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Longsornya Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sarimukti membuat tumpukan sampah di Tempat Pembuangan Sampah (TPS) semakin menggunung dan munculnya TPS liar yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Alternatif pengolahan sampah organik yaitu dengan memanfaatkan maggot. Jika tersedia sarana pengolahan sampah yang lengkap dan budidaya Maggot dilakukan secara benar, maka berpotensi dapat mengatasi permasalahan sampah dan menghasilkan keuntungan. Mitra telah mencoba melakukan pengolahan sampah organik menggunakan Maggot. Namun, masih ada permasalahan yang terjadi pada Mitra Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) yaitu tidak adanya alat penghancur sampah sehingga tidak dapat diolah maksimal oleh Maggot. Kegiatan PkM ini yaitu melakukan sosialisasi mengajak warga untuk memilah sampah organik dan anorganik di rumah masing-masing, kemudian mendistribusikan sampah ke lokasi pengolahan, dan pembuatan alat penghancur sampah organik. Manfaat kegiatan PkM bagi Mitra adalah memberikan kontribusi berupa teknologi peralatan penghancur sampah dan bertambah banyak masyarakat yang berkontribusi dalam pengelolaan ini sebagai solusi pengolahan sampah yang efektif, efisien, murah, dan dapat memberikan keuntungan bersama.

Kulit nanas merupakan limbah yang mengandung glukosa sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bioetanol. Kulit nanas selama ini belum banyak dimanfaatkan sehingga tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis.  Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan limbah kulit nanas untuk menjadi bioetanol dengan cara fermentasi, dimana proses fermentasi akan dilanjutkan dengan distilasi. Fokus penelitian ini berada pada variasi konsentrasi gula substrat karena kenyataannya limbah kulit nanas di lingkungan memiliki konsentrasi gula yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala home industry dengan proses yang dibuat semirip mungkin dengan proses pembuatan bioetanol yang dilakukan pada industri besar. Kapasitas produksi 5 L dengan substrat berupa air perasan kulit nanas. Variasi substrat yang digunakan adalah 3, 4, 5, dan 6 °Bx dengan waktu fermentasi 3 dan 5 hari. Mikroorganisme yang digunakan adalah yeast kering dengan variasi berat 5, 10, dan 15 g. Nutrien berupa pupuk NPK dan Urea dengan kadar 0,5% (b/v). Media fermentasi tidak disterilisasi untuk menyamakan dengan kondisi proses yang ada di industri bioetanol. Hasil fermentasi didistilasi pada suhu 83 °C selama kurang lebih 2 jam. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada variasi konsentrasi substrat dengan kadar gula 6 °Bx, berat yeast 15 g, yaitu kadar alkohol setelah fermentasi sebesar 9 % dan hasil distilasi diperoleh kadar alkohol 45% sebanyak 170 ml.

Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) are effective public health intervention to enhance child survival, nutrition and development. There is also documented evidence regarding the protective effect of optimal IYCF practices against diarrhea and ARTI. Objectives: 1) To assess knowledge and practices regarding IYCF among study participants. 2) To explore the association of feeding practices of mothers with the morbidities (infections) in their children. Methodology: The present study was a hospital based cross-sectional study, carried out during September 2019 to March 2021. A total of 380 mothers of children less than two years attending OPD of Institute of child health, Nirmal hospital private limited, a tertiary care multi-specialty hospital were interviewed using pre-designed and pretested questionnaire. Results: Feeding practices during early days of life to be reasonably good among study participants with almost 2/3rd of the study participants practicing them. Mean number of morbidity episodes requiring consultation were significantly lower in the children whose mothers practiced optimal IYCF practices. Conclusion: Satisfactory knowledge and practices were observed among study participants regarding various infant and young child feeding practices. Poor feeding practices in children had significant association with morbidity episodes of diarrhea and ARTI in children.

Background: Tobacco use has become an epidemic of modern times. Its use is widespread among young adults and those from lower socioeconomic classes. Objective: The objective is to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and motivation to quit tobacco habits in relation to age and educational status among male tobacco users visiting a Government Dental College Hospital, India. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire survey conducted among 199 male adult smokers visiting the Department of Public Health Dentistry in a Government Dental College in India. Quota sampling was used for recruiting the required number of study participants. Information on KAP related to smoking habits was collected using a predesigned structured questionnaire by two trained and calibrated dentists. Knowledge, attitude toward quitting and their self-confidence toward quitting was compared in relation to age and educational status using Chi-square test. Results: A higher percentage of younger adults aged 18–24 years were interested in quitting the habit (100%) compared to those aged 45–64 years (85.2%). Similarly, a higher percentage of young adults have tried quitting the habit (76.9%) compared to their older counterparts (64.8%) (P < 0.05). Knowledge on ill effects of smoking increased with increasing educational attainment (P < 0.001). People with higher educational attainment had observed the warning sign on packaging (73.7%) compared to those with less than primary education (25.9%) and they also reported that the presence of such warning sign motivated them to think about quitting (54.8% vs. 0%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge, positive attitude toward quitting and self-confidence to quit were higher among younger adults and those with secondary education compared to their elder counterparts and those with less than primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and oral health status among elementary school children in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among elementary school children selected from government, private-aided and private-unaided schools in Hyderabad. A stratified cluster random sampling technique was used to select study participants. All parents were requested to be personally present on the day of examination. All eligible children were assembled in a hall and their height in inches and weight in kilograms were recorded by two calibrated investigators. The oral health status of children was assessed using a predesigned oral health assessment proforma. Plaque status was assessed using Sillness and Loe plaque Index and caries using decayed and filled teeth (dft) by a trained and calibrated investigator.Results: One hundred and seventy-one children (89 males and 82 females) were included in the present study. Mean plaque score was 1.4 ± 0.6 with no significant difference in the mean plaque score between children in three different categories of nutritional status (P = 0.07). Mean dft among primary teeth was 1.1 ± 1.1 with a significantly higher score among children who were malnourished (2.4 ± 0.9) compared to children who were overweight (0.9 ± 0.9) and normal (0.4 ± 0.6) (P < 0.001).Conclusion: BMI was negatively associated with caries experience in primary dentition with no association with plaque scores. Overweight children with malnutrition had significantly higher caries experience compared to children with normal BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that moderate alcohol consumption decreased the risk of type 2 diabetes but that elevated liver enzymes increased it. The comparative importance of alcohol consumption and liver enzymes as predictors of type 2 diabetes remains unconfirmed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The participants included 8,576 Japanese men, aged 40-55 years, without type 2 diabetes at entry. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed if a fasting plasma glucose level was >or=126 mg/dl or if participants were taking oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin. RESULTS: During the 4-year follow-up period, we confirmed 878 cases. In multivariate models, moderate daily alcohol consumption (16.4-42.6 g ethanol/day) decreased the risk of type 2 diabetes, and higher levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased the risk. In joint analyses of alcohol consumption and liver enzymes, moderate drinkers with the lowest tertile of GGT had the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with them, nondrinkers with the highest GGT had the highest risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 3.18 [95% CI 1.75-5.76]). At every level of GGT, moderate or heavy alcohol drinkers (>or=42.7 g ethanol/day) had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than nondrinkers. The relationship of ALT and daily alcohol consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes was almost the same as that of GGT. CONCLUSIONS: GGT, ALT, and daily alcohol consumption were independently associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Nondrinkers with the highest GGT or ALT had a high risk of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We prospectively assessed whether the combined measurements of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and A1C were effective for predicting type 2 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: Study participants included 6,736 nondiabetic Japanese men aged 40-55 years. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in those who had an FPG >or=126 mg/dl or who were being treated with an oral antidiabetic agent or insulin. The models including FPG, A1C, and both were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves.Results: During the 4-year follow-up period, we confirmed 659 diabetes cases. In multivariate analysis, both FPG and A1C were independently associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The model including both FPG and A1C had a greater AUROC curve than that including FPG alone (0.853 vs. 0.818; P < 0.001) or A1C alone (0.853 vs. 0.771; P < 0.001).Conclusions: The combined measurement of FPG and A1C was effective for predicting type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Because skeletal muscle is one of the target tissues for insulin, skeletal muscle mass might be associated with type 2 diabetes. Serum creatinine is a possible surrogate marker of skeletal muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to determine whether serum creatinine level is associated with type 2 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: The study participants were nondiabetic Japanese men (n = 8,570) aged 40-55 years at entry. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed if fasting plasma glucose was >or=126 mg/dl or if participants were taking oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin.Results: During the 4-year follow-up period, 877 men developed type 2 diabetes. Lower serum creatinine was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The multiple-adjusted odds ratio for those who had serum creatinine levels between 0.40 and 0.60 mg/dl was 1.91 (95% CI 1.44-2.54) compared with those who had levels between 0.71 and 0.80 mg/dl.Conclusions: Lower serum creatinine increased the risk of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between drinking patterns, such as the weekly frequency of alcohol consumption and the quantity per drinking day, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes has not been sufficiently addressed., Methods: Study participants included 10 631 Japanese men aged 40-55 years without type 2 diabetes at entry. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed if a fasting plasma glucose level was ≥7.0 mmol/l or if participants were taking diabetes medications. Data on alcohol consumption were obtained from questionnaires., Results: During the 37 172 person-years of follow-up, we confirmed 878 cases of type 2 diabetes. Frequent alcohol consumption was associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared to non-drinkers, the multiple-adjusted HR for those who drank 4-7 days weekly was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.92). To assess the association between drinking pattern and type 2 diabetes, we examined the joint association of the weekly frequency and the quantity per drinking day with type 2 diabetes. Men who consumed 0.1-2.0 or 2.1-4.0 US standard drinks per drinking day on 4-7 days weekly had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.95; HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.91, respectively) compared to non-drinkers., Conclusions: More frequent alcohol consumption lowered the risk of type 2 diabetes. Light to moderate alcohol consumption per drinking day on 4-7 days weekly lowered the risk of type 2 diabetes compared to non-drinkers.

Background and Objectives: Glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria accompanied by early-stage diabetic kidney disease predict future renal failure. Cigarette smoking has reported to be associated with elevated GFR in cross-sectional studies and with renal deterioration in longitudinal studies. The degree of glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria associated with smoking, which presumably is a phenomenon of early renal damage, has not been investigated in a satisfying manner so far., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: This study included 10,118 Japanese men aged 40 to 55 years without proteinuria or renal dysfunction at entry. Estimated GFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for Japanese. Glomerular hyperfiltration was defined as estimated GFR ≥117.0 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), which was the upper 2.5th percentile value of estimated GFR in the total population. Proteinuria was detected using standard dipstick., Results: During the 6-year observation period, there were 449 incident cases of glomerular hyperfiltration and 1653 cases of proteinuria. Current smokers had a 1.32-time higher risk for the development of glomerular hyperfiltration and a 1.51-time higher risk for proteinuria than nonsmokers after adjustment for baseline age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP, antihypertensive medication, diabetes, alcohol consumption, regular leisure-time physical activity, and estimated GFR. Both daily and cumulative cigarette consumption were associated with an increased risk for glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in a dose-response manner., Conclusions: In middle-aged Japanese men, smoking was associated with an increased risk of glomerular hyperfiltration and dipstick proteinuria. Of importance, past smokers did not exhibit any increased risk for these conditions.