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Introduction: In 2015, the EU(7)-PIM List was published, which identifies potentially inappropriate medicines in older patients and resulted from a consensus of experts from seven European countries. Portugal was not part of this group, so it was not originally adapted to the Portuguese reality. With this work, we intend to elaborate a list of potentially inappropriate medicines adapted to the reality of medicines marketed in Portugal, through the operationalization of the EU(7)-PIM List for the national reality and to evaluate the adequacy of its use for clinical practice. Material and Methods: Search, in INFARMED’s Infomed database, of drugs that are included in the EU(7)-PIM List that have marketing authorization, and analysis of possible new drugs for inclusion in the list. The tool adapted to the Portuguese reality was applied to a sample of 1089 outpatient, polymedicated older patients from 38 primary care units in Central Portugal. Results: The final PIM list adapted to the Portuguese reality includes 184 potentially inappropriate medicines (from these, 178 are active substances, five are classes of drugs, and one corresponds to the sliding scale therapeutic scheme used in insulin therapy). Of 1089 polymedicated older patients, 83.7% took at least one drug included in the final potentially inappropriate medicines list or belonging to one of the groups included in the list, and, on average, each patient took 1.74 (IQR 1 – 2). Discussion: Even though the availability of drugs on the market is quite diverse, the EU(7)-PIM List has been used in several European countries. With this study, we operationalized the European list for the Portuguese reality, which will enable its application in clinical practice. Conclusion: The list drawn up is a useful tool for the identification of potentially inappropriate medicines, easy to use in clinical practice and research.

Additional file 2. Attitudes and beliefs items.

Additional file 3. Antibiotic behaviour among medical students.

Objective: The aim of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire to measure perceived symptoms associated with antihypertensive drugs (PERSYVE). Methods: The PERSYVE development and validation included four stages: 1) item development (bibliographic review and questionnaire elaboration); 2) face and content validation; 3) field testing (pre-test); and 4) test-retest validation, assessment of internal consistency (Cronbach´s alpha) and reproducibility over time (intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen´s kappa coefficient). Results: PERSYVE is divided into six sections according to results obtained from the literature review: (1) drug adherence, (2) perceived symptoms and how they affect quality of life (five-point Likert scale), (3) communication with health professionals, (4) perception of symptoms as adverse reactions, (5) influence on therapy compliance, and (6) adoption of non-pharmacological methods for blood pressure control. Content and face validation of the questionnaire led to some vocabulary changes and the introduction of section 2.1. Field-testing (n=26) revealed high comprehensibility of the questions. The Cronbach's alpha, calculated for section 2 (five-point Likert scale) was 0.850. PERSYVE was reproducible (n=167): kappa values presented fair to substantial reproducibility and, in section 2, ICC values resulted in good to excellent reproducibility. Conclusion: Results showed that PERSYVE is a well-structured, objective, patient-friendly, valid and reliable questionnaire. PERSYVE can be a very useful instrument in hypertensive patients´ monitoring and in the screening of adverse effects. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un cuestionario para medir los síntomas percibidos asicados a medicamentos antihipertensivos (PERSYVE). Métodos: El desarrollo y validación de PERSYVE incluyó cuatro etapas: 1) desarrollo de ítems (revisión bibliográfica y elaboración del cuestionario); 2) validación de rostro y de contenido; 3) prueba de campo (pre-test); y 4) validación test-retest, evaluación de la consistencia interna (alfa de Chronbach) y reproductibilidad en el tiempo (coeficiente de correlación intra-clases y coeficiente kappa de Cohen). Resultados: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos de la revisión de la literatura, PERSYVE se divide en seis secciones: (1) adherencia a medicamentos, (2) síntomas percibidos y como afectan a la calidad de vida (escala Likert de cinco puntos), (3) comunicación con los profesionales de la salud, (4) percepción de síntomas como reacciones adversas, (5) influencia en el cumplimiento del tratamiento, y (6) adopción de métodos no farmacológicos para el control de la presión arterial. La validación de rostro y de contenido del cuestionario llevaron a algunos cambios de vocabulario y a la introducción de la sección 2.1. El ensayo de campo (n=26) reveló una alta comprensibilidad de las preguntas. El alfa de Cronbach calculado para la sección 2 (escala de Likert de 5 puntos) fue de 0,850. PERSYVE fue reproducible (n=167): valores de kappa presentaron una reproductibilidad sustancial y, en la sección 2, los valores de ICC resultaron de buenos a excelentes. Conclusión: Los resultados demostraron que PERSYVE es un cuestionario bien estructurado, objetivo, fácil de usar para el paciente, válido y confiable. PERSYVE puede ser un instrumento muy útil en la monitorización de pacientes hipertensos y en el rastreo de efectos adversos.

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