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1. Dynamic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding in Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers

Author

Wilks, Regan G, Erbing, Axel, Sadoughi, Golnaz, Starr, David E, Handick, Evelyn, Meyer, Frank, Benkert, Andreas, Iannuzzi, Marcella, Hauschild, Dirk, Yang, Wanli, Blum, Monika, Weinhardt, Lothar, Heske, Clemens, Snaith, Henry J, Odelius, Michael, and Bär, Marcus

Subjects
Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Chemical Sciences, Physical Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Chemical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

The organic component (methylammonium) of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based perovskites shows electronic hybridization with the inorganic framework via H-bonding between N and I sites. Femtosecond dynamics induced by core excitation are shown to strongly influence the measured X-ray emission spectra and the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of the organic components. The N K core excitation leads to a greatly increased N-H bond length that modifies and strengthens the interaction with the inorganic framework compared to that in the ground state. The study indicates that excited-state dynamics must be accounted for in spectroscopic studies of this perovskite solar cell material, and the organic-inorganic hybridization interaction suggests new avenues for probing the electronic structure of this class of materials. It is incidentally shown that beam damage to the methylamine component can be avoided by moving the sample under the soft X-ray beam to minimize exposure and that this procedure is necessary to prevent the creation of experimental artifacts.

Published
2021

2. ATHENA optics technology development

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, De Lorenzi, Simone, Willingale, Richard, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, De Lorenzi, Simone, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The next generation x-ray observatory ATHENA (advanced telescope for high energy astrophysics) requires an optics with unprecedented performance. It is the combination of low mass, large effective area and good angular resolution that is the challenge of the x-ray optics of such a mission. ATHENA is the second large class mission in the science programme of ESA, and is currently in a reformulation process, following a design-to-cost approach to meet the cost limit of an ESA L-class mission. The silicon pore optics (SPO) is the mission enabler being specifically developed for ATHENA, in a joint effort by industry, research institutions and ESA. All aspects of the optics are being addressed, from the mirror plates and their coatings, over the mirror modules and their assembly into the ATHENA telescope, to the facilities required to build and test the flight optics, demonstrating performance, robustness, and programmatic compliance. The SPO technology is currently being matured to the level required for the adoption of the ATHENA mission, i.e., the start of the mission implementation phase. The monocrystalline silicon material and pore structure of the SPO provide these optics with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Benefiting from technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry, the equipment, processes, and materials used to produce the SPO are highly sophisticated and optimised.

Published
2022

3. X-ray facility for the characterization of the Athena mirror modules at the ALBA synchrotron

Author

Carballedo, Antonio, Barri��re, Nicolas, Bavdaz, Marcos, Casas, Joan, Colldelram, Carles, Collon, Maximilien, Cun��, Guifre, Ferreira, Ivo, Handick, Evelyn, Heinis, Dominique, Krumrey, Michael, Marcos, Jordi, Matilla, Oscar, Mueller, Peter, Nicol��s, Josep, S��nchez, Alejandro, Vacanti, Giuseppe, and Valls Vidal, N��ria

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Beamlines and front ends, Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics, Synchrotron, Accelerator Physics, Characterization (materials science), law.invention, Metrology, Design phase, Optics, Beamline, law, Christian ministry, business
Abstract

MINERVA is a new X-ray facility under construction at the ALBA synchrotron specially designed to support the development of the ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics) mission. The beamline design is originally based on the monochromatic pencil beam XPBF 2.0 from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), at BESSY II already in use at this effect. MINERVA will host the necessary metrology equipment to integrate the stacks produced by the cosine company in a mirror module (MM) and characterize their optical performances. From the opto-mechanical point of view, the beamline is made up of three main subsystems. First of all, a water-cooled multilayer toroidal mirror based on a high precision mechanical goniometer, then a sample manipulator constituted by a combination of linear stages and in-vacuum hexapod and finally an X-ray detector which trajectory follows a cylinder of about 12 m radius away from the MM. MINERVA is funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. MINERVA is today under construction and will be completed to operate in 2022., Proceedings of the 11th Mechanical Engineering Design of Synchrotron Radiation Equipment and Instrumentation, MEDSI2020, Chicago, IL, USA

Published
2021
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4. Unraveling the Impact of Combined NaF/RbF Postdeposition Treatments on the Deeply Buried Cu(in,Ga)Se2/Mo Thin‐Film Solar Cell Interface

Author

Bombsch, Jakob, primary, Avancini, Enrico, additional, Carron, Romain, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Garcia-Diez, Raul, additional, Hartmann, Claudia, additional, Félix, Roberto, additional, Abou-Ras, Daniel, additional, Ueda, Shigenori, additional, Wilks, Regan G., additional, and Bär, Marcus, additional

Published
2021
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5. Heavy Alkali Treatment of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Author

Siebentritt, Susanne, Avancini, Enrico, Bär, Marcus, Bombsch, Jakob, Bourgeois, Emilie, Buecheler, Stephan, Carron, Romain, Castro, Celia, Duguay, Sebastien, Félix, Roberto, Handick, Evelyn, Hariskos, Dimitrios, Havu, Ville, Jackson, Philip, Komsa, Hannu Pekka, Kunze, Thomas, Malitckaya, Maria, Menozzi, Roberto, Nesladek, Milos, Nicoara, Nicoleta, Puska, Martti, Raghuwanshi, Mohit, Pareige, Philippe, Sadewasser, Sascha, Sozzi, Giovanna, Tiwari, Ayodhya Nath, Ueda, Shigenori, Vilalta-Clemente, Arantxa, Weiss, Thomas Paul, Werner, Florian, Wilks, Regan G., Witte, Wolfram, Wolter, Max Hilaire, University of Luxembourg, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hasselt University, Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen Normandie, Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg, Department of Applied Physics, Electronic Properties of Materials, University of Parma, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
alkali treatment, chalcopyrite solar cells, surface, grain boundaries, bulk, recombination
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/641004/EU//Sharc25 Chalcopyrite solar cells achieve efficiencies above 23%. The latest improvements are due to post-deposition treatments (PDT) with heavy alkalis. This study provides a comprehensive description of the effect of PDT on the chemical and electronic structure of surface and bulk of Cu(In,Ga)Se2. Chemical changes at the surface appear similar, independent of absorber or alkali. However, the effect on the surface electronic structure differs with absorber or type of treatment, although the improvement of the solar cell efficiency is the same. Thus, changes at the surface cannot be the only effect of the PDT treatment. The main effect of PDT with heavy alkalis concerns bulk recombination. The reduction in bulk recombination goes along with a reduced density of electronic tail states. Improvements in open-circuit voltage appear together with reduced band bending at grain boundaries. Heavy alkalis accumulate at grain boundaries and are not detected in the grains. This behavior is understood by the energetics of the formation of single-phase Cu-alkali compounds. Thus, the efficiency improvement with heavy alkali PDT can be attributed to reduced band bending at grain boundaries, which reduces tail states and nonradiative recombination and is caused by accumulation of heavy alkalis at grain boundaries.

Published
2020

6. Dynamic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding in Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers

Author

Wilks, Regan G., Erbing, Axel, Sadoughi, Golnaz, Starr, David E., Handick, Evelyn, Meyer, Frank, Benkert, Andreas, Iannuzzi, Marcella, Hauschild, Dirk, Yang, Wanli, Blum, Monika, Weinhardt, Lothar, Heske, Clemens, Snaith, Henry J., Odelius, Michael, Bär, Marcus, Wilks, Regan G., Erbing, Axel, Sadoughi, Golnaz, Starr, David E., Handick, Evelyn, Meyer, Frank, Benkert, Andreas, Iannuzzi, Marcella, Hauschild, Dirk, Yang, Wanli, Blum, Monika, Weinhardt, Lothar, Heske, Clemens, Snaith, Henry J., Odelius, Michael, and Bär, Marcus

Abstract

The organic component (methylammonium) of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based perovskites shows electronic hybridization with the inorganic framework via H-bonding between N and I sites. Femtosecond dynamics induced by core excitation are shown to strongly influence the measured X-ray emission spectra and the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of the organic components. The N K core excitation leads to a greatly increased N-H bond length that modifies and strengthens the interaction with the inorganic framework compared to that in the ground state. The study indicates that excited-state dynamics must be accounted for in spectroscopic studies of this perovskite solar cell material, and the organic-inorganic hybridization interaction suggests new avenues for probing the electronic structure of this class of materials. It is incidentally shown that beam damage to the methylamine component can be avoided by moving the sample under the soft X-ray beam to minimize exposure and that this procedure is necessary to prevent the creation of experimental artifacts.

Published
2021
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7. The Athena x-ray optics development and accommodation

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Bradshaw, Miranda, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Kailla, Geeta, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Tordi, Massimiliano, Willingale, Richard, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Bradshaw, Miranda, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Kailla, Geeta, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Tordi, Massimiliano, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The ATHENA mission, under study and preparation by ESA as its second Large-class science mission, requires the largest X-ray optics ever flown, building on a novel optics technology based on mono crystalline silicon. Referred to as Silicon Pore Optics technology (SPO), the optics is highly modular and benefits from technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry. The telescope aperture of about 2.5 meters is populated by 600 mirror modules, accurately co -aligned to produce a common focus. The development of the SPO technology is a joint effort by European industrial and research entities, working together to address the challenges to demonstrate the imaging performance, robustness and efficient series production of the ATHENA optics. A technology development plan was established and is being regularly updated to reflect the latest developments, and is fully funded by the ESA technology development programmes. An industrial consortium was formed to ensure coherence of the individual technology development activities. The SPO technology uses precision machined mirror plates produced using thelatest generation top quality 12 inch silicon wafers, which are assembled into rugged stacks. The surfaces of the mirror plates and the integral support structure is such, that no glue is required to join the individual mirror plates. Once accurately aligned with respect to each other, the surfaces of the mirror plates merge in a physical bonding process. The resultant SPO mirror modules are therefore very accurate and stable and can sustain the harsh conditions encountered during launch and are able to tolerate the space environment expected during operations. The accommodation of the ATHENA telescope is also innovative, relying on a hexapod mechanismto align the optics to the selected detector instruments located in the focal plane. Systemstudies are complemented by dedicated technology development activities to demonstrate the capabilities before the adoption of the ATHE

Published
2021

8. SPO mirror plate production and coating

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Landgraf, Boris, Babić, Ljubiša, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Okma, Ben, Serano, Gregorio M., Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Riekerink, Mark O., Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperlé, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Christensen, Finn E., Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Kailla, Geeta, Phillips, Gavin, Mundon, William, Chequer, Ian, Ball, Kevin, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Landgraf, Boris, Babić, Ljubiša, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Okma, Ben, Serano, Gregorio M., Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Riekerink, Mark O., Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperlé, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Christensen, Finn E., Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Kailla, Geeta, Phillips, Gavin, Mundon, William, Chequer, Ian, and Ball, Kevin

Abstract

The Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology has been established as a new type of X-ray optics and will enable future X-ray observatories such as Athena and Arcus. SPO is being developed at cosine Research B.V. together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and academic as well as industrial partners. For Athena, about 150,000 mirror plates are required. With the technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry, mass production processes can be employed to manufacture rectangular SPO mirror plates in high quality, large quantity and at low cost. Over the last years, several aspects of the SPO mirror plates have been reviewed and undergone further developments in terms of effective area, intrinsic behavior of the mirror plates and mass production capability. The paper will provide an overview of most recent SPO plate designs, mirror plate production status and plan forward including reflective coating process as well as mass production developments.

Published
2021

9. Heavy Alkali Treatment of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells: Surface versus Bulk effects

Author

Siebentritt, Susanne, Avancini, Enrico, Bär, Marcus, Bombsch, Jacob, Bourgeois, Emilie, Buecheler, Stephan, Carron, Romain, Castro, Celia, Dugay, Sebastien, Felix, Roberto, Handick, Evelyn, Hariskos, Dimitrios, Havu, Ville, Jackson, philip, Komsa, Hannu-Pekka, Kunze, Thomas, Malitckaya, Maria, Menozzi, Roberto, Nesladek, Milos, Nicoara, Nicoleta, Puska, Martti, Raghuwanshi, Mohit, Pareige, Philippe, Sadewasser, Sascha, Sozzi, Giovanna, Tiwari, Ayodhya Nath, Ueda, Shinegori, Vilalta-Clemente, Arantxa, Weiss, Thomas, Werner, Florian, Wilks, Regan, Witte, Wolfram, Wolter, Max, Siebentritt, Susanne, Avancini, Enrico, Bär, Marcus, Bombsch, Jacob, Bourgeois, Emilie, Buecheler, Stephan, Carron, Romain, Castro, Celia, Dugay, Sebastien, Felix, Roberto, Handick, Evelyn, Hariskos, Dimitrios, Havu, Ville, Jackson, philip, Komsa, Hannu-Pekka, Kunze, Thomas, Malitckaya, Maria, Menozzi, Roberto, Nesladek, Milos, Nicoara, Nicoleta, Puska, Martti, Raghuwanshi, Mohit, Pareige, Philippe, Sadewasser, Sascha, Sozzi, Giovanna, Tiwari, Ayodhya Nath, Ueda, Shinegori, Vilalta-Clemente, Arantxa, Weiss, Thomas, Werner, Florian, Wilks, Regan, Witte, Wolfram, and Wolter, Max

Published
2020

10. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, and Krumrey, Michael

Abstract

The mirror coatings for the Athena X-ray telescope assumes Ir/SiC bilayer thin films as a baseline design. Adding the soft overcoat to the Ir X-ray mirror coatings for the Athena optics is used to improve the low energy performance necessary to achieve the telescope effective area requirements. The Athena mirror is based on silicon pore optics technology, for which the manufacturing process involves a sequence of wet chemical and thermal post-coating treatments of the mirror plates. Establishing compatibility of the thin film material candidates following exposure to these processes is critical for the Athena mission since the specific coating quality will influence the performance of the X-ray telescope. We present an investigation of Ir and Ir/SiC thin films exposed to post-coating treatments based on coatings produced at DTU Space. The current status of the chemical procedures is presented with representative coatings from the Athena-dedicated coating facility.

Published
2020

11. Alkali Postdeposition Treatment-Induced Changes of the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers

Author

Malitckaya, Maria, Kunze, Thomas, Komsa, Hannu Pekka, Havu, Ville, Handick, Evelyn, Wilks, Regan G., Bär, Marcus, Puska, Martti J., Department of Applied Physics, Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells, KF-PDT, KInSe, HAXPES, DFT
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/641004/EU//Sharc25 The effects of alkali postdeposition treatment (PDT) on the valence band structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorbers are addressed from a first-principles perspective. In detail, experimentally derived hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) data [ Handick, E.; et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 27414-27420 ] of the valence band structure of alkali-free and NaF/KF-PDT CIGSe are directly compared and fit by calculated density of states (DOS) of CuInSe2, its Cu-deficient counterpart CuIn5Se8, and different potentially formed secondary phases, such as KInSe2, InSe, and In2Se3. The DOSs are based on first-principles electronic structure calculations and weighted according to element-, symmetry-, and energy-dependent photoionization cross sections for the comparison to experimental data. The HAXPES spectra were recorded using photon energies ranging from 2 to 8 keV, allowing extraction of information from different sample depths. The analysis of the alkali-free CIGSe valence band structure reveals that it can best be described by a mixture of the DOS of CuInSe2 and CuIn5Se8, resulting in a stoichiometry slightly more Cu-rich than that of CuIn3Se5. The NaF/KF-PDT-induced changes in the HAXPES spectra for different alkali exposures are best reproduced by additional contributions from KInSe2, with some indications that the formation of a pronounced K-In-Se-type surface species might crucially depend on the amount of K available during PDT.

Published
2019

12. Status of the silicon pore optics technology

Author

Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barriere, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Günther, Ramses, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Babić, Ljubiša, Keek, Laurens, Girou, David Alain, Okma, Ben, Hauser, Enrico, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Ferreira, Ivo, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, den Herder, Jan Willem, Müller, Peter, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Christensen, Finn Erland, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Oliver, Paul, Chequer, Ian, Ball, Kevin, Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barriere, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Günther, Ramses, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Babić, Ljubiša, Keek, Laurens, Girou, David Alain, Okma, Ben, Hauser, Enrico, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Ferreira, Ivo, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, den Herder, Jan Willem, Müller, Peter, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Christensen, Finn Erland, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Oliver, Paul, Chequer, Ian, and Ball, Kevin

Abstract

Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) uses commercially available monocrystalline double-sided super-polished silicon wafers as a basis to produce mirrors that form lightweight and stiff high-resolution x-ray optics. The technology has been invented by cosine and the European Space Agency (ESA) and developed together with scientific and industrial partners to mass production levels. SPO is an enabling element for large space-based x-ray telescopes such as Athena and ARCUS, operating in the 0.2 to 12 keV band, with angular resolution requirements up to 5 arc seconds. SPO has also shown to be a versatile technology that can be further developed for gamma-ray optics, medical applications and for material research. This paper will summarise the status of the technology and of the mass production capabilities, show latest performance results and discuss the next steps in the development.

Published
2019

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