenchuk V, Liudmyla B, Ivan K, Rudyk I, Olena M, Anna I, Ganna B, Topchii I, Semenovykh P, Yulia Y, Mykhalchyshyn G, Kirienko D, Kobiliak N, Bodnar, Mykhalchyshyn, Pertseva N, Olena G, Tomashkevych H, Korpachev V, Prybyla O, Kovalchuk A, Kushnarova N, Zinych O, Tseluyko V, Andriy Z, Olga R, Mankovskyy B, Zherdova N, Lykhoshapko O, Logoida P, Godlevska O, Olena V, Olga C, Gyrina O, Alifer O, Dozhuk K, Pekhenko V, Gorobets N, Korneichuk A, Makarenko E, Martynyuk L, Martynuyk O, Stanislavchuk M, Larysa P, Natalia S, Botsyurko V, Kostitska I, Dzeman O, Ablitsov Y, Ivaseiko S, Konovart O, Sandurska S, Vendzilovych Y, Samoylov O, Iryna C, Rozhkivska L, Ulyanchenko I, Kateryna V, Orlenko V, Ivaskina K, Tronko M, Tronko K, Pashkovska N, Stankova N, Vynnychenko L, Bolotnikova N, Demokhova N, Reshotko D, Popova A, Dr Bogdana, Tetiana S, Svitlana D, Oksana R, Vlasenko M, Litvinova S, Semenyuk I, Fishchuk O, Mostovoy Y, Tkachenko T, Ovcharuk M, Rasputina L, Vakaliuk I, Tymochko N, Drapchak I, Petrovska L, Lai W, Yen H, Voon W, Lin T, Cheng K, Chiu C, Chu C, Hsu P, Chiang C, Li Y, Kuo C, Lin S, Chao T, Yu W, Sung S, Wang K, Lu T, Shih K, Wu C, Chiang F, Hwang J, Tsai C, Juang J, Jeng J, Tang S, Lai C, Cheng C, Hsieh I, Hsieh M, Chen C, Lee C, Pai P, Ko P, Wang T, Chen T, Wu H, Chang S, Chen K, Hsieh L, Chou C, Jiang J, Lee M, Huang J, Chen J, Chiu K, Tsai L, Chen P, Saxena M, Collier D, Vaidya B, Harman S, Ramell M, Davies M, Chatterjee S, Meakin L, Quinn M, Bain S, Mallipedhi A, Min T, Bashir J, Blagden M, Ali J, McCrimmon R, Brennan G, Malcolm E, McDonald D, Pearson E, Illsley G, Darzy K, Winocour P, Hanif W, Cockwell P, Charlton M, Thekkepat S, Howat I, Devers M, Patrick J, Wyatt N, Smith C, Singh B, Nicholas J, Gillani S, Green F, Bell E, Boyle J, MacKin S, Livingstone R, Arif A, Syed M, Hammoud J, Sparks J, Anderson M, Tumey R, Condit J, Reddy M, Abalos-Galito M, Rebecca J, Barker T, Seaton B, Campbell E, Kompanik H, Jayson L, Huffman C, Bialow M, McDonnell G, McCaffrey J, Manis C, DeLuca E, Levins J, Bartlett M, Anorga K, Franco M, Gentry P, Hodge D, Pohil R, Rschultz, Leggett R, Blair L, Gisler J, Niegos F, Osburn M, Parma K, Schendel S, Stines L, Winnie M, Wu P, Canales J, Yu J, Cornett G, Beavins J, Hyde D, Zapinski D, Johnson T, Levinson D, Ahmed A, Kenny B, Kuehl A, Bates C, Jantzi C, Ananthula P, Shafer J, Louthan J, Bays A, Stapleton A, Staton P, Strum D, Taylor P, Smith A, Rapp R, Bao S, Randolph C, MacGillivray B, Schuster R, Harden T, Barnella C, Dunnam T, Whiles R, Bolick C, Brockmyre A, Plucker S, Marshall C, Poteet C, Morin D, Tavel E, Averill N, McFann A, Purcell D, Dixon T, Corey E, Goss J, Drescher R, Irfan M, Naeem M, Egelhof R, Mehta P, Koehler T, Walia J, Fernandez J, Bedel G, Preet R, Bhuchar S, Ahmed F, Onyema D, Benchabbat A, Kohanbash L, Miller P, Lalinde M, Carrithers E, Patterson R, Raube-Miceli A, Martinez A, 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Colfer H, Kane L, Teklinski A, Gadowski G, Levanovich P, Saba F, Confident L, Hossain S, Steinberg B, Philippe B, Choroenthkongtrakal S, Boccalano F, Anand R, Syam V, Manohar A, Suresh P, Madhusudhan P, Patel P, Cambier P, Klonaris J, Cheng W, Fisher S, Schelle M, Reese L, McLean S, Poock J, Hoens J, Rosie A, Welshons R, Dean J, Kuhlman P, Luke R, Lohrbauer L, Cunningham M, Buday P, Lehmann M, Chrzanowski K, Fletcher A, Hargrove J, Harris F, Debs-Perez G, Maiquez A, Cordoves L, Georgescu M, Tayoun H, Munoz F, Ortiz D, Munoz G, Hamzeh I, Misra A, Zhang L, Forgosh L, Loria K, Roncari C, Hommerding J, Morris G, Lebron C, Blake K, LaVenture K, Lange C, Levinson L, Baungarten T, Edevante S, Shawley S, Moyer H, Elliott K, Iachini K, Rajan R, Davis C, Shattuck A, Simon W, Lakin G, Secrist N, Buth D, Steere D, Talbot K, Singh N, Mascolo R, Sloan S, Kmetzo J, Brown J, Carter L, Lawrence M, Arauz-Pacheco C, Lender D, Kozlow W, Cavanaugh L, Wilson J, Gujja P, Akhter F, Khan M, Mohammed A, Satyavolu S, Dev D, Yalamanchili H, Sumeyye C, Fernandes H, Chaleff F, Jancko M, Trenche S, Kaplan W, Wilcox S, Goisse M, Rua M, Black J, Chapman K, Suh D, Yan L, Song D, Chanara S, Houchin V, McKeinness A, Sotolongo R, Gutierrez K, Miranda-Palma B, Solano M, Jain M, Needell J, Banerjee A, Jarratt M, Hantel S, Lees K, Welty F, Freedman S, Parhofer K, Birkeland K, McGill J, Tijssen J, Clemmensen P, Pehrson S, Grande P, Januzzi J, Wood M, Petrie M, Sairanen T, Tatlisumak T, Soinne L, Kase C, Turan T, Mann J, Agarwal R, Fogarty D, Navaneethan S, Srinivas T, Forsmark C, Frossard J, Gelrud A, Mayerle J, Lee R, Heist R, Sullivan R, Buchbinder E, Chodak G, Edelman M, Thompson V, Coles A, and CARMELINA Investigators
- Abstract
IMPORTANCE Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Prior trials have demonstrated CV safety of 3 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors but have included limited numbers of patients with high CV risk and chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of linagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, on CV outcomes and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of CV and kidney events. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter noninferiority trial conducted from August 2013 to August 2016 at 605 clinic sites in 27 countries among adults with type 2 diabetes, hemoglobin A(1c) of 6.5% to 10.0%, high CV risk (history of vascular disease and urine-albumin creatinine ratio [UACR] > 200mg/g), and high renal risk (reduced eGFR and micro-or macroalbuminuria). Participants with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were excluded. Final follow-up occurred on January 18, 2018. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive linagliptin, 5 mg once daily (n = 3494), or placebo once daily (n = 3485) added to usual care. Other glucose-lowering medications or insulin could be added based on clinical need and local clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomewas time to first occurrence of the composite of CV death, nonfatalmyocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Criteria for noninferiority of linagliptin vs placebo was defined by the upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the hazard ratio (HR) of linagliptin relative to placebo being less than 1.3. Secondary outcome was time to first occurrence of adjudicated death due to renal failure, ESRD, or sustained 40% or higher decrease in eGFR from baseline. RESULTS Of 6991 enrollees, 6979 (mean age, 65.9 years; eGFR, 54.6 mL/min/1.73m2; 80.1% with UACR > 30mg/g) received at least 1 dose of study medication and 98.7% completed the study. During a median follow-up of 2.2 years, the primary outcome occurred in 434 of 3494 (12.4%) and 420 of 3485 (12.1%) in the linagliptin and placebo groups, respectively, (absolute incidence rate difference, 0.13 [95% CI,-0.63 to 0.90] per 100 person-years) (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89-1.17; P
- Published
- 2019
4. Haptoglobin phenotype and diabetic nephropathy
- Author
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Nakhoul, F. M., Zoabi, R., Kanter, Y., Zoabi, M., Skorecki, K., Hochberg, I., Leibu, R., Miller, B., and Levy, A. P.
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- 2001
- Full Text
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5. Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
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Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, Marso SP, Poulter NR, Rasmussen S, Tornøe K, Zinman B, Buse JB, LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators. 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Losa B, Majkowska D, Malecki M, Mirocka J, Misztal M, Mruk K, Musialik K, Olejniczak H, Opadczuk P, Peczynska J, Plinta M, Polaszewska-Muszynska M, Przech E, Pupek-Musialik D, Ruzga Z, Scibor Z, Sidorowicz-Bialynicka A, Siegel A, Stankiewicz A, Strzelecka-Sosik A, Swierszcz T, Szulinska M, Szymkowiak K, Trybul I, Witek P, Wozniak I, Zambrzycki J, Zarzycka-Lindner G, Zuradzka-Wajda D, Zurawska-Klis M, Ahn HY, Chin SO, Choi SH, Chon S, Han KA, Jang HC, Jeong KC, Kang SM, Kim JW, Kim HS, Kim SJ, Kim SW, Kim YS, Lee EY, Lim S, Min KW, Nam JY, Oh SJ, Park SY, Rhee SY, Shin JA, Son JI, Song YD, Woo JT, Yang HK, Yoo JS, Yoon JW, Avram R, Braicu MD, Carlan L, Catrinoiu D, Ciomos D, Ciorba A, Ghise G, Girgavu S, Guja C, Mihai D, Nicodim S, Nistor L, Pintilei DR, Pintilei E, Pletea N, Pop A, Rosu M, Savu O, Serban V, Sima A, Sitterli-Natea C, Suciu G, Szabo M, Szilagyi I, Timar B, Vlad A, Vladu IM, Alfaraj A, Dubova V, Dvoryashina I, Gaysina L, Gromova S, Gudkova K, Ivanova S, Ivashkina I, Kalashnikova M, Kazankova T, Khaykina E, Khaykina O, Kiseleva T, Komissarova E, Kononenko I, Koreneva V, Koshcheeva O, Koshel L, Kozachuk D, Kufelkina T, Kunitsyna M, Likhodey N, Lysenko T, Makarova O, Malceva A, Mikhailova S, Ogorodnikova E, Pavlikova I, Pekareva E, Postoeva A, Reshedko D, Reshedko G, Reshedko L, Rogaleva A, Rogova L, Rozanov D, Runov G, Samylina I, Semikina T, Sergeeva-Kondrachenko M, Shatskaya O, Shimokhina O, Smetanina S, Startseva M, Strelkova A, Suplotova L, Suvorova L, Sych Y, Valeeva A, Valeeva F, Venjkova T, Vinokurova V, Voychik E, Yanovskaya E, Yanovskaya M, Yarkova N, Yarygina E, Yuzhakova N, Zakharova T, Zanozina O, Zenovko A, Zhuk S, Zhukova E, Aleksic S, Bulatovic A, Buric B, Cvijovic G, Jelic MA, Jojic B, Jotic A, Kendereski A, Lalic K, Lukic L, Macesic M, Petkovic MM, Micic D, Milicic T, Popovic L, Prostran M, Rajkovic N, Seferovic J, Singh S, Stojanovic R, Stosic L, Vuksanovic M, Zamaklar M, Zivkovic TB, Zoric S, Aboo N, Albertse HW, Badat A, Basson M, Bawa E, Bester F, Blignaut S, Booysen S, Bosch FJ, Burgess L, Cassimjee S, Coetzee K, Du Bois J, Engelbrecht J, Finegan K, Gibson GJ, Hansa S, Hemus A, Immink IP, Jacovides A, Joshi P, Joshi S, Kapp C, KhoeleMachobane S, Uys Knox HJ, Kok J, Komati S, Lai E, Lakha D, Lehloenyane K, Mahomed AG, Meeding R, Moodley R, Moosa N, Nel J, Nell H, Van Niekerk FJ, Pillay N, Pretorius M, Prozesky H, Ramduth S, Roos J, Sarvan M, Seeber M, Siebert M, Somasundram P, Stavrides A, Venter N, Wadvalla S, Alcolea JO, Álvarez de Arcaya Vicente A, Pérez Arroyo MB, Romero Bobillo E, Buño MM, Carreira Arias JN, Cepero García D, Masmiquel Comas L, Coves Figueras MJ, de la Cuesta Mayor C, Feria-Carot MD, Frade Fernández AM, Ferreiro Gómez M, García García C, García Delgado E, Durán García S, Gómez Gómez LA, Soto González A, Hernán García C, Ángeles Tapia Herrero M, Jodar Gimeno E, Quevedo Juanals J, López Jiménez M, Masanes F, Marco Mur ÁL, Navarro López M, Ramis JN, Palmer AG, Calle Pascual A, Romero Pérez LG, Morales Portillo C, Prieto González S, Mezquita Raya P, Reyes García R, Vera TR, Rodríguez Castro C, Rodríguez Rodríguez I, Sacanella Meseguer E, Serrano Olmedo I, Lopez Soto A, Toba Alonso F, Aliaga Verdugo A, Vidal Cortada J, Vigil Medina L, Ackefelt-Frick E, Alfredsson H, Beling E, Benedek P, Crisby M, Dorkhan M, Drescik T, Eeg-Olofsson K, Eliasson K, Fardelin P, Fredholm A, Frid A, Gerok-Andersson K, Hjelmaeus L, Hufnagl A, Jasinska E, Kowalska E, Lafolie P, Lindquist O, Lundvall M, Melander E, Nicander C, Moris L, Tengmark BO, Saphir U, Skagerberg P, Steczkó-Nilsson C, Strandell B, Tomson Y, Chen JY, Chen YC, Chiang CY, Chou CW, Ho CW, Hsiao PJ, Hsieh MC, Hsu RS, Hsu SR, Huang CH, Hung WW, Lee MY, Lee YM, Lin CW, Lin CH, Lin KD, Lin SD, Lin SF, Liou MJ, Lu WT, Shin SJ, Sia HK, Su MH, Su SL, Sun JH, Tien KJ, Tsai DH, Tsai SS, Tu ST, Wang CC, Wang SY, Yang CY, Yen FC, Acikgoz A, Akalin S, Akin S, Akinci B, Akkurt A, Akturk M, Alkis N, Altun I, Altunbas HA, Altuntas Y, Araz M, Aribas S, Arslan E, Arslan G, Arslan M, Ataoglu EH, Ayan F, Aydin K, Aydogan BI, Ayvaz G, Bahadir MA, Balci MK, Basaran MN, Baskal N, Bugra MZ, Calan M, Cavdar U, Cetin F, Cinar N, Colbay M, Dagdelen S, Damci T, Davutoglu V, Demir M, Demir T, Deyneli O, Dincer I, Dogan B, Kanipek Doker KY, Engin I, Eraydin A, Erbas T, Erdogan MF, Ersoy C, Gedik A, Gokay F, Gul OO, Guler S, Gumus T, Gunes E, Gurler MY, Hatipoglu E, Ilkova H, Iyidir OT, Kabakci G, Karadag B, Karatemiz G, Karci AC, Kartal E, Kaya EB, Keskin C, Keskin EF, Kocabas G, Kocak F, Kol AK, Korkmaz H, Kucukler FK, Mesci BA, Oguz A, Orbay E, Oz H, Ozcan ND, Ozdem S, Ozisik S, Ozkan C, Ozsan M, Ozyazar M, Parlar H, Sargin H, Sargin M, Saygili F, Selek A, Simsek Y, Sisman P, Solmaz K, Soydas C, Tatliagac S, Tamer I, Temizkan S, Tulunay C, Tuncel E, Turker F, Unluhizarci K, Unluturk U, Uygur MM, Vatansever B, Yazici D, Yavuz DG, Yener S, Yenigun M, Yilmaz M, Abbas S, Alawadi F, Aziz AA, Bashier A, Rashid F, Abraham P, Adamson K, Atkin S, Aye M, Azam M, Barnett AH, Bellary S, Dhatariya K, Eaton M, English P, Ewing J, Furlong N, Gibson M, Green D, Herring R, Hordern V, Jaap A, Javed Z, Johnson A, Konya J, Kumar S, Lindsay R, Mackie A, McGlynn S, McKenzie J, Millward A, Murthy N, Paisey R, Pearson E, Piya M, Ramell M, Robertson D, Russell-Jones D, Saravanan P, Sathyapalan T, Shakher J, Shiels H, Sivaraman S, Smith J, Srinivas-Shankar U, Stokes J, Tracey I, Vaidya B, Yee M, Yemparala P, Walker J, Wiggins P, Williams J, Wright J, Mackinnon C, Inkster J, Zeeshan J, Bejnariu C, Malipatil N, Giritharan S, Lonnen K, Kyrou I, Aamir S, Ababa M, Abreu M, Adams D, Adams P, Aden J, Aguilar D, Aguillon A, Ahmed A, Ahmed B, Ahmed I, Akhtar A, Akright B, Akright L, Albarracin C, Albert S, Ali S, Aliuddin B, Almasmary A, Al-Maweri A, Alzohaili O, Amador W, Amine M, Amini S, Anderson M, Anderson L, Anderson R, Andrews M, Angel J, Anteer W, Anthony V, Antillon A, Anzures P, Arcon-Rios S, Arkin D, Arodak B, Aronne L, Aronoff S, Arreola 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J, Cardenas C, Carlton J, Carpio G, Carrol A, Cartwright L, Casanova G, Castaneda L, Castle M, Castro L, Catangay J, Chaidarun S, Chambers J, Chambliss T, Chandra L, Chang A, Chang S, Chappel J, Chappel C, Chappell T, Charles C, Chavira A, Chaykin L, Check E, Chee L, Cherry A, Chestnut A, Chiarot J, Chiniwala N, Chionh K, Choe J, Christiansen M, Chrzanowski S, Chuang E, Chuck L, Clyatt J, Cohan B, Cohen R, Comi R, Comulada-Rivera A, Conner K, Connor G, Contreras R, Cook K, Cook R, Corder C, Cornejo B Sr, Cornette L, Cortes G, Cortez L, Cox C, Cox G, Craig W, Cramer B, Cromer C, Cromer M, Cuddihy R, Culmer D, Curran H, Curran M, Dadis C, Dagogo-Jack S, Dairywala I, D'Alessio D, Damberg G, Dang A, Daniel K, Davidson M, Dean J, DeBold R, Deitz P, Del M, Delaney D, Delgado E, DeMicco M, DeMuro MA, DeSalle D, Desouza C, Devireddy K, DeVries B, Dezube M, Diab I, Diesburg-Stanwood A, Dilliard J, Dilling J, Diner J, Dishongh K, Dodis R, Doing C, Doll W, Donoho A, Donovan D, Doremus N, Dorfman S, Doshi P, Dostou J, Douglas D, Douglass S, Dowell M, Drazich E, Driver E, Du H, DuBose R III, Duclos M, Dunn K, Dunnam T, Durham N, Dye L, Eagerton D, Ebenibo S, Edeoga C, Edwards G, Ekwensi J, El Asmar I, El Sayad N, Eliopoulos C, Elkosseifi M, Elmer R, Elmore M, Elson D, ElZein L, Emmert L, Erbe L, Estes S, Estrada L, Estrada A, Eveleigh T, Everhart B, Faas F, Faircloth C, Farmer M, Fehr K, Ferguson T, Fernandes J, Ferree K, Ferrington B, Fitzhugh M, Fitzsimmons R, Flanders D, Flores M, Flores E, Flores J, Florida C, Flynn J, Folmar P, Forbes R, Ford W, Fowler M, Fraker A, Francis S, Franco-Cotto E, Fratila C, Fuentes M, Galagan R, Galloway A, Garcia M, Garcia R, Garriott M, Garza J, Gass N, Gates S, Geary M, Geiger K, Geishauser J, Giglio A, Gilbert M, Godwin S, Goetter B, Goley A, Golici L, Gomori E, Gonzales J, Gore A, Gorman T, Gosmanova A, Goswami K, Gotham A, Govoni J, Graddick S, Grant T, Greca A, Green C, Greenbaum K, Greenwald J, Grover D, Grunberger G, Guice M, Guirao D, Gunna V, Guseva N, Ha T, Hagan A, Hager S, Haggag A, Haggar M, Hamilton M, Hamlet P, Hammond J, Hansen A, Harrell W, Harris E, Harris K, Harris M, Harrison L, Hartman I, Hatch A, Hayes D, Hayes M, Heath J, Heineman R, Heinzman A, Hendrick M, Herbst R, Hermayer K, Hibbard J, Hill WD, Hilliard B, Hix M, Hoch B, Hollander P, Holmes Z, Horobetz C, Horowitz R, Hsieh P, Hsieh S, Htun W, Huang J, Huber C, Hudson T, Huizar S, Hull B, Hull J, Hummer K, Hundal R, Hunt G, Hunt V, Hutchinson P, Hwang J, Iannamorelli A, Iannuzzi L, Ingram M, Iram N, Ismail-Beigi F, Jabbour S, Jackson T, Jaen L, Jain V, Jannesari R, Januski V, Japa U, Jarvis K, Jayson L, Jensen R, Jester D, Jocko C, Johnson C, Johnson M, Johnston K, Jones D, Jones J, Jordan T, Juarez M, Kaapuraala A, Kain A, Kaiser V, Kamradt K, Karatoprakli P, Karegar M, Karounos C, Karounos D, Karunaratne H, Katalenich B, Katic K, Katz M, Kaur G, Kawa A, Keib C, Keider G, Kem D, Kennedy R, Kenney B, Kereiakes D, Ketana M, Kettinger L, Khaira A, 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C, Wise J, Witte M, Wittenmyer J, Wood C, Wood R, Woodruff C, Worthington B, Wynn D, Wysham C, Xavier P, Yela S, Yenoby L, Young L, Younus N, Yourell V, Zaid M, Zubair I., Mann, Jfe, Ørsted, Dd, Brown-Frandsen, K, Marso, Sp, Poulter, Nr, Rasmussen, S, Tornøe, K, Zinman, B, Buse, Jb, Bergenstal R, LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators., Daniels, G, Moses, Ac, Nauck, M, Nissen, S, Pocock, S, Steinberg, W, Stockner, M, Kristensen, P, Ravn, L, Zychma, M, Flyvbjerg, A, Ford, I, Kloos, Rt, Schactman, Mj, Sleight, P, Swedberg, K, Tenner, Sm, Akalın, S, Arechavaleta, R, Bain, S, Babkowski, Mc, Benroubi, M, Berard, L, Comlekci, A, Czupryniak, L, Eliasson, B, Eriksson, M, Fonseca, V, Franek, E, Gross, J, Hafidh, K, Haluzik, M, Hayes, F, Huang, Yy, Jacob, S, Kaddaha, G, Khalil, A, Kilhovd, B, Laakso, M, Leiter, L, Lalic, N, Ji, L, Luedemann, J, Mannucci, E, Marre, M, Masmiquel, L, Mota, M, Omar, M, O’Shea, D, Pan, C, Petrie, J, Pieber, T, Pratley, R, Raz, I, Rea, R, Rutten, G, Satman, I, Shestakova, M, Simpson, R, Smith, D, Tack, C, Tarnow, L, Thomas, N, Van Gaal, L, Travert, F, Vidal, J, Warren, M, Yoon, Kh, Tuttle, Rm, Sheerman, Si, Hegedüs, L, Baerwald, H, Bergenstal, M, Celik, S, Dias, C, Eder, M, Fitzgibbons, S, Irvhage, L, Kloluckova, J, Kriulianski, R, Mcduffie, R, Moen, S, Paster, A, Saalfeld, Rm, Sankar, K, Shehaj, E, Swierzewska, P, Tiktin, M, Tovey, S, Gibson, Cm, Chakrabarti, Ak, Dashe, Jf, Hinchey, J, Leary, Mc, Pride, Y, Wiviott, S, Allen, S, Mehr, Ap, Mutter, Wp, Parikh, S, Ray, S, Cheifetz, A, Leffler, D, Sheth, S, Alexander, E, Gaglia, Jl, Goessling, W, Mitzner, Ld, Rosenberg, C, Snow, Kj, Wagner, A, Piazza, G, Abell, S, Davis, T, D'Emden, M, Ding, Sa, Gilfillan, C, Greenaway, T, Gunawan, F, Ho, J, Jackson, R, Kalra, B, Lau, Sl, Lin, J, Macisaac, R, Makepeace, A, Malabu, U, Marjason, J, Mccallum, R, Mclean, M, Moin, N, Petersons, C, Price, S, Roberts, A, Roberts, D, Sangla, K, Stranks, S, Tan, Y, Thynne, T, Walters, J, Ward, G, Wen, W, Zhang, J, Brix, J, Feder, A, Höbaus, C, Höllerl, F, Höller, V, Kotter, T, Kratz, E, Krzizek, Ec, Leb-Stoeger, U, Mader, J, Mras, N, Novak, E, Obendorf, F, Peric, S, Pesau, G, Prager, R, Ribitsch, A, Schnack, C, Schernthaner, G, Wascher, T, Batens, Ah, Benhalima, K, De Block, C, Ernest, P, Fouckova, A, Jandrain, B, Lapauw, B, Letiexhe, M, Mathieu, C, Neven, S, Peiffer, F, Ruige, J, Scheen, A, Taes, Y, Van Boxelaer, I, Vandistel, G, Van Durme, Y, Verhaegen, A, Alencar, E, Alencar, R, Almeida, Ac, B, Alve, Alves, E, Alves, G, Alves, J, Araujo, L, Arruda, V, Augusto, Ga, Baggentoss, R, Balestrassi, L, Barbosa, M, Barcelos, I, Belem, L, de Bem, A, Betti, Rt, Bona, R, Bosco, A, Branda, J, Bronstein, M, Bueno, T, Bulcão, T, Caiado, F, Camazzola, F, Cambréa, Mf, Campos, S, Canani, L, Carra, Mk, Caruso, S, Carvalho, N, Casillo, A, Castro, D, Cavalcanti, T, Cavichioli, V, Cercato, C, Chacra, A, Challela, W, Charchar, H, C, Chave, Chrisman, C, Correia-Deur, J, da Costa, A Jr, Costa, M, Costi, B, Coutinho, P, Coutinho, W, Cunha, Mr, Daher, J Jr, Davini, E, Democh, D Jr, Eliaschewitz, F, Esmanhoto Facin, G, Farias, F, Felício, J, Fernandes, V, Filho, C, Filho, Ff, Filho, M, Fontan, D, Fontenele, Ap, Forti, A, Franco, D, Freire, K, Fusaro, A, Genestreti, P, Gerchman, F, Godi, A, Gomes, Kf, Gonçalves, P, R, Gonçalve, Griz, L, Grossman, M, Gurgel, Mh, Vasconcellos Haddad AW, Halpern, A, Hissa, M, Inuy, A, J, Jaime, Jonasson, T, Jorge, Jc, Malucelli, Fj, Kohara, S, Kramer, C, Lacerda, C, Ladeira, S, Lana, J, Lastebasse, F, Leitão, A, Leite, S, Lerário, Ac, Lima, D, Lima, M, Lippi, V, Lunardi, M, Machado, E, Maia, F, Maia, J, Maia, Kp, Mañas, N, Marchisotti, F, Marinho, C, C, Martin, Figueiredo de Medeiros, F, Melo, A, Melo, F, Mendonca, E, Mendonça, P, Filho, Rm, Miguel, M, Miléo, K, Miyahara, M, Montenegro, Ap, Moraes, A, Moreira, A, Ítalo Mota, J, Mothe, F, Murro, A, Nakatani, V, Napoli, Tf, Neto, Bg, Neto, Oq, Niclewicz, E, Ohe, Ln, Oliveira, F, Oliveira, M, Panarotto, D, Parente, E, Parolin, S, Pechmann, L, Costa da Penha, P, Perlamagna, L, Perotta, B, Pimentel, L, Pinto, M, Poço, C, Ponte, C, Prazeres, P, Quintao, E, Raduan, R, Rassi, Dt, Rassi, N, Reck, L, Montenegro, R Jr, Ribeiro, R, Rodovalho, S, Silveira Rodrigues, G, Rollin, G, Rossi, S, Sabino, C, Sales, Ap, Salles, J, Sampaio, Cr, Santana, L, Sato, V, da Silva Santos, M, Santos, Nl, Santos, R, Saraiva, J, Sartori, C, Sena, R, Sevilha, M, Sgarbi, J, Silva, D, D'albuquerque Silva, L, Silva, Me, Siqueira, K, Soares, S, Sobreira, W, Sousa, B, Souza, Ac, Souza, B, Tambascia, M, Tarantino, R, Tenor, F, Tomarchio, M, Triches, C, Tristão, Lj, Valenti, A, Vasques, E, Vencio, S, Vianna, A, Munhoz Vidotto, T, Vieira, S, Villar, H, Visconti, G, Volaco, A, Wajchenberg, B, Zanatta, L, Zimmerman, L, Abbott, Ec, Abu-Bakare, A, Advani, A, Allison, R, Bishara, P, Bowering, Ck, Cheng, A, Chouinard, S, Clayton, D, Conway, J, D'Amours, M, de Tugwell, B, Deyoung, P, D'Ignazio, G, Dube, F, Ekoe, Jm, Fagan, S, Garceau, C, Gottesman, I, Hanna, A, Harris, S, Hramiak, Im, Hurd, C, Imran, S, Josse, R, Joyce, C, Kaiser, S, Khan, F, I, Kirouac, Kovacs, C, Labonte, I, Langlois, Wj, Levac, Mf, Liutkus, J, Mcdonald, C, Milosevic, V, Nyomba, Bl, Paul, T, Raby, K, Ransom, T, Reichert, Sm, Retnakaran, R, Rabasa-Lhoret, R, Raff, E, Shaikholeslami, R, Sigalas, J, Yip, Ce, Weisnagel, Sj, Woo, V, Bao, Y, Cai, X, Chen, J, Chen, K, Chen, M, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Ji, Y, Lei, J, Li, H, Liu, P, Mu, Y, Ren, M, Ren, Y, Shi, Y, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Yan, L, Yang, G, Yang, J, Yu, X, Yuan, G, Xu, M, Zhao, X, Zheng, J, Zhou, L, Anderlová, K, Brožová, J, Haluzík, M, Hanušová, V, Kosák, M, Křížová, J, Mráz, M, Owen, K, Rušavý, Z, Tomešová, J, Trachta, P, Žourek, M, Andersen, Ph, Boesgaard, T, Christensen, S, Gram, J, Gregersen, S, Henriksen, Je, Hermansen, K, Jakobsen, Pe, Jensen, J, Krogsaa, A, Larsen, M, Lervang, Hh, Madsbad, S, Mortensen, L, Olesen, T, Pietraszek, A, Ridderstråle, M, Safai, N, Schioldan, Ag, Schmidt, C, Snorgaard, O, Stidsen, J, Cederberg, H, Haapamäki, H, Hukkanen, J, Jauhiainen, R, Kujari, Ml, Lahtela, J, Laine, M, Mäkelä, J, Miilunpohja, M, Savolainen, M, Taurio, J, Vänttinen, M, Creton, C, Cosma, Nv, Dillinger, J, Jacques, Jl, Guedj, Am, Moulla, M, Petit, C, Ratsianoharana, V, Richter, D, Rodier, M, Roussel, R, Hinz, A, Politz, E, Esser, M, Deuse, U, Mittag, D, Hagenow, A, Jacob, F, Jordan, R, Gantke, D, Venschott-Jordan, U, Löhr, C, Klausmann, G, Eschenbrücher, K, Karakas, M, Jahrsdörfer, B, Kunze, Mr, Wöhrle, J, König, W, Spielhagen, H, Kilimnik, A, Lüdemann, Hp, Lüdemann, J, Mölle, A, Mölle, M, Müller, J, Appelt, S, Sauter, A, Sauter, J, Hartmann, U, Löw, A, Krötz, F, Sohn, Hy, von Schacky, C, Klauss, V, Braun, D, Segner, A, Degtyareva, E, Kreutzmann, K, Paschmionka, R, Hauck, N, Sihal, O, Busch, Ak, Maus, O, Stübler, P, Füllgraf-Horst, S, Vietzke, A, Müller, C, Tosch-Sisting, R, Lengsfeld, B, Thaler, J, Schaum, T, Steindorf, J, Steindorf, S, König, A, Reitschuster, S, Schlott, D, Clever, Hu, Witzel, P, Kempe, Hp, Stemler, L, Benis, A, Diakoumopoulou, E, Kazakos, K, Kypraios, N, Liatis, S, Pagkalos, E, Siami, E, Tentolouris, N, Alur, Vc, Agrawal, M, Ali, M, Asirvatham, A, Asirvatham, E, Bandgar, Tr, Balaji, M, Bardoloi, N, Baruah, M, Bekur, R, Bhansali, A, Bhatia, S, Bhonsley, S, Bhuyan, S, Borah, B, Bright, N, Ambrish, C, Chaudhury, T, Choudhury, S, Chellan, G, M, Da, Dharmalingam, M, Dutta, P, Erugu, A, Vinutha, Fp, Gunasekaran, P, Das Gupta, R, Iqbal, A, Jagadish, P, Jain, S, Jebasingh, H, John, A, John, M, Kalra, S, Kasaragod, P, Kesavadev, J, Kumar, H, Kumar, P, Lakshmanan, V, Lila, Ar, Mathew, T, Miyen, H, Mohan, T, Motha, A, Murthy, C, Shivashankara, N, Nanaiah, A, Ommen, T, Pani, K, Pandey, K, Paramesh, S, Paramesh, V, Pillai, B, Prabhu, M, Kalki, Rc, Ramachandran, S, Ramu, M, Rao, Y, Reddy, S, Saikia, P, Saravu, K, Selvam, K, Sethi, B, Shankar, A, Sharma, A, Shah, N, Shankar, P, Shetty, R, Shivane, V, Srivalli, S, Thaseen, S, Sarada, S, Shirisha, A, Subramani, M, Balaji, V, Mohan, V, Padmanaban, V, Verma, M, Vidyasagar, S, Walinjkar, V, Walia, R, Davenport, C, Forde, H, Gadintshware, G, Gan, Kj, Khattak, A, O'Connell, J, O'Shea, D, Beilin, V, Cahn, A, Cohen, O, Cukierman-Yaffe, T, Daoud, D, Darawsha, M, Dicker, D, Gavish, A, Hochberg, I, Ilany, J, Inbal, U, Itzhak, B, Karasik, A, Karnieli, E, Khader, N, Khamaisi, M, Lender, D, Lieberman, G, Mahamid, R, Marcoviciu, D, Michael, L, Minuchin, O, Mosenzon, O, Narevichius, F, Percik, R, Potekhin, M, Sabbah, M, Sawaed, S, Schurr, D, Segal, E, Slezak, L, Vollach, I, Zaina, A, Zloczower, M, Zolotov, S, Antenore, A, Arnone, M, Arturi, F, Barbaro, V, Barone, M, Di Biagio, R, Buscemi, C, Buscemi, S, Buzzetti, R, Di Carlo, A, Carlone, A, Caruso, V, Casadidio, I, Cerrelli, F, Ciavarella, A, Cipolloni, L, Colella, A, Colotto, M, Consoli, A, Crippa, Vg, Cuccuru, I, Cufone, S, Desideri, C, Fallarino, M, Febo, F, Filetti, S, Foffi, C, Formoso, G, Frosio, L, Di Fulvio, P, Gambineri, A, Ginestra, F, Grimaldi, M, Lamanna, C, Leto, G, Lucotti, P, Lugarà, M, Lumera, G, Magistro, A, Maranghi, M, Martelli, D, Mattina, A, Monti, Ld, Parise, M, Pedace, E, Perticone, F, Piatti, P, Pompea Antonia Baldassarre, M, Ragghianti, B, Repaci, A, Ribichini, D, Da Ros, S, Rossi, M, Santilli, M, Sesti, G, Setola, E, Succurro, E, Sussolano, E, Tarquini, G, Verga, S, Vitale, V, Alanis, Rr, del Rosario Arechavaleta-Granell, M, de Jesús Beltran Jaramillo, T, de Jesús Rodríguez Berrones DA, Rodríguez Briones, I, Rodríguez Briones, R, Acevedo Castañeda ES, Chapa Grimaldo JB, Flores-Moreno, Ca, Garza Felix, S, Nieto Flores, J, Morales Franco, G, Garza Morán RA, Hernández González SO, González-Gálvez, G, González González JG, Hernández Salazar, E, García Hernández PA, Campos Hurtado, S, López-Velázco, Ml, Cardona Muñóz EG, Nuñez Márquez, R, Campos Moreno OV, Cavazos Oliveros FJ, Haro Ortiz JA, Pelayo-Orozco, E, Sida Perez, P, Vazquez Ramírez, R, Uribe Rios MA, López Rodríguez JC, Rodríguez Rosales, M, Robledo Durón, I, Alvarado Ruíz, R, González Saldivar, G, Reyes Sánchez, R, Sánchez-Michel, Bl, Contreras Sandoval AY, Velasco Gutiérrez, A, Perez Verdín AE, Ramos Zavala MG, Abbink-Zandbergen, E, Ahdi, M, Bugter, A, van Dijk, M, Eisma, G, Erdtsieck, R, Gerards, M, Gerdes, V, Haak, H, Harbers, V, Hoogenberg, K, Huvers, F, Janssen, W, Kars, M, Kooy, A, Lafeber, M, Landewé-Cleuren, S, Lieverse, A, Meesters, E, Moerman, S, van Moorsel, D, Nijhuis, J, Smit, Cj, Thevissen, K, Timmerman Thijssen DM, Willemsen, A, Birkeland, K, Cooper, J, Gulseth, H, Hjelmesæth, J, Jørgensen, P, Kilhovd, Bk, Kulseng, B, Nicolaisen, B, Skadberg, Ø, Wium, C, Antkowiak-Piatyszek, K, Arciszewska, M, Bajkowska-Fiedziukiewicz, A, Bogdanski, P, Czubek, U, Cypryk, K, Dabrowski, J, Dabrowska, M, Dziedzic, S, Dziewit, T, Faligowska, M, Fedor-Plenkowska, G, Gajos, G, Galicka-Latala, D, Galuszka-Bilinska, A, Gladysz, I, Grycewicz, J, Hachula, G, Janas, I, Jazwinska-Tarnawska, E, Jedynasty, K, Jozefowska, M, Kaminska, A, Katra, B, 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T, Hagan, A, Hager, S, Haggag, A, Haggar, M, Hamilton, M, Hamlet, P, Hammond, J, Hansen, A, Harrell, W, Harris, E, Harris, K, Harris, M, Harrison, L, Hartman, I, Hatch, A, Hayes, D, Hayes, M, Heath, J, Heineman, R, Heinzman, A, Hendrick, M, Herbst, R, Hermayer, K, Hibbard, J, Hill, Wd, Hilliard, B, Hix, M, Hoch, B, Hollander, P, Holmes, Z, Horobetz, C, Horowitz, R, Hsieh, P, Hsieh, S, Htun, W, Huang, J, Huber, C, Hudson, T, Huizar, S, Hull, B, Hull, J, Hummer, K, Hundal, R, Hunt, G, Hunt, V, Hutchinson, P, Hwang, J, Iannamorelli, A, Iannuzzi, L, Ingram, M, Iram, N, Ismail-Beigi, F, Jabbour, S, Jackson, T, Jaen, L, Jain, V, Jannesari, R, Januski, V, Japa, U, Jarvis, K, Jayson, L, Jensen, R, Jester, D, Jocko, C, Johnson, C, Johnson, M, Johnston, K, Jones, D, Jones, J, Jordan, T, Juarez, M, Kaapuraala, A, Kain, A, Kaiser, V, Kamradt, K, Karatoprakli, P, Karegar, M, Karounos, C, Karounos, D, Karunaratne, H, Katalenich, B, Katic, K, Katz, M, Kaur, G, Kawa, A, Keib, C, Keider, G, Kem, D, Kennedy, R, Kenney, B, Kereiakes, D, Ketana, M, Kettinger, L, Khaira, A, Khan, A, Khan, K, Khan, M, Khoo, T, Khrlobyan, N, Kilgore, J, Kim, G, Kimble, S, Kinsley, M, Kitchen, T, Klick, M, Kniffen, W, Knight, R, Kodzwa, D, Koenig, T, Komarovskiy, K, Kong, Y, Koontz, D, Krishnasamy, S, Krueger, E, Kuechenmeister, L, Kuehl, A, Kuettel, K, Kugler, D, Kulow, T, Kupriyanchik, I, Kuruvanka, T, Kushner, D, Kwon, E, Kwon, S, Kyle, M, Labryer, L, Labuda, J, Lafave, J, Laguerre, J, Laliberte, A, Lane, J, Langel, C, Lann, D, Largay, J, Latif, K, Latus, T, Lawrence, J, Ledger, G, Lee, Fg, Lee, E, Leffert, J, Leinung, M, Lenhard, Mj, Lentino, J, Leon, J, Leonard, M, Letassy, N, Leuck, K, Levin, P, Levinson, D, Lewis, M, Light, T, Lim, J, Lindamood, R, Lingvay, I, Lipps, J, Lisa, A, Livingston, Y, Llamas, L, Loesch, R, Long, T, Looby, R, Lopez, C, Lorenz, T, Lovre, D, Lu, P, Lucas, K, Luevano, G, Luidens, M, Luna, B, Luttrell, L, Lyons, T, Macadams, M, Mack, D, Mack, M, Madden, M, Madder, R, Madireddy, S, Mae, L, Mahakala, A, Maheshwari, H, Malbari, H, Maldonado, N, Mallitz, M, Mandviwala, M, Mann, K, Mardahay, M, Marino, J, Marney, A, Marshall, L, Martin, A, Martin, E, Martinez, G, Martinez-Miss, S, Marx, P, Massara, L, Mastoor, M, Matfin, G, Maturu, A, Maurides, P, May, M, Mayfield, R, Maynard, B, Mazza, A, Mccann, K, Mccoy, J, Mccoy, T, Mccullen, Mk, Mcdaniel, C, Mcdaniel, Am, Mcdermott, M, Mcdonald, A, Mcmasters, B, Mcmurray, C, Medlin, T, Meinel, M, Mendez, I, Menefee, J, Meredith, M, Merriweather, M, Mersey, J, Messino, C, Meyer, S, Meyers, L, Michael, D, Midyett, C, Miklius, A, Milford, E, Miller, B, Miller, H, Milligan, M, Minor, A, Miranda-Palma, B, Mirarchi, N, Mittadodla, S, Mittle, J, Moffat, A, Mohaupt, S, Mohiuddin, K, Mokshagundam, S, Monaco, S, Monsaert, R, Montano-Pereira, C, Montgomery, A, Moody, K, Moon, M, Moore, D, Moore, L, Morawski, E, Moreau, C, Morin, D, Moscoa, C, Motzkin, C, Mueller, R, Munoz, C, Munoz, M, Myneni, A, Naderi, B, Nagireddy, P, Naidu, J, Naidu, R, Naik, S, Naimark, R, Nardicchi, M, Ndukwu, I, Neller, C, Netten-Foster, L, Neumiller, J, New, T, Newman, S, Newton, T, Nguyen, B, Nicol, B, Nicol, P, Ninivaggi, L, Niswender, K, Norman, L, Noworatzky, G, Nyenwe, E, O'Brien, H, O'Connell, T, Oden, W, Odugbesan, A, Oliver, M, Oliver, T, Olmeda, C, O'Neil, C, Oremus, R, Ortega, T, Ortiz-Santos, S, Osborn, T, Padmanabhan, S, Papacostea, O, Park, I, Parker, A, Parker, K, Parker, R, Patel, C, Patel, M, Patel, R, Patino, M, Patterson, S, Paulson, K, Paz, A, Pemba, R, Pepe, C, Perez, J, Perez, T, Perry, D, Phillips, B, Phillips, J, Pickett, A, Pinson, M, Pitzer, R, Poduri, M, Poehls, J, Poteat, T, Powell, L, Prasad, S, Prevost, J, Price, E, Priest, D, Prieto, L, Purewal, T, Purighalla, R, Purighalla, U, Quadrel, M, Qureshi, A, Radhamma, R, Rafla, E, Rajab, H, Ramalingam, R, Ramirez, A, J, Ramirez, Ramirez, K, Ramirez, M, Randall, M, Rangaraj, U, Rao, V, Rasmussen, P, Rasouli, N, Ray, A, Reed, J, Rems, L, Renaud, K, Reno, M, Resnick, M, Reusch, J, Reynolds, L, Rhoton, K, Rhudy, J, Ricci, C, Rice, L, Richardson, A, Richardson, L, Rickard, H, Rickels, M, Riff, D, Rightenour, N, Risser, J, Rizvi, A, Robertson, J, Robinson, A, Robinson, R, Rockwell, M, Rodriguez, Jp, Rodriguez, M, Rojas, M, Rojas, W, Rooker-Morris, L, Root, C, Rose, M, Rosenberg, R, Rosenstock, J, Roth, M, Ruby, R, Sachson, R, Sack, P, Sadler, Rk, Sahai, S, J, Salazar, Salgam, M, Samal, A, Samson, A, Sanagorski, R, Sanchez, A, Sandberg, J, Sanderson, M, Sandoval, J, Santiago, E, Sapp, T, Saunders, J, Schill, J, Schott, C, Schreiman, R, Schu, D, Schuh, K, Schutta, M, Schwartz, J, Schweppe, L, Scofield, H, Scribner, A, Seal, J, Sealock, J, Seaton, B, Sedlak-Hanslik, T, Seekins, K, Segal, M, Seggelke, S, Semenza, S, Sentman, P, Serra, M, Seshadri, P, Sevilla, E, Shah, S, Shaheen, K, Shanik, M, Shaw, J, Sheets, M, Shellabarger, C, Sher, J, Shippey, J, Shivaswamy, V, Shomali, M, Shore, D, Shroff, P, Siddiqui, T, Siegwald, A, Silver, R, Simmons, D, Simons, R, Sinan, A, Singh, M, Sirinvaravong, S, Skero, J, Slover-Zipf, J, Small, S, Smith, B, Smith, K, Smith, M, Sohl, J, Solarz, Sh, Soler, D, Sood, A, Sora, N, Souchet, A, Soule, J, Sparks, J, Spector, L, Speicher, R, Spillers, L, Spivey, T, Springer, N, Sprouse, H, St John, J, Stacey, A, Stacey, H, Stafford, M, Stagner, E, Staples, K, Steadman, E, Steed, R, Steeves, G, Steinberg, H, Stell, C, Stirman, E, Straub, K, Strock, E, Sue, M, Suris, O, Sutton, T, Tabbah, I, Talsania, M, Tang, R, Tapia, J, Taylor, K, Taylor-Hancher, R, Teator, R, Tekateka, M, Temple, B, Temple, K, Teodori, M, Tharp, P, Thethi, T, Theuma, P, Thomas, S, Thottan, A, Thrasher, J, Thrasher, L, Tiemeyer, M, Tinney, I, Tobin, T, Toma, S, Tovar, M, Townsend, J, Trantow, C, Traylor, H, Trevino, M, Troy, M, Trumper, D, Tryggestad, J, Tucker, C, Turner, J, Turney, R, Tuten, C, Tyzack, J, Ullo, L, Underkofler, C, Unger, J, Urdanetta, R, Valdivia, V, Valenti, S, Vanderheiden, A, Vanderlinde-Wood, M, Varma, C, Vasquez, E, Vazquez, M, Vickery, D, Villafuerte, B, Villegas, C, Vivar, J, Vivekananthan, K, Vo, G, Vukojicic, K, Wachter, A, Wahl, D, Waitmann, J, Walker, D, Walsh, J, Walsh, K, Walton, A, Wang, A, Wardell, K, Watkins, S, Watkinson, J, Watts, M, Watwe, V, Weaver, N, Weber, R, Wedick, C, Weeks, D, Weeks, L, Weindorff, K, Weinstein, R, Weiss, S, Wenger, K, Wentworth, M, Werner, A, West, M, Whelan, S, White, B, White, J, Whitmire, M, Whittington, R, Wical, J, Wigley, C, Wilkins, F, Will, K, Williams, A, Wilson, Le, Wince, M, Wine, S, Winkle, P, Winner, C, Wise, J, Witte, M, Wittenmyer, J, Wood, C, Wood, R, Woodruff, C, Worthington, B, Wynn, D, Wysham, C, Xavier, P, Yela, S, Yenoby, L, Young, L, Younus, N, Yourell, V, Zaid, M, Zubair, I., Mann J.F.E., Orsted D.D., Brown-Frandsen K., Marso S.P., Poulter N.R., Rasmussen S., Tornoe K., Zinman B., Buse J.B., and Buscemi S.
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Male ,Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna ,Acute Kidney Injury ,Aged ,Albuminuria ,Creatinine ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Double-Blind Method ,Female ,Follow-Up Studies ,Glomerular Filtration Rate ,Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Intention to Treat Analysis ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,Liraglutide ,Middle Aged ,Type 2 diabetes ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,urologic and male genital diseases ,GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION-RATE ,KIDNEY-FUNCTION ,DISEASE ,law.invention ,Kidney Failure ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Medicine ,Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate ,Chronic ,RISK ,Kidney ,Acute kidney injury ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,General Medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,TRIAL ,liraglutide, randomized controlled trial, type 2 diabetes, renal outcomes ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Type 2 ,medicine.drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Renal function ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES ,Follow-Up Studie ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medicine, General & Internal ,General & Internal Medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Intensive care medicine ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,MORTALITY ,medicine.disease ,INTENSIVE GLUCOSE CONTROL ,INDIVIDUALS ,chemistry ,Diabetic Nephropathie ,LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In a randomized, controlled trial that compared liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk who were receiving usual care, we found that liraglutide resulted in lower risks of the primary end point (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) and death. However, the long-term effects of liraglutide on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We report the prespecified secondary renal outcomes of that randomized, controlled trial in which patients were assigned to receive liraglutide or placebo. The secondary renal outcome was a composite of new-onset persistent macroalbuminuria, persistent doubling of the serum creatinine level, end-stage renal disease, or death due to renal disease. The risk of renal outcomes was determined with the use of time-to-event analyses with an intention-to-treat approach. Changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 9340 patients underwent randomization, and the median follow-up of the patients was 3.84 years. The renal outcome occurred in fewer participants in the liraglutide group than in the placebo group (268 of 4668 patients vs. 337 of 4672; hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.92; P=0.003). This result was driven primarily by the new onset of persistent macroalbuminuria, which occurred in fewer participants in the liraglutide group than in the placebo group (161 vs. 215 patients; hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.91; P=0.004). The rates of renal adverse events were similar in the liraglutide group and the placebo group (15.1 events and 16.5 events per 1000 patient-years), including the rate of acute kidney injury (7.1 and 6.2 events per 1000 patient-years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This prespecified secondary analysis shows that, when added to usual care, liraglutide resulted in lower rates of the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease than placebo. (Funded by Novo Nordisk and the National Institutes of Health; LEADER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01179048 .).
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- 2017
6. Расширение определения понятия гипоталамического ожирения
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Hochberg, I. and Hochberg, Z.
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- 2011
7. Expanding the definition of hypothalamic obesity
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Hochberg, I, primary and Hochberg, Z, additional
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- 2011
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8. Binaural versus Monaural Speech Discrimination under Reverberation
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Gelfand, S. A., primary and Hochberg, I., additional
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- 1974
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9. Phonemic errors of deaf children on a nonsense syllable test
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McGarr, N. S., primary, Stromberg, H., additional, and Hochberg, I., additional
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- 1977
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10. Adaptive testing of speech discrimination in persons with sensorineural hearing loss
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Becker, M., primary and Hochberg, I., additional
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- 1975
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11. Psychoacoustic performance in children: a developmental study
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Maxon, A. B., primary and Hochberg, I., additional
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- 1977
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12. Design of a bi-directional methodology for automated assessment of compliance to continuous application of clinical guidelines, and its evaluation in the type 2 diabetes domain.
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Hatsek A, Hochberg I, Daoud Naccache D, Biderman A, and Shahar Y
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- Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Fuzzy Logic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy, Guideline Adherence
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We introduce a new approach for automated guideline-based-care quality assessment, the bidirectional knowledge-based assessment of compliance (BiKBAC) method, and the DiscovErr system, which implements it. Our methodology compares the guideline's Asbru-based formal representation, including its intentions, with the longitudinal medical record, using a top-down and bottom-up approach. Partial matches are resolved using fuzzy temporal logic. The system was evaluated in the type 2 Diabetes management domain, comparing it to three expert clinicians, including two diabetes experts. The system and the experts commented on the management of 10 patients, randomly selected from 2,000 diabetes patients. On average, each record spanned 5.23 years; the data included 1,584 medical transactions. The system provided 279 comments. The experts made 181 different unique comments. The completeness (recall) of the system was 91% when the gold standard was comments made by at least two of the three experts, and 98%, compared to comments made by all three experts. The experts also assessed all of the 114 medication-therapy-related comments, and a random 35% of the 165 tests-and-monitoring-related comments. The system's correctness (precision) was 81%, compared to comments judged as correct by both diabetes experts, and 91%, compared to comments judged as correct by one diabetes expert and at least as partially correct by the other. 89% of the comments were judged as important by both diabetes experts, 8% were judged as important by one expert, and 3% were judged as less important by both experts. Adding the validated system comments to the experts' comments, the completeness scores of the experts were 75%, 60%, and 55%; the expert correctness scores were respectively 99%, 91%, and 88%. Thus, the system could be ranked first in completeness and second in correctness. We conclude that systems such as DiscovErr can effectively assess the quality of continuous guideline-based care., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hatsek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2024
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13. A community-of-practice-based evaluation methodology for knowledge intensive computational methods and its application to multimorbidity decision support.
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Van Woensel W, Tu SW, Michalowski W, Sibte Raza Abidi S, Abidi S, Alonso JR, Bottrighi A, Carrier M, Edry R, Hochberg I, Rao M, Kingwell S, Kogan A, Marcos M, Martínez Salvador B, Michalowski M, Piovesan L, Riaño D, Terenziani P, Wilk S, and Peleg M
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- Humans, Multimorbidity, Patient Care Planning
- Abstract
Objective: The study has dual objectives. Our first objective (1) is to develop a community-of-practice-based evaluation methodology for knowledge-intensive computational methods. We target a whitebox analysis of the computational methods to gain insight on their functional features and inner workings. In more detail, we aim to answer evaluation questions on (i) support offered by computational methods for functional features within the application domain; and (ii) in-depth characterizations of the underlying computational processes, models, data and knowledge of the computational methods. Our second objective (2) involves applying the evaluation methodology to answer questions (i) and (ii) for knowledge-intensive clinical decision support (CDS) methods, which operationalize clinical knowledge as computer interpretable guidelines (CIG); we focus on multimorbidity CIG-based clinical decision support (MGCDS) methods that target multimorbidity treatment plans., Materials and Methods: Our methodology directly involves the research community of practice in (a) identifying functional features within the application domain; (b) defining exemplar case studies covering these features; and (c) solving the case studies using their developed computational methods-research groups detail their solutions and functional feature support in solution reports. Next, the study authors (d) perform a qualitative analysis of the solution reports, identifying and characterizing common themes (or dimensions) among the computational methods. This methodology is well suited to perform whitebox analysis, as it directly involves the respective developers in studying inner workings and feature support of computational methods. Moreover, the established evaluation parameters (e.g., features, case studies, themes) constitute a re-usable benchmark framework, which can be used to evaluate new computational methods as they are developed. We applied our community-of-practice-based evaluation methodology on MGCDS methods., Results: Six research groups submitted comprehensive solution reports for the exemplar case studies. Solutions for two of these case studies were reported by all groups. We identified four evaluation dimensions: detection of adverse interactions, management strategy representation, implementation paradigms, and human-in-the-loop support. Based on our whitebox analysis, we present answers to the evaluation questions (i) and (ii) for MGCDS methods., Discussion: The proposed evaluation methodology includes features of illuminative and comparison-based approaches; focusing on understanding rather than judging/scoring or identifying gaps in current methods. It involves answering evaluation questions with direct involvement of the research community of practice, who participate in setting up evaluation parameters and solving exemplar case studies. Our methodology was successfully applied to evaluate six MGCDS knowledge-intensive computational methods. We established that, while the evaluated methods provide a multifaceted set of solutions with different benefits and drawbacks, no single MGCDS method currently provides a comprehensive solution for MGCDS., Conclusion: We posit that our evaluation methodology, applied here to gain new insights into MGCDS, can be used to assess other types of knowledge-intensive computational methods and answer other types of evaluation questions. Our case studies can be accessed at our GitHub repository (https://github.com/william-vw/MGCDS)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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14. Do patients read emails from their physician containing tips on improving lifestyle habits? A pilot study.
- Author
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Reiter A, Tov EY, and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Adult, Male, Humans, Female, Electronic Mail, Pilot Projects, Life Style, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 prevention & control, Physicians
- Abstract
Introduction: Healthcare providers and organizations occasionally use electronic messages to provide information to patients. There is insufficient data on whether patients actually read the emails they receive. In this study, we aimed to assess the cooperation of patients in reading multiple information pages sent over 6 months from their diabetologist via email., Methods: Adults with non-optimally controlled type 2 diabetes received via email, once every 2 weeks for 6 months, a message containing information and tips on how to improve diabetes control through lifestyle choices. The information was provided in a format that required the recipient to actively click on a "read more" tab in order to reveal the entire text. Each email contained a short questionnaire requesting a response. Analysis compared the effect of patient variables on co-operation with reading the emails and answering the questionnaires., Main Findings: 45 patients completed the study, 53.3% of them read 66-100% of the emails, 17.8% read 34-65% of the emails and only 26.7% read less than 33% of the emails. Women answered more questionnaires than men did. Answering a questionnaire on nutrition or medications correlated with reading the following email sent., Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that most patients do indeed read a significant portion of emails sent by their physician. Email could be an effective means of sharing information and improving patient engagement with treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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15. A Large-Scale Observational Analysis of Social Media Data Reveals Major Public Misperception of the Attainability of Drastic Weight Loss by Dieting.
- Author
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Yom Tov E and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Humans, Body Weight, Obesity, Weight Loss, Overweight, Diet, Reducing, Social Media
- Abstract
Introduction: Diet forums in social media websites provide an opportunity to glimpse the experience of different weight loss diet strategies reported by tens of thousands of individuals., Methods: We analyzed all postings with weight information from the six major Reddit weight loss diet forums ("subreddits") as reported by forum participants., Results: Data were collected from January 2011 to April 2020 from all 55,900 users posting weight information. Average start BMI was in the overweight or obese range (26-34 kg/m2), and average goal BMI was in the normal range (21.5-24.5 kg/m2) for all subreddits. There is correlation between start BMI and goal BMI (R2 = 0.63, p < 10-10) and between planned weight loss and reported weight loss (R2 = 0.56, p < 10-10). Approximately 80% of forum participants reported a weight loss that was greater than 5% of their initial body weight. Actual reported weight loss was less than half of goal weight loss. Average reported weight loss and adherence were highest in the keto and loseit subreddits. More upvotes and fewer downvotes were associated with higher reported weight loss in five of the six subreddits., Conclusions: Despite the need for cautious interpretation of these data due to self-selection of users who updated weight loss and the possibility of unreliable weight reports, the study has several findings. Average goal BMI was in the normal weight range, demonstrating a highly unrealistic perception, in a very large lay-public cohort, of the plausibility of losing all excess weight. The success in weight loss and maintenance in self-selected individuals who continued reporting weight for many months may demonstrate the subjective value some individuals can obtain from forum participation., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2023
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16. Towards a framework for comparing functionalities of multimorbidity clinical decision support: A literature-based feature set and benchmark cases.
- Author
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O'Sullivan D, Woensel WV, Wilk S, Tu SW, Michalowski W, Abidi S, Carrier M, Edry R, Hochberg I, Kingwell S, Kogan A, Michalowski M, O'Sullivan H, and Peleg M
- Subjects
- Aged, Benchmarking, Computer Simulation, Humans, Multimorbidity, Decision Support Systems, Clinical, Physicians
- Abstract
Multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more health conditions, has become more prevalent as mortality rates in many countries have declined and their populations have aged. Multimorbidity presents significant difficulties for Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), particularly in cases where recommendations from relevant clinical guidelines offer conflicting advice. A number of research groups are developing computer-interpretable guideline (CIG) modeling formalisms that integrate recommendations from multiple Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) for knowledge-based multimorbidity decision support. In this paper we describe work towards the development of a framework for comparing the different approaches to multimorbidity CIG-based clinical decision support (MGCDS). We present (1) a set of features for MGCDS, which were derived using a literature review and evaluated by physicians using a survey, and (2) a set of benchmarking case studies, which illustrate the clinical application of these features. This work represents the first necessary step in a broader research program aimed at the development of a benchmark framework that allows for standardized and comparable MGCDS evaluations, which will facilitate the assessment of functionalities of MGCDS, as well as highlight important gaps in the state-of-the-art. We also outline our future work on developing the framework, specifically, (3) a standard for reporting MGCDS solutions for the benchmark case studies, and (4) criteria for evaluating these MGCDS solutions. We plan to conduct a large-scale comparison study of existing MGCDS based on the comparative framework., (©2021 AMIA - All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
17. Bi-allelic variants in the mitochondrial RNase P subunit PRORP cause mitochondrial tRNA processing defects and pleiotropic multisystem presentations.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Demain LAM, Richer J, Thompson K, Urquhart JE, Rea A, Pagarkar W, Rodríguez-Palmero A, Schlüter A, Verdura E, Pujol A, Quijada-Fraile P, Amberger A, Deutschmann AJ, Demetz S, Gillespie M, Belyantseva IA, McMillan HJ, Barzik M, Beaman GM, Motha R, Ng KY, O'Sullivan J, Williams SG, Bhaskar SS, Lawrence IR, Jenkinson EM, Zambonin JL, Blumenfeld Z, Yalonetsky S, Oerum S, Rossmanith W, Yue WW, Zschocke J, Munro KJ, Battersby BJ, Friedman TB, Taylor RW, O'Keefe RT, and Newman WG
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Pedigree, Alleles, Genetic Pleiotropy, Mitochondria enzymology, RNA, Mitochondrial genetics, RNA, Transfer genetics, Ribonuclease P genetics
- Abstract
Human mitochondrial RNase P (mt-RNase P) is responsible for 5' end processing of mitochondrial precursor tRNAs, a vital step in mitochondrial RNA maturation, and is comprised of three protein subunits: TRMT10C, SDR5C1 (HSD10), and PRORP. Pathogenic variants in TRMT10C and SDR5C1 are associated with distinct recessive or x-linked infantile onset disorders, resulting from defects in mitochondrial RNA processing. We report four unrelated families with multisystem disease associated with bi-allelic variants in PRORP, the metallonuclease subunit of mt-RNase P. Affected individuals presented with variable phenotypes comprising sensorineural hearing loss, primary ovarian insufficiency, developmental delay, and brain white matter changes. Fibroblasts from affected individuals in two families demonstrated decreased steady state levels of PRORP, an accumulation of unprocessed mitochondrial transcripts, and decreased steady state levels of mitochondrial-encoded proteins, which were rescued by introduction of the wild-type PRORP cDNA. In mt-tRNA processing assays performed with recombinant mt-RNase P proteins, the disease-associated variants resulted in diminished mitochondrial tRNA processing. Identification of disease-causing variants in PRORP indicates that pathogenic variants in all three subunits of mt-RNase P can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, each with distinct pleiotropic clinical presentations., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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18. Towards a goal-oriented methodology for clinical-guideline-based management recommendations for patients with multimorbidity: GoCom and its preliminary evaluation.
- Author
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Kogan A, Peleg M, Tu SW, Allon R, Khaitov N, and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Goals, Humans, Pilot Projects, Multimorbidity, Physicians
- Abstract
Patients with chronic multimorbidity are becoming more common as life expectancy increases, making it necessary for physicians to develop complex management plans. We are looking at the patient management process as a goal-attainment problem. Hence, our aim is to develop a goal-oriented methodology for providing decision support for managing patients with multimorbidity continuously, as the patient's health state is progressing and new goals arise (e.g., treat ulcer, prevent osteoporosis). Our methodology allows us to detect and mitigate inconsistencies among guideline recommendations stemming from multiple clinical guidelines, while consulting medical ontologies and terminologies and relying on patient information standards. This methodology and its implementation as a decision-support system, called GoCom, starts with computer-interpretable clinical guidelines (CIGs) for single problems that are formalized using the PROforma CIG language. We previously published the architecture of the system as well as a CIG elicitation guide for enriching PROforma tasks with properties referring to vocabulary codes of goals and physiological effects of management plans. In this paper, we provide a formalization of the conceptual model of GoCom that generates, for each morbidity of the patient, a patient-specific goal tree that results from the PROforma engine's enactment of the CIG with the patient's data. We also present the "Controller" algorithm that drives the GoCom system. Given a new problem that a patient develops, the Controller detects inconsistencies among goals pertaining to different comorbid problems and consults the CIGs to generate alternative non-conflicted and goal-oriented management plans that address the multiple goals simultaneously. In this stage of our research, the inconsistencies that can be detected are of two types - starting vs. stopping medications that belong to the same medication class hierarchy, and detecting opposing physiological effect goals that are specified in concurrent CIGs (e.g., decreased blood pressure vs. increased blood pressure). However, the design of GoCom is modular and generic and allows the future introduction of additional interaction detection and mitigation strategies. Moreover, GoCom generates explanations of the alternative non-conflicted management plans, based on recommendations stemming from the clinical guidelines and reasoning patterns. GoCom's functionality was evaluated using three cases of multimorbidity interactions that were checked by our three clinicians. Usefulness was evaluated with two studies. The first evaluation was a pilot study with ten 6th year medical students and the second evaluation was done with 27 6th medical students and interns. The participants solved complex realistic cases of multimorbidity patients: with and without decision-support, two cases in the first evaluation and 6 cases in the second evaluation. Use of GoCom increased completeness of the patient management plans produced by the medical students from 0.44 to 0.71 (P-value of 0.0005) in the first evaluation, and from 0.31 to 0.78 (P-value < 0.0001) in the second evaluation. Correctness in the first evaluation was very high with (0.98) or without the system (0.91), with non-significant difference (P-value ≥ 0.17). In the second evaluation, use of GoCom increased correctness from 0.68 to 0.83 (P-value of 0.001). In addition, GoCom's explanation and visualization were perceived as useful by the vast majority of participants. While GoCom's detection of goal interactions is currently limited to detection of starting vs. stopping the same medication or medication subclasses and detecting conflicting physiological effects of concurrent medications, the evaluation demonstrated potential of the system for improving clinical decision-making for multimorbidity patients., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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19. Real-World Evidence on the Effect of Missing an Oral Contraceptive Dose: Analysis of Internet Search Engine Queries.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Orshalimy S, and Yom-Tov E
- Subjects
- Adult, Contraceptives, Oral pharmacology, Female, Humans, Internet, Contraceptives, Oral therapeutic use, Patient Compliance statistics & numerical data, Search Engine methods
- Abstract
Background: Oral contraceptives (OCs) are a unique chronic medication with which a memory slip may result in a threat that could change a person's life course. Subjective concerns of missed OC doses among women have been addressed infrequently. Anonymized queries to internet search engines provide unique access to concerns and information gaps faced by a large number of internet users., Objective: We aimed to quantitate the frequency of queries by women seeking information in an internet search engine, after missing one or more doses of an OC; their further queries on emergency contraception, abortion, and miscarriage; and their rate of reporting a pregnancy timed to the cycle of missing an OC., Methods: We extracted all English-language queries submitted to Bing in the United States during 2018, which mentioned a missed OC and subsequent queries of the same users on miscarriage, abortion, emergency contraceptives, and week of pregnancy., Results: We identified 26,395 Bing users in the United States who queried about missing OC pills and the fraction that further queried about miscarriage, abortion, emergency contraceptive, and week of pregnancy. Users under the age of 30 years who asked about forgetting an OC dose were more likely to ask about abortion (1.5 times) and emergency contraception (1.7 times) (P<.001 for both), while users at ages of 30-34 years were more likely to query about pregnancy (2.1 times) and miscarriage (5.4 times) (P<.001 for both)., Conclusions: Our data indicate that many women missing a dose of OC might not have received sufficient information from their health care providers or chose to obtain it online. Queries about abortion and miscarriage peaking in the subsequent days indicate a common worry of possible pregnancy. These results reinforce the importance of providing comprehensive written information on missed pills when prescribing an OC., (©Irit Hochberg, Sharon Orshalimy, Elad Yom-Tov. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 15.09.2020.)
- Published
- 2020
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20. Assessment of the Frequency of Online Searches for Symptoms Before Diagnosis: Analysis of Archival Data.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Allon R, and Yom-Tov E
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Early Diagnosis, Internet standards, Search Engine methods
- Abstract
Background: Surveys suggest that a large proportion of people use the internet to search for information on medical symptoms they experience and that around one-third of the people in the United States self-diagnose using online information. However, surveys are known to be biased, and the true rates at which people search for information on their medical symptoms before receiving a formal medical diagnosis are unknown., Objective: This study aimed to estimate the rate at which people search for information on their medical symptoms before receiving a formal medical diagnosis by a health professional., Methods: We collected queries made on a general-purpose internet search engine by people in the United States who self-identified their diagnosis from 1 of 20 medical conditions. We focused on conditions that have evident symptoms and are neither screened systematically nor a part of usual medical care. Thus, they are generally diagnosed after the investigation of specific symptoms. We evaluated how many of these people queried for symptoms associated with their medical condition before their formal diagnosis. In addition, we used a survey questionnaire to assess the familiarity of laypeople with the symptoms associated with these conditions., Results: On average, 15.49% (1792/12,367, SD 8.4%) of people queried about symptoms associated with their medical condition before receiving a medical diagnosis. A longer duration between the first query for a symptom and the corresponding diagnosis was correlated with an increased likelihood of people querying about those symptoms (rho=0.6; P=.005); similarly, unfamiliarity with the association between a condition and its symptom was correlated with an increased likelihood of people querying about those symptoms (rho=-0.47; P=.08). In addition, worrying symptoms were 14% more likely to be queried about., Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is large variability in the percentage of people who query the internet for their symptoms before a formal medical diagnosis is made. This finding has important implications for systems that attempt to screen for medical conditions., (©Irit Hochberg, Raviv Allon, Elad Yom-Tov. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 06.03.2020.)
- Published
- 2020
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21. Analyzing Medical Research Results Based on Synthetic Data and Their Relation to Real Data Results: Systematic Comparison From Five Observational Studies.
- Author
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Reiner Benaim A, Almog R, Gorelik Y, Hochberg I, Nassar L, Mashiach T, Khamaisi M, Lurie Y, Azzam ZS, Khoury J, Kurnik D, and Beyar R
- Abstract
Background: Privacy restrictions limit access to protected patient-derived health information for research purposes. Consequently, data anonymization is required to allow researchers data access for initial analysis before granting institutional review board approval. A system installed and activated at our institution enables synthetic data generation that mimics data from real electronic medical records, wherein only fictitious patients are listed., Objective: This paper aimed to validate the results obtained when analyzing synthetic structured data for medical research. A comprehensive validation process concerning meaningful clinical questions and various types of data was conducted to assess the accuracy and precision of statistical estimates derived from synthetic patient data., Methods: A cross-hospital project was conducted to validate results obtained from synthetic data produced for five contemporary studies on various topics. For each study, results derived from synthetic data were compared with those based on real data. In addition, repeatedly generated synthetic datasets were used to estimate the bias and stability of results obtained from synthetic data., Results: This study demonstrated that results derived from synthetic data were predictive of results from real data. When the number of patients was large relative to the number of variables used, highly accurate and strongly consistent results were observed between synthetic and real data. For studies based on smaller populations that accounted for confounders and modifiers by multivariate models, predictions were of moderate accuracy, yet clear trends were correctly observed., Conclusions: The use of synthetic structured data provides a close estimate to real data results and is thus a powerful tool in shaping research hypotheses and accessing estimated analyses, without risking patient privacy. Synthetic data enable broad access to data (eg, for out-of-organization researchers), and rapid, safe, and repeatable analysis of data in hospitals or other health organizations where patient privacy is a primary value., (©Anat Reiner Benaim, Ronit Almog, Yuri Gorelik, Irit Hochberg, Laila Nassar, Tanya Mashiach, Mogher Khamaisi, Yael Lurie, Zaher S Azzam, Johad Khoury, Daniel Kurnik, Rafael Beyar. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (http://medinform.jmir.org), 20.02.2020.)
- Published
- 2020
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22. Antihyperglycemic therapy during colonoscopy preparation: A review and suggestions for practical recommendations.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Segol O, Shental R, Shimoni P, and Eldor R
- Subjects
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus blood, Disease Management, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents adverse effects, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Preoperative Period, Colonoscopy adverse effects, Colonoscopy methods, Hypoglycemic Agents administration & dosage, Preoperative Care
- Abstract
Patients with diabetes have distinct risks during precolonoscopy bowel preparation, caused by change of diet, change of antihyperglycemic medication regimens and diabetes-related complications and comorbidities. These risks include hypoglycemia, water and electrolyte imbalance, acute renal failure, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis and low quality of bowel preparation. Here we review the existing literature and present recommendations from a subcommittee of the Israeli National Diabetes Council for primary care physicians and gastroenterologists. The instructions include general suggestions on diet and glucose monitoring and specific recommendations on timing of modification or cessation of each of the antihyperglycemic medication types to ensure patient safety during bowel preparation.
- Published
- 2019
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23. Evolutionary Perspective in Rickets and Vitamin D.
- Author
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Hochberg Z and Hochberg I
- Abstract
Modern lifestyle limits our exposure to sunlight, which photosynthesizes vitamin D in the skin, and the incidence of nutritional rickets has been resurging. Vitamin D is one of the first hormones; it is photosynthesized in all organism from the phytoplankton to mammals. A selective sweep of the promoter of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) happened as soon as Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa; it co-adapted with skin color genes to provide adaptation to latitudes and the levels of exposure to ultraviolet (UV)B radiation along the route out of Africa. Exposure to UVB radiation balances the need for vitamin D photosynthesis and degradation of folic acid by UVB radiation. Skin color follows a latitude distribution: the darkest populations dwell in the tropical belt; and the fair-skinned populations inhabit the northern countries. Due to their greater need for calcium during their reproductive life, the skin color of women is lighter- than that of men. Vitamin D is essential for mineral homeostasis and has a wide variety of non-skeletal functions, of which the most important for natural selection is a regulatory function in the innate immune system. In the human fossil record, vitamin D deficiency coincided with bone tuberculosis. About 6,000 years ago, a diet which included cow's milk provided Neolithic humans with twice as much calcium and was more alkaline than that of its Paleolithic predecessors. Adiposity is negatively associated with the vitamin D status and obese individuals require 2-3 times more vitamin D than non-obese individuals to normalize circulating 25OHD levels. In an era of an obesity epidemic, we need more research to determine whether adiposity should be considered when determining the dietary requirements for vitamin D and calcium and the optimal serum 25OHD levels.
- Published
- 2019
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24. Glucocorticoid-Induced Metabolic Disturbances Are Exacerbated in Obese Male Mice.
- Author
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Harvey I, Stephenson EJ, Redd JR, Tran QT, Hochberg I, Qi N, and Bridges D
- Subjects
- 3T3-L1 Cells, Animals, Disease Progression, Energy Metabolism drug effects, Lipolysis drug effects, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Obese, Dexamethasone pharmacology, Glucocorticoids pharmacology, Insulin Resistance physiology, Obesity metabolism, Obesity pathology
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of glucocorticoid-induced metabolic dysfunction in the presence of diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J adult male lean and diet-induced obese mice were given dexamethasone, and levels of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and lipolysis were determined. Obese mice given dexamethasone had significant, synergistic effects on fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and markers of lipolysis, as well as hepatic steatosis. This was associated with synergistic transactivation of the lipolytic enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The combination of chronically elevated glucocorticoids and obesity leads to exacerbations in metabolic dysfunction. Our findings suggest lipolysis may be a key player in glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and fatty liver in individuals with obesity.
- Published
- 2018
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25. A Young Patient with Leg Weakness and Hypokalemia-Case Report.
- Author
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Andrawus E, Hochberg I, and Azzam ZS
- Abstract
A 20-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital because of bilateral leg weakness. Laboratory investigation showed metabolic alkalosis and severe hypokalemia. Differential diagnosis included mineralocorticoid or apparent mineralocorticoid excess diseases, with a high aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) after correcting hypokalemia. After confirmatory tests, imaging studies revealed a unilateral adrenocortical adenoma consistent with Conn's disease. Surgery was curative.
- Published
- 2018
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26. Managing Diabetes in Patients Hospitalized in Internal Medicine Units.
- Author
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Hochberg I
- Abstract
Diabetes and hyperglycemia are present in over one-third of inpatients in internal medicine units and are associated with worse prognosis in multiple morbidities. Treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia is usually with basal bolus insulin in a dose calculated by the patient's weight, with lower doses recommended in patients who are at a higher risk for hypoglycemia. Other antihyperglycemic medications and insulin regimens can be used in selected patients. There are no adequately powered studies on the effect of improving glycemic control on hospitalization outcomes in non-critically ill patients in internal medicine units, and in most patients a modest glucose target of 140-180 mg/dL is recommended. A structured discharge plan should intensify antihyperglycemic treatment as needed and include an outpatient follow-up appointment shortly after discharge.
- Published
- 2018
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27. Insulin Detemir Use Is Associated With Higher Occurrence of Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Patients With Hypoalbuminemia.
- Author
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Hochberg I
- Published
- 2018
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28. Encouraging Physical Activity in Patients With Diabetes: Intervention Using a Reinforcement Learning System.
- Author
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Yom-Tov E, Feraru G, Kozdoba M, Mannor S, Tennenholtz M, and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 therapy, Exercise physiology, Reinforcement Schedule
- Abstract
Background: Regular physical activity is known to be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, most of the people who have diabetes lead a sedentary lifestyle. Smartphones create new possibilities for helping people to adhere to their physical activity goals through continuous monitoring and communication, coupled with personalized feedback., Objective: The aim of this study was to help type 2 diabetes patients increase the level of their physical activity., Methods: We provided 27 sedentary type 2 diabetes patients with a smartphone-based pedometer and a personal plan for physical activity. Patients were sent short message service messages to encourage physical activity between once a day and once per week. Messages were personalized through a Reinforcement Learning algorithm so as to improve each participant's compliance with the activity regimen. The algorithm was compared with a static policy for sending messages and weekly reminders., Results: Our results show that participants who received messages generated by the learning algorithm increased the amount of activity and pace of walking, whereas the control group patients did not. Patients assigned to the learning algorithm group experienced a superior reduction in blood glucose levels (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) compared with control policies, and longer participation caused greater reductions in blood glucose levels. The learning algorithm improved gradually in predicting which messages would lead participants to exercise., Conclusions: Mobile phone apps coupled with a learning algorithm can improve adherence to exercise in diabetic patients. This algorithm can be used in large populations of diabetic patients to improve health and glycemic control. Our results can be expanded to other areas where computer-led health coaching of humans may have a positive impact. Summary of a part of this manuscript has been previously published as a letter in Diabetes Care, 2016., (©Elad Yom-Tov, Guy Feraru, Mark Kozdoba, Shie Mannor, Moshe Tennenholtz, Irit Hochberg. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 10.10.2017.)
- Published
- 2017
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29. Encouraging Physical Activity in Patients With Diabetes Through Automatic Personalized Feedback via Reinforcement Learning Improves Glycemic Control.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Feraru G, Kozdoba M, Mannor S, Tennenholtz M, and Yom-Tov E
- Published
- 2016
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30. Gene expression changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue due to Cushing's disease.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Harvey I, Tran QT, Stephenson EJ, Barkan AL, Saltiel AR, Chandler WF, and Bridges D
- Subjects
- Animals, Base Sequence, Ceramides analysis, Cushing Syndrome physiopathology, Dexamethasone pharmacology, Disease Models, Animal, Glucose metabolism, Humans, Inflammation genetics, Insulin metabolism, Insulin Resistance physiology, Lipogenesis genetics, Lipolysis physiology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction, Pituitary Neoplasms genetics, Protein Biosynthesis genetics, Proteolysis, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Signal Transduction genetics, Signal Transduction physiology, Cushing Syndrome genetics, Obesity genetics, RNA, Messenger genetics, Subcutaneous Fat cytology, Subcutaneous Fat metabolism
- Abstract
Glucocorticoids have major effects on adipose tissue metabolism. To study tissue mRNA expression changes induced by chronic elevated endogenous glucocorticoids, we performed RNA sequencing on the subcutaneous adipose tissue from patients with Cushing's disease (n=5) compared to patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (n=11). We found a higher expression of transcripts involved in several metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, proteolysis and glucose oxidation as well as a decreased expression of transcripts involved in inflammation and protein synthesis. To further study this in a model system, we subjected mice to dexamethasone treatment for 12 weeks and analyzed their inguinal (subcutaneous) fat pads, which led to similar findings. Additionally, mice treated with dexamethasone showed drastic decreases in lean body mass as well as increased fat mass, further supporting the human transcriptomic data. These data provide insight to transcriptional changes that may be responsible for the comorbidities associated with chronic elevations of glucocorticoids., (© 2015 The authors.)
- Published
- 2015
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31. Gene Expression Signature in Adipose Tissue of Acromegaly Patients.
- Author
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Hochberg I, Tran QT, Barkan AL, Saltiel AR, Chandler WF, and Bridges D
- Subjects
- Acromegaly metabolism, Adenoma genetics, Adenoma metabolism, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose metabolism, Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, Gene Expression Profiling, Humans, Insulin blood, Insulin Resistance genetics, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 genetics, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 metabolism, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I genetics, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I metabolism, Middle Aged, Pituitary Neoplasms genetics, Pituitary Neoplasms metabolism, Acromegaly genetics, Adipose Tissue metabolism, Lipolysis genetics, Transcriptome
- Abstract
To study the effect of chronic excess growth hormone on adipose tissue, we performed RNA sequencing in adipose tissue biopsies from patients with acromegaly (n = 7) or non-functioning pituitary adenomas (n = 11). The patients underwent clinical and metabolic profiling including assessment of HOMA-IR. Explants of adipose tissue were assayed ex vivo for lipolysis and ceramide levels. Patients with acromegaly had higher glucose, higher insulin levels and higher HOMA-IR score. We observed several previously reported transcriptional changes (IGF1, IGFBP3, CISH, SOCS2) that are known to be induced by GH/IGF-1 in liver but are also induced in adipose tissue. We also identified several novel transcriptional changes, some of which may be important for GH/IGF responses (PTPN3 and PTPN4) and the effects of acromegaly on growth and proliferation. Several differentially expressed transcripts may be important in GH/IGF-1-induced metabolic changes. Specifically, induction of LPL, ABHD5, and NRIP1 can contribute to enhanced lipolysis and may explain the elevated adipose tissue lipolysis in acromegalic patients. Higher expression of TCF7L2 and the fatty acid desaturases FADS1, FADS2 and SCD could contribute to insulin resistance. Ceramides were not different between the two groups. In summary, we have identified the acromegaly gene expression signature in human adipose tissue. The significance of altered expression of specific transcripts will enhance our understanding of the metabolic and proliferative changes associated with acromegaly.
- Published
- 2015
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32. An inhibitor of the protein kinases TBK1 and IKK-ɛ improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice.
- Author
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Reilly SM, Chiang SH, Decker SJ, Chang L, Uhm M, Larsen MJ, Rubin JR, Mowers J, White NM, Hochberg I, Downes M, Yu RT, Liddle C, Evans RM, Oh D, Li P, Olefsky JM, and Saltiel AR
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Allergic Agents pharmacology, Cell Line, Diet, High-Fat, Enzyme Activation, Fatty Liver drug therapy, Glucose Metabolism Disorders drug therapy, I-kappa B Kinase metabolism, Intra-Abdominal Fat drug effects, Intra-Abdominal Fat metabolism, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Obese, NF-kappa B metabolism, Obesity drug therapy, Obesity immunology, Oxygen Consumption drug effects, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Weight Loss drug effects, Aminopyridines pharmacology, Anti-Obesity Agents pharmacology, Energy Metabolism drug effects, I-kappa B Kinase antagonists & inhibitors, Insulin Resistance immunology, Obesity metabolism, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors
- Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation provides a link between obesity and insulin resistance. The noncanonical IκB kinases IKK-ɛ and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) are induced in liver and fat by NF-κB activation upon high-fat diet feeding and in turn initiate a program of counterinflammation that preserves energy storage. Here we report that amlexanox, an approved small-molecule therapeutic presently used in the clinic to treat aphthous ulcers and asthma, is an inhibitor of these kinases. Treatment of obese mice with amlexanox elevates energy expenditure through increased thermogenesis, producing weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity and decreased steatosis. Because of its record of safety in patients, amlexanox may be an interesting candidate for clinical evaluation in the treatment of obesity and related disorders.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Effects of spironolactone and eprosartan on cardiac remodeling and angiotensin-converting enzyme isoforms in rats with experimental heart failure.
- Author
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Karram T, Abbasi A, Keidar S, Golomb E, Hochberg I, Winaver J, Hoffman A, and Abassi Z
- Subjects
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Animals, Arteriovenous Fistula, Carboxypeptidases metabolism, Cardiomegaly drug therapy, Cardiomegaly metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Heart Failure metabolism, Male, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A metabolism, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Acrylates pharmacology, Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers pharmacology, Heart Failure drug therapy, Imidazoles pharmacology, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists pharmacology, Spironolactone pharmacology, Thiophenes pharmacology, Ventricular Remodeling drug effects
- Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 is a newly described enzyme with antagonistic effects to those of the classical ACE (ACE-1). Both ANG II and aldosterone play an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF) and in the adverse cardiac remodeling during its development. In this study, we examined the effects of experimental CHF induced by an aortocaval fistula (ACF) and of its treatment with ANG II and aldosterone inhibitors on the relative levels of ACE-1 and ACE-2. We also compared the effects of spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, and eprosartan, an ANG II receptor antagonist, on heart hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats with ACF. Spironolactone (15 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) ip, via minipump) or eprosartan (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) ip, via minipump) was administered into rats with ACF for 14 and 28 days. Specific antibodies were used to determine the protein levels of myocardial ACE-1 and ACE-2. ACF increased the cardiac levels of ACE-1 and decreased those of ACE-2. Heart-to-body weight ratio significantly increased from 0.30 +/- 0.004% in sham-operated controls to 0.50 +/- 0.018% and 0.56 +/- 0.044% (P < 0.001) in rats with ACF, 2 and 4 wk after surgery, respectively, in association with increased plasma levels of aldosterone. The area occupied by collagen increased from 2.33 +/- 0.27% to 6.85 +/- 0.65% and 8.03 +/- 0.93% (P < 0.01), 2 and 4 wk after ACF, respectively. Both spironolactone and eprosartan decreased cardiac mass and collagen content and reversed the shift in ACE isoforms. ACF alters the ratio between ACE isoforms in a manner that increases local ANG II and aldosterone levels. Early treatment with both ANG II and aldosterone antagonists is effective in reducing this effect. Thus ACE isoform shift may represent an important component of the development of cardiac remodeling in response to hemodynamic overload, and its correction may contribute to the beneficial therapeutic effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Haptoglobin phenotype is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: The Strong Heart Study.
- Author
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Levy AP, Hochberg I, Jablonski K, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best L, and Howard BV
- Subjects
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Case-Control Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Markers genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases genetics, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 genetics, Haptoglobins genetics, Phenotype
- Abstract
Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine if the haptoglobin phenotype was predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetic mellitus (DM)., Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent, severe, and costly complication of type 2 DM. There are clear geographic and ethnic differences in the risk of CVD among diabetic patients that cannot be fully explained by differences in conventional CVD risk factors. We have demonstrated that a functional allelic polymorphism in the haptoglobin gene acts as a major determinant of susceptibility for the development of diabetic microvascular complications., Methods: We sought to determine if this paradigm concerning the haptoglobin gene could be extended to CVD in DM. We tested this hypothesis in a case-control sample from the Strong Heart study, a population-based longitudinal study of CVD in American Indians. Haptoglobin phenotype was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 206 CVD cases and 206 matched controls age 45 to 74 years. Median follow-up was six years., Results: In multivariate analyses controlling for conventional CVD risk factors, haptoglobin phenotype was a highly statistically significant, independent predictor of CVD in DM. The odds ratio of having CVD in DM with the haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype was 5.0 times greater than in DM with the haptoglobin 1-1 phenotype (p = 0.002). An intermediate risk of CVD was associated with the haptoglobin 2-1 phenotype., Conclusions: This study suggests that determination of haptoglobin phenotype may contribute to the algorithm used in CVD risk stratification, and in evaluation of new therapies to prevent CVD in the diabetic patient.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Interindividual heterogeneity in the hypoxic regulation of VEGF: significance for the development of the coronary artery collateral circulation.
- Author
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Schultz A, Lavie L, Hochberg I, Beyar R, Stone T, Skorecki K, Lavie P, Roguin A, and Levy AP
- Subjects
- Coronary Disease metabolism, Endothelial Growth Factors genetics, Female, Humans, Lymphokines genetics, Male, Middle Aged, Neovascularization, Physiologic, RNA, Messenger analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Cell Hypoxia, Collateral Circulation, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Disease physiopathology, Endothelial Growth Factors metabolism, Lymphokines metabolism, Monocytes metabolism
- Abstract
Background: The coronary artery collateral circulation may be beneficial in protecting against myocardial ischemia and necrosis. However, there is a tremendous interindividual variability in the degree of new collateral formation in patients with coronary artery disease. The basis for this interindividual heterogeneity is not understood. In this study we test the hypothesis that failure to generate collateral vessels is associated with a failure to appropriately induce with hypoxia or ischemia the angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)., Methods and Results: We correlated the VEGF response to hypoxia in the monocytes harvested from patients with coronary artery disease with the presence of collaterals visualized during routine angiography. We found that there was a highly significant difference in the hypoxic induction of VEGF in patients with no collaterals compared with patients with some collaterals (mean fold induction 1.9+/-0.2 versus 3.2+/-0.3, P<0.0001). After subjecting the data to ANCOVA, using as covariates a number of factors that might influence the amount of collateral formation (ie, age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia), patients with no collaterals still have a significantly lower hypoxic induction of VEGF than patients with collaterals., Conclusions: This study provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that the ability to respond to progressive coronary artery stenosis is strongly associated with the ability to induce VEGF in response to hypoxia. The observed interindividual heterogeneity in this response may be due to environmental, epigenetic, or genetic causes. This interindividual heterogeneity may also help to explain the variable angiogenic responses seen in other conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
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36. Children's perception of speech in reverberation.
- Author
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Neuman AC and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Language Development, Phonetics, Time Factors, Speech, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception
- Abstract
Recordings of nonsense syllables (VCV construction) were presented to groups of children aged 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 years and young adults under monaural (reverberation time = 0.6s) and binaural (reverberation times = 0, 0.4, and 0.6 s) conditions of reverberation. Phoneme identification performance was affected by age, reverberation, and mode of presentation (monaural versus binaural). The major findings were (1) phoneme identification scores in reverberant conditions improved with increasing age and decreased with increased reverberation time; (2) children's performance in reverberant conditions did not reach asymptote until age 13; (3) binaural performance was consistently better than monaural performance for all age groups, with 5-year-olds showing the largest binaural advantage.
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Oral stereognosis in normal and cleft palate individuals.
- Author
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Hochberg I and Kabcenell J
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Palatal Obturators, Cleft Palate, Form Perception
- Published
- 1967
38. Audiologic and otologic evaluation of cleft palate children.
- Author
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Heller JC, Hochberg I, and Milano G
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Auditory Perception, Cleft Palate complications, Cleft Palate surgery, Hearing Disorders congenital, Tympanic Membrane abnormalities
- Published
- 1970
39. Ear laterality performance of children from low and middle socioeconomic levels on a verbal dichotic listening task.
- Author
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Geffner DS and Hochberg I
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Auditory Threshold, Child, Child, Preschool, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Auditory Perception, Functional Laterality
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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