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In most organisms, various physiological and behavioral functions are expressed rhythmically. Previous studies have shown that thermoperiod is an important factor affecting circadian clock-related genes that regulate insect locomotor activity. Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang is an underground pest that attacks more than 30 crops but is especially damaging to Chinese chives. In this study, we analyzed the adult eclosion time and period (Boper) gene expression in B. odoriphaga as affected by temperature (cycling vs constant temperature), insect stage, and tissue specific. We found that the eclosion time and expression of the Boper gene changed during the temperature cycle but not under a constant temperature. Silencing of Boper expression significantly decreased the adult eclosion rate and significantly increased adult mortality and malformation. The findings indicate that thermoperiod alters Boper expression and regulates the eclosion rhythm.

This paper presents a process, voltage, and temperature (PVT)-insensitive dynamic amplifier (DA) with gain enhancement for a pipelined successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The gain shift due to temperature and process variation is attenuated through the counteraction of input transconductance and delay-based integration time. Furthermore, based on charge conservation, a gain-folding technique is proposed to improve the gain limit of conventional DA, tripling the gain amplitude. The proposed DA is incorporated in a design of a 12-bit 100 MS/s SAR ADC. In 65 nm CMOS process, at 100 MS/s, the prototype ADC achieves an SNDR (signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio) of 65.7 dB and a Walden FoM of 12.06 fJ/conversion-step for a near-Nyquist input. The power dissipation is less than 1.9 mW. No more than 1.65 dB SNDR variations are obtained for supply voltage varying from 1.15 to 1.25 V and temperature varying from −20 °C to 125 °C with various process corners, respectively.

An energy-efficient switching method for successive approximation register analog to digital converter is presented in this letter. The proposed two-step switching scheme using the goblet architecture achieves 99.52% less switching energy and 21.09% area reduction over the conventional switching scheme. Moreover, owing to the application of the goblet architecture, the proposed scheme employs only two reference voltages without any requirements for stability or accuracy of the third voltage level.

Plants protect themselves with a vast array of toxic secondary metabolites, yet most plants serve as food for insects. The evolutionary processes that allow herbivorous insects to resist plant defenses remain largely unknown. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cosmopolitan, highly polyphagous agricultural pest that vectors several serious plant pathogenic viruses and is an excellent model to probe the molecular mechanisms involved in overcoming plant defenses. Here, we show that, through an exceptional horizontal gene transfer event, the whitefly has acquired the plant-derived phenolic glucoside malonyltransferase gene BtPMaT1. This gene enables whiteflies to neutralize phenolic glucosides. This was confirmed by genetically transforming tomato plants to produce small interfering RNAs that silence BtPMaT1, thus impairing the whiteflies' detoxification ability. These findings reveal an evolutionary scenario whereby herbivores harness the genetic toolkit of their host plants to develop resistance to plant defenses and how this can be exploited for crop protection.

A novel switching scheme for successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented in this paper. Based on the asymmetric capacitor array and splitted MSB capacitor, the proposed scheme achieves 99.09% and 93.41% reductions in the average switching energy and capacitor area, respectively, over the conventional scheme. Moreover, the proposed SAR ADC obtains a moderate linearity performance with max(INL-RMS) less than 0.112 LSB, max(DNL-RMS) less than 0.160 LSB and consumes zero reset energy.