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Soft skills have become an important issue for higher education institutions and the entrepreneurial community at large. Research on soft skills comes at a time when new types of partnerships and relationships are emerging between entrepreneurship and higher education. In this study, the top three soft skills examined were communication, leadership, critical thinking, and problem solving. According to the results of interviews with five Moroccan entrepreneurs, critical thinking and problem solving are the most important soft skills that help entrepreneurs become more competitive and productive. In addition, all respondents confirmed that college education programs should strengthen soft skills in order to improve entrepreneurial skills among college students. Therefore, trainers need to develop strategies to increase the chances of acquiring soft skills. Keywords: communication, leadership, critical thinking and problem solving, entrepreneurial skills, soft skills JEL classification: M13 Paper type : Empirical research, d'enseignement supérieur et la communauté entrepreneuriale en général. La recherche sur les soft skills arrive à point où de nouveaux types de partenariats et de relations se développent entre l'entrepreneuriat et l'enseignement supérieur. Dans cette étude, les trois principales « soft skills » examinées étaient la communication, le leadership, la pensée critique et la résolution de problèmes. Selon les résultats d’une entrevue menée auprès de cinq entrepreneurs marocains, la pensée critique et la résolution de problèmes sont les ‘Soft-skills’ les plus importantes pour aider les entrepreneurs à améliorer leur compétitivité et leur productivité. De plus, les interviewés ont tous confirmé que les programmes de formation des établissements d'enseignement supérieur devraient renforcer les compétences générales pour améliorer la capacité entrepreneuriale des étudiants du monde universitaire. Par conséquent, les formateurs doivent développer des stratégies pour augmenter les chances d'acquérir des compétences non techniques. Les résultats globaux contribuent avec succès au développement de la recherche en suggérant que les ‘Soft-skills’, à savoir la communication, le leadership, la réflexion éclairée et les compétences de résolution de problèmes sont liés à la réussite entrepreneuriale. Mots clés : communication, leadership, pensée critique et résolution de problèmes, capacité entrepreneuriale, Soft skills Classification JEL: M13 Type de l’article: Article empirique

Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) fondés sur le financement privé, sont populaires dans le monde entier, avec un regain d'intérêt au Maroc, leur performance reste contestée et leur contrôle et audit représente quelques difficultés. Nommés également 3P ils substituent à la sous- traitance et l’externalisation. Cet article explore la signification des PPP, le cadre juridique qui assoie leur application ainsi que les difficultés envisagées par les auditeurs internes pour assurer l’audit des PPP, en termes de délai, d’attentes des parlementaires et du public, de la taille et l’envergure des projets tout en proposant des solutions à adopter pour pallier aux problèmes rencontrés.

Inspired by the split decomposition of graphs and rank-width, we introduce the notion of $r$-splits. We focus on the family of $r$-splits of a graph of order $n$, and we prove that it forms a hypergraph with several properties. We prove that such hypergraphs can be represented using only $\mathcal O(n^{r+1})$ of its hyperedges, despite its potentially exponential number of hyperedges. We also prove that there exist hypergraphs that need at least $\Omega(n^r)$ hyperedges to be represented, using a generalization of set orthogonality.

We study the deterministic silent self-stabilizing construction of two disjoint minimal dominating sets (MDSs) in anonymous networks. We focus on algorithms where nodes share only their status (i.e. the name of their MDS to which they belong, if they belong to a MDS). We prove that such an algorithm cannot be designed in distance-1 model under a central daemon; therefore, we study this problem in the distance-2 model under a central daemon. We present an algorithm building two disjoint minimal dominating sets such that one of them is also a maximal independent set (MIS). Any execution of this algorithm converges in 5n moves. Our approach to compute this value is novel: the number of moves is not computed per node. We propose a second algorithm faster than the first one at the expense of the independence property of one of the constructed sets. A node executes at most 2 moves. If the network is not anonymous, the presented algorithms can be translated into a silent self-stabilizing algorithms converging in O($n$•$m$) moves in the distance-1 model under the distributed daemon where m is the number of edges and n the number of nodes. This improves the complexity of O($n$.$m$) moves of proposed algorithms with the same assumptions.

Les risques bancaires font l’objet d’une grande attention au cœur du système financier. La nouveauté dans ce domaine réside dans la nécessité, et la volonté d’une gestion plus performante. C’est dans ce sens que l’ALM est apparue comme étant une nouvelle méthode de gestion des risques bancaires. Cette méthode a pour principal objet l’analyse des équilibres bilanciels entre l’actif et le passif, et nécessite à cette fin la disposition de tous les postes du bilan. Les dépôts à vue de la clientèle, étant des produits financiers non contractuels et constituant une partie importante du passif du bilan, imposent aux contrôleurs de mettre en œuvre un modèle spécifique qui caractérise leur évolution. Notre travail de recherche consiste donc à vérifier, à travers l’étude de cas d’une banque Marocaine, comment peut-on efficacement appliquer la pratique ALM pour améliorer la gestion des risques financiers de la banque, en particulier le risque de liquidité ?

Options are derivatives, meaning they derive their value from an underlying financial instrument. Though options can be entered using stock as the underlying security, indexes and futures also have options available. Options are an extremely versatile instrument and can be used to create a variety of different limited risk strategies. In Islamic finance, these products are not used because their principles are not consistent with the principles of the Islamic Sharia’a. However, there are derivatives that are equivalent to the latter and which may be subject to assets risk management. Among these Islamic products we have “Arbun”, this one not often used in reality because of the difficulty of its evaluation as there is no mathematical model that can describe it. In this context and in order to overcome this issue, we present in this paper a new mathematical approach to model the derivative “Arbun” based on stochastic processes and genetic algorithms. The main purpose of this approach is to offer a decision tool to investors to control the market risk in Islamic finance.

The purpose of this project is to design novel structures of frequency selective surfaces (FSS). FSSs have been the subject of intensive investigation for their widespread applications in communication and radar systems. For practical applications, it is desired to realize a FSS with miniaturized elements and a stable frequency response for different polarizations and incident angles. But these features are difficult to obtain through traditional designs. The focus in this thesis was to shield the signals of mobile communications, and five FSS models have been designed to achieve that based on 2D periodic arrays. The simulations are done using CST Microwave Studio. First design which is double square loop microstrip structure covered GSM900 and GSM1800 bands while the second design is a novel microstrip model that covered the bands GSM900, GSM1800 and LTE. The third design is similar to previous designs but with glass substrate to be suitable for wide buildings, and the fourth model covers more bands including GSM900, GSM1800, 3G (UMTS) and LTE. The last model is designed to be suitable to the outdoor applications and it is made from double wired net joined with iron cylinders and it covers the bands GSM900, GSM1800 and 3G. The simulation results showed good performance for scattering parameters for different polarizations and also various incident angles.

Biophysical Effects on Chronic Rhinosinusitis Bacterial Biofilms