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A series of sandwich hybrid metal (steel, aluminum) + carbon, glass fiber reinforcement plastic composite (CFRP, GFRP) + metal composite sheet was developed to achieve the lightweight design purpose. It was found that the CFPR and GFRP played an important role in reducing the density of the composite sheet up to 30%, as well as maximum 30% improvement of the specific strength. The bridging mechanism found in development of hybrid sheet attributed from CF and GF delayed the composite sheet fracture, which shall improve the safety for automotive components. This result offers new insights on design and processing of metal + fiber reinforcement plastic composite sheet for lightweight design. The developed sandwich hybrid sheet with metallic sheet surface and plastic/composite sheet mid-layer to provide lightweight application.

Flexible transparent conductive films are indispensable for nowadays wearable electronic devices with various applications. However, existing solutions such as ITO and metal mesh were limited by their poor intrinsic stretching ability. In this work, we designed and fabricated silver nanowires (AgNWs) on graphene hybrid films for enhanced mechanical and electrical performance. In situ TEM characterizations show that, beside conductive paths, silver nanowire network, can also contribute to the toughening mechanisms of the hybrid films. Furthermore, bending and electrical tests were applied to examine the corresponding flexible electronics’ performance. Finally, we showed that the fabrication of our AgNW/graphene hybrid films could be scaled up for large film applications and extended to other 1D/2D hybrid systems.

Au–Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were conventionally regarded as damage sources within wire bonding interfaces. Among the Au–Al IMCs system, Au2Al and AuAl2 IMCs were commonly observed after long-term service. Here, the intrinsic mechanical properties of Au2Al and AuAl2 IMCs were investigated by in-situ bending tests. The results clearly revealed that the transition from brittle to ductile facture behavior was determined by the atomic ratio of Au and Al elements, while Al-rich Au–Al IMC exhibits higher bending strength than that of Au-rich Au–Al IMC. The Al-rich Au–Al IMC such as AuAl2 indeed showed brittle fracture behavior, in which cracks propagated through the grain boundaries. In contrast, the Au-rich Au–Al IMC such as Au2Al appeared to be quite ductile and crack resistant, and its plastic deformation was undertaken by slip bands. This work suggested that not all Au–Al IMCs cause brittleness and lead to damages, only Al-rich IMCs should be avoided at wire bonding interfaces.

Background Although live-attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines have been proven to be safe and effective in preventing varicella and real-word evidence shows routine childhood immunization programs are effective in dramatically reducing varicella associated morbidity and mortality, varicella vaccine is not included in the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Hungary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic burden associated with varicella in Hungary. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective, chart review study of patients aged 1–12 years with a primary varicella diagnosis between 2011 and 2015. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) associated with varicella, unit costs, and work loss were used to estimate direct and indirect costs. All costs are presented in 2015 HUF / Euros (€). Results 156 children with varicella were included (75 outpatients, 81 inpatients), with a mean age of 4.4 (SD: 2.0) and 3.7 (SD: 2.1) years, respectively. One or more complications were reported by 12.0% of outpatients and 92.6% of inpatients, the most common being dehydration, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis, and cerebellitis. HCRU estimates included use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications (96.0% outpatients, 53.1% inpatients), prescription medications (9.3% outpatients, 70.4% inpatients), tests/procedures (4.0% outpatients, 97.5% inpatients), and consultation with allied health professionals (2.7% outpatients, 30.9% inpatients). The average duration of hospital stay (inpatients) was 3.6 (95% CI: 3.2, 4.1) days. The total combined direct and indirect cost per varicella case was 228,146.7 Hungarian Forint (HUF)/€ 736.0 for inpatients and 49,790.6 HUF/€ 106.6 for outpatients. The overall annual cost of varicella in Hungary for children aged

The Au–Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were commonly regarded as brittle within wire bonding interfaces. Here the in-situ micro-pillar compression tests of Au4Al IMCs were carried out to verify their intrinsic mechanical property. The result clearly shows that, surprisingly, the Au4Al IMC is ductile, while the yield stress appeared to be about 1 GPa. Furthermore, upon the compression tests of Au4Al IMC micro-pillars with initial crack, no brittle fracture was observed; instead, the plastic deformation of Au4Al was shown via shear band. This work suggests that pristine Au4Al IMC is ductile and crack-resistant, which provides new insights for wire bonding process and technology.

– Wide range in the cost per day lost (12.70-326.40 in 2008 purchasing power parity adjusted dollars) using the human capital method. • This finding was aligned with the findings from Soarez and colleagues3 that the value of a work day ranged widely even when adjusting country-specific wages to a common currency (purchasing power parity), highlighting the wide variation in wage scales between countries.

PIN3 BurdeN of VarIcella IN latIN amerIca: a SyStematIc reVIew aNd crItIcal aNalySIS Yang H.K.1, Liaw K.L.2, Manoff S.2, Kuter B.1 1Merck & Co, Inc., West Point, PA, USA, 2Merck & Co, Inc., Upper Gwynedd, PA, USA Objectives: Varicella is a common, vaccine-preventable illness with significant public health impact in Latin America (LA). This study aimed to review the epidemiology and economic burden of varicella, and to perform a critical analysis of available data in LA. MethOds: A comprehensive literature review was conducted in major databases and government websites to identify published data on epidemiology and economic burden of varicella in LA. Study data were extracted systematically including incidence rates, lifetime prevalence, mortality, type and rates of complications, as well as use of health care resources (hospitalizations, physician office visits, others) and both direct and indirect costs associated with varicella. Critical analyses of study quality and data availability are performed for each country. Results: Published studies were identified from ten countries including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Annual incidence rates ranged from 20 per 100,000 in Uruguay up to 381 per 100,000 in Mexico. Incidence was highest among children < 10 years of age, bearing increased utilization of healt health care resources. Bimodal seasonal patterns of varicella were reported in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay. Most frequent complications among hospitalized patients were skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory infections and neurological complications. Patients hospitalized for varicella stayed generally between 1-5 days. Critical analysis suggested that most published studies had limitations including data representativeness and study design issues. Data gaps in the epidemiology and economic burden of varicella were also found on the country level. cOnclusiOns: Currently there is limited information available on burden of varicella in Latin America, potentially due to the lack of mandatory reporting and active surveillance systems for varicella in the region. Country-specific epidemiological information and varicella-related health care resource utilization data are needed to elucidate the disease burden for developing appropriate immunization recommendations and informing decision makers about the value of varicella vaccination.

This paper proposes an Interactive Chinese Character Learning System (ICCLS) based on pictorial evolution as an edutainment concept in computer-based learning of language. The advantage of the language origination itself is taken as a learning platform due to the complexity in Chinese language as compared to other types of languages. Users especially children enjoy more by utilize this learning system because they are able to memories the Chinese Character easily and understand more of the origin of the Chinese character under pleasurable learning environment, compares to traditional approach which children need to rote learning Chinese Character under un-pleasurable environment. Skeletonization is used as the representation of Chinese character and object with an animated pictograph evolution to facilitate the learning of the language. Shortest skeleton path matching technique is employed for fast and accurate matching in our implementation. User is required to either write a word or draw a simple 2D object in the input panel and the matched word and object will be displayed as well as the pictograph evolution to instill learning. The target of computer-based learning system is for pre-school children between 4 to 6 years old to learn Chinese characters in a flexible and entertaining manner besides utilizing visual and mind mapping strategy as learning methodology., {"references":["W. Baxter, \"How hard is Chinese?, \" The Defense Language Institution,\nMonterey, California. Available:\nhttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/howhard.html","A. Hollingworth, C.C. Wiliam and J.M. Henderson, \"To see and\nremember: Visually specific information is retained in memory from\npreviously attend objects in natural scenes,\" Psychonomic Society\nPublication, Phychomic Bulletin & Review.8,4 (Dec 2001), 761-768(8).","X. Bai and L.J. Latecki, \"Path Similarity Skeleton Graph Matching, \"\nPAMI, IEEE Trans, Jul 2008, Vol.30, No.7, pp 1282-1292.","K.T. Tang, K.K. Li and H.A. Leung, \"Web-based Chinese handwriting\neducation system with automatic feedback and analysis,\" LNCS\nSpringer, Oct 2006, Vol 4181/2006, session 3, pp 176-188.","C.H. Chen, C.C. Su, P.Y. Lee and F.G. Wu, \"Augmented Interface for\nChildren Chinese Leaning,\" ICALT 2007, IEEE, July 2007, pp 268-270.","E. Peterson, \"Chinese charater flashcards,\" 1996-2005 Online Chinese\nTool. Available: http://www.mandarintools.com/flashcard.html","J. Lau, \"Yellow Bridge flash cards,\" Yellow Bridge-Chinese Language\nCenter, 2003-2008. Available :\nhttp://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/flashcards.php","J. Winters, \"Language Lab Project: Activity Builder.\" Available :\nhttp://www.csulb.edu/labs/langlabs/builder/","L. Wieger, \"Chinese characters: Their Origin, Etymology, history,\nclassification and signification a thorough study from Chinese\ndocuments,\" Dover Publication, 1965. Available :\nhttp://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=odrkZvbqJQoC&oi=fnd\n&pg=PA1&dq=history+of+chinese+character+&ots=qjOysgvFIL&sig=J\ncWQKE2zG0YmZdFAfg6OKL2Hy-o#PPA2,M1\n[10] Y.X. Jiang, \"Carvings may rewrite history of Chinese characters,\"\nXinhua net, May 2007. Available :\nhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/18/content_6118003.htm\n[11] \"How hard is it to learn Chinese?,\" Jan 2006. Available :\nhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4617646.stm\n[12] Y.B. Liu, \"Teacher- student talk in Singapore Chinese language\nclassrooms: a case study of initiation/response/follow-up (IRF),\" Asia\nPacific Journal of Education, Mar 2008, Vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 87-102.\n[13] C. Tan, \"Change and continuity: Chinese Language Policy in Singapore,\"\nLanguage Policy, Springer, Mar 2006 Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 41-62(22).\n[14] D.Reniers and A. Telea, \"Tolerance-based Feature Transforms,\" VISAPP,\nSpringer, Feb 2006, Vol. 4, pp 187-200.\n[15] A.K. Robert and M.P. Stephen, \"Untangling the Blum Medial Axis\nTransform,\" IJCV 2003, Vol. 55, Issue 2-3, pp. 139-153.\n[16] J.G. Wang, P.K. He and W. Coo, \"Study on the Hungarian algorithm for\nthe maximum likelihood data associated problem,\" Journal of System\nEngineering and Electronics, Mar 2007, Vol. 18. Issues 1, pp 27-32."]}

Un matériau composite tri-orthogonal carbone/carbone (3D-BRAI) a été soumis à des essais de traction et de cisaillement dynamiques à l'aide du système de barres de Hopkinson ([MATH]). Les contraintes maximales de traction et de cisaillement dynamiques sont influencées par la vitesse de déformation, par contre, la sensibilité de la contrainte à la "limite d'écoulement" est relativement faible par rapport à celle de la contrainte maximale. Les observations microstructurales permettent de distinguer les différences dans le comportement de ces matériaux soumis à des sollicitations initiales différentes et des vitesses de déformation variées.

The entrance problem of convective magnetohydrodynamic channel flow between two parallel plates subjected simultaneously to an axial temperature gradient and a pressure gradient is investigated numerically. Both constant heat flux and constant wall temperature cases are considered. The solutions match to the fully developed solutions after a certain entrance length. It is found that an applied transverse magnetic field may reduce the entrance length of the velocity considerably, but has little effect on the temperature development. At high Hartmann number, the velocity entrance length is inversely proportion to M 2 as it was predicted by Shercliff in the absence of free convection. However, a sufficient large free convection may prolong the developing process considerably.