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Introduction and purpose Proper nutrition and appropriately chosen supplementation during pregnancy significantly ensure a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. Both nutrient deficiencies and excesses can have negative health effects on both the mother and the child. This article discusses specific active substances that are particularly important in supplementation of pregnant women. The aim of the study is to describe the current state of knowledge about the importance of adequate supply of vitamins and minerals compounds during pregnancy, in order to increase women's awareness and encourage improvement in dietary habits. Material and methods of research For this study, a review of literature available on Google Scholar and PubMed was conducted. From the analysis, studies published before 2017 were excluded. State of knowledge Based on the current state of knowledge, we know that the nutrition of pregnant women undergoes partial modifications. To ensure a healthy pregnancy, there is an increased energy demand in the body, making appropriate weight gain crucial. Routine use of multivitamin supplements is not recommended for pregnant women, as a balanced diet should be the primary source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and vitamins. Key components that are used in supplementation for pregnant women in specific cases include iron, folic acid, vitamin D, DHA acids, and iodine. Conclusions This work emphasizes the significant impact of proper nutrition and appropriately selected supplementation in pregnant women on reducing the risk of various pregnancy complications and fetal developmental disorders. It highlights the importance of deficiencies and excesses of vitamins and minerals compounds in the diet of women during the preconception period, all trimesters of pregnancy and lactation.

Differential host responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) remain poorly characterized. Here, we use next-generation sequencing to longitudinally analyze blood samples from pediatric patients with COVID-19 or MIS-C across three hospitals. Profiling of plasma cell-free nucleic acids uncovers distinct signatures of cell injury and death between COVID-19 and MIS-C, with increased multiorgan involvement in MIS-C encompassing diverse cell types, including endothelial and neuronal cells, and an enrichment of pyroptosis-related genes. Whole-blood RNA profiling reveals upregulation of similar pro-inflammatory pathways in COVID-19 and MIS-C but also MIS-C-specific downregulation of T cell-associated pathways. Profiling of plasma cell-free RNA and whole-blood RNA in paired samples yields different but complementary signatures for each disease state. Our work provides a systems-level view of immune responses and tissue damage in COVID-19 and MIS-C and informs future development of new disease biomarkers.

BackgroundAs of early 2022, the Omicron variants are the predominant circulating lineages globally. Understanding neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 after vaccine breakthrough infections will provide insights into BA.2 infectivity and susceptibility to subsequent reinfection.MethodsLive virus neutralization assays were used to study immunity against Delta and Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in samples from 86 individuals, 24 unvaccinated (27.9%) and 62 vaccinated (72.1%), who were infected with Delta (n = 42, 48.8%) or BA.1 (n = 44, 51.2%). Among the 62 vaccinated individuals, 39 were unboosted (62.9%), whereas 23 were boosted (37.1%).ResultsIn unvaccinated infections, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the three variants were weak or undetectable, except against Delta for Delta-infected individuals. Both Delta and BA.1 breakthrough infections resulted in strong nAb responses against ancestral wild-type and Delta lineages, but moderate nAb responses against BA.1 and BA.2, with similar titers between unboosted and boosted individuals. Antibody titers against BA.2 were generally higher than those against BA.1 in breakthrough infections.ConclusionsThese results underscore the decreased immunogenicity of BA.1 compared to BA.2, insufficient neutralizing immunity against BA.2 in unvaccinated individuals, and moderate to strong neutralizing immunity induced against BA.2 in Delta and BA.1 breakthrough infections.

Background/Objectives: Limited research had investigated nutritional status in patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) (OMIM 122470, 300590, 300882, 610759, 620568 and 614701). Body composition assessed via bioelectric impedance (BIA) is a particularly under-explored issue. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesize that body composition imbalance is frequent in CdLS and may be associated with dysphagia. We aimed to determine dysphagia prevalence in CdLS. Dysphagia may be a sign or a complication of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), which is the most frequent gastroenterological disorder in CdLS patients; Methods: Fourteen Polish patients with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of CdLS were included in the study. We performed body composition analysis via bioelectric impedance taking into account the phase angle (PhA) and Body Cell Mass (BCM) in patients who cooperated and were able to sit still. The patients’ caregivers completed the pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool (PEDI-EAT-10). Based on the questionnaire scoring, we divided the patients into dysphagic and non-dysphagic groups. Body compartments of those two groups were compared. Statistical correlations between PhA and the PEDI-EAT-10 score were calculated; Results: Eleven of the fourteen CdLS patients had abnormalities in the BIA analysis in terms of fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Six patients had excessive FM and four patients were deficient in FM. Two had deficiency in FFM and two had excessive FFM. We noted prevalence of dysphagia at 28.57%, with four patients having an PEDI-EAT-10 score higher or equal to 3, categorized as dysphagic. The dysphagic and non-dysphagic groups were not significantly different in terms of the proportion of patients with FM, FFM, SMM and BCM in the small cohort presented here. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between the PhA and PEDI-EAT-10 score (rho = −0.72; p = 0.003); Conclusions: CdLS patients require investigation for dysphagia and nutritional status imbalance, as they are both frequent in this syndrome. The most prevalent are abnormalities in FM, both excess and deficit. PhA deviations observed in the bioimpedance study deepen with the severity of dysphagia. These findings require further investigation in a larger cohort.

Recent advances in microbiome research have uncovered a dynamic and complex connection between the gut and lungs, known as the gut–lung axis. This bidirectional communication network plays a critical role in modulating immune responses and maintaining respiratory health. Mediated by immune interactions, metabolic byproducts, and microbial communities in both organs, this axis demonstrates how gut-derived signals, such as metabolites and immune modulators, can reach the lung tissue via systemic circulation, influencing respiratory function and disease susceptibility. To explore the implications of this connection, we conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2001 and 2024 (with as much as nearly 60% covering the period 2020–2024), using keywords such as “gut–lung axis”, “microbiome”, “respiratory disease”, and “immune signaling”. Studies were selected based on their relevance to gut–lung communication mechanisms, the impact of dysbiosis, and the role of the gut microbiota in respiratory diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the gut–lung microbiome axis, emphasizing its importance in regulating inflammatory and immune responses linked to respiratory health. Understanding this intricate pathway opens new avenues for microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies, which could offer promising interventions for respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and even infections. The insights gained through this research underscore the potential of the gut–lung axis as a novel target for preventative and therapeutic approaches in respiratory medicine, with implications for enhancing both gut and lung health.

SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron are globally relevant variants of concern. Although individuals infected with Delta are at risk of developing severe lung disease, infection with Omicron often causes milder symptoms, especially in vaccinated individuals1,2. The question arises of whether widespread Omicron infections could lead to future cross-variant protection, accelerating the end of the pandemic. Here we show that without vaccination, infection with Omicron induces a limited humoral immune response in mice and humans. Sera from mice overexpressing the human ACE2 receptor and infected with Omicron neutralize only Omicron, but not other variants of concern, whereas broader cross-variant neutralization was observed after WA1 and Delta infections. Unlike WA1 and Delta, Omicron replicates to low levels in the lungs and brains of infected animals, leading to mild disease with reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished activation of lung-resident T cells. Sera from individuals who were unvaccinated and infected with Omicron show the same limited neutralization of only Omicron itself. By contrast, Omicron breakthrough infections induce overall higher neutralization titres against all variants of concern. Our results demonstrate that Omicron infection enhances pre-existing immunity elicited by vaccines but, on its own, may not confer broad protection against non-Omicron variants in unvaccinated individuals.

Introduction and purpose Recently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the dynamically developing field of science, nutripsychiatry, which has contributed to an increase in the number of studies conducted assessing the relationship between the use of a vegetarian nutritional model and its potential therapeutic impact on holistically understood mental health. Material and methods For the purposes of this work, a review of the literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, was performed using the following keywords: vegetarian diet; depression; psychiatry. Works published before 2015 were excluded from the analysis. During the review of the literature of available scientific texts, attempts were made to comprehensively present the state of current knowledge. State of knowledge Numerous clinical studies support the beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet on mood by improving well-being and lower levels of anxiety and depression. However, there are also studies that did not show a relationship between the diet and the mood of the subjects, as well as studies indicating possible dangers associated with the use of this nutritional model. Conclusions The use of a vegetarian dietary pattern as a potential intervention is a promising method of non-pharmacological support. The amount of available scientific data confirming the beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet on mental health is insufficient to recommend it as a standard form of supporting the treatment of depression. Before implementing a vegetarian nutritional model, it is necessary to assess its safety in the patient and individualize dietary recommendations.

Virus-like particle (VLP) and live virus assays were used to investigate neutralizing immunity against Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in 259 samples from 128 vaccinated individuals. Following Delta breakthrough infection, titers against WT rose 57-fold and 3.1-fold compared with uninfected boosted and unboosted individuals, respectively, versus only a 5.8-fold increase and 3.1-fold decrease for Omicron breakthrough infection. Among immunocompetent, unboosted patients, Delta breakthrough infections induced 10.8-fold higher titers against WT compared with Omicron (p = 0.037). Decreased antibody responses in Omicron breakthrough infections relative to Delta were potentially related to a higher proportion of asymptomatic or mild breakthrough infections (55.0% versus 28.6%, respectively), which exhibited 12.3-fold lower titers against WT compared with moderate to severe infections (p = 0.020). Following either Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection, limited variant-specific cross-neutralizing immunity was observed. These results suggest that Omicron breakthrough infections are less immunogenic than Delta, thus providing reduced protection against reinfection or infection from future variants.

W artykule opisano przypadek 56‑letniej pacjentki, u której zdiagnozowano obrzęk Reinkego. Odnosząc się do literatury medycznej, scharakteryzowano obrzęk Reinkego, omówiono jego etiologię i epidemiologię. Podkreślono rolę czynników szczególnie sprzyjających jego rozwojowi. Wskazano typowe cechy głosu pacjentów dotkniętych obrzękiem. Zaprezentowano przykładowy program rehabilitacji logopedycznej. Porównano wyniki badań wstępnych i wyniki badań po 9 tygodniach rehabilitacji pacjentki, w celu oceny skuteczności wdrożonego postępowania.

We identified an emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant by viral whole-genome sequencing of 2,172 nasal/nasopharyngeal swab samples from 44 counties in California, a state in the western United States. Named B.1.427/B.1.429 to denote its two lineages, the variant emerged in May 2020 and increased from 0% to >50% of sequenced cases from September 2020 to January 2021, showing 18.6%-24% increased transmissibility relative to wild-type circulating strains. The variant carries three mutations in the spike protein, including an L452R substitution. We found 2-fold increased B.1.427/B.1.429 viral shedding in vivo and increased L452R pseudovirus infection of cell cultures and lung organoids, albeit decreased relative to pseudoviruses carrying the N501Y mutation common to variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1. Antibody neutralization assays revealed 4.0- to 6.7-fold and 2.0-fold decreases in neutralizing titers from convalescent patients and vaccine recipients, respectively. The increased prevalence of a more transmissible variant in California exhibiting decreased antibody neutralization warrants further investigation.

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are non-enveloped ssDNA icosahedral T = 1 viruses used as vectors for clinical gene delivery. Currently, there are over 200 AAV-related clinical trials and six approved biologics on the market. As such new analytical methods are continually being developed to characterize and monitor the quality and purity of manufactured AAV vectors, these include ion-exchange chromatography and Direct Mass Technology. However, these methods require homogeneous analytical standards with a high molecular weight standard comparable to the mass of an AAV capsid. Described here is the design, production, purification, characterization, and the cryo-electron microscopy structure of an AAV1-VP3-only capsid that fulfills this need as a calibrant to determine capsid mass, charge, homogeneity, and transgene packaging characteristics.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has emerged as the cause of a global pandemic. We used RNA sequencing to analyze 286 nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and 53 whole-blood (WB) samples from 333 patients with COVID-19 and controls. Overall, a muted immune response was observed in COVID-19 relative to other infections (influenza, other seasonal coronaviruses, and bacterial sepsis), with paradoxical down-regulation of several key differentially expressed genes. Hospitalized patients and outpatients exhibited up-regulation of interferon-associated pathways, although heightened and more robust inflammatory responses were observed in hospitalized patients with more clinically severe illness. Two-layer machine learning-based host classifiers consisting of complete (>1000 genes), medium (

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 recombinants is of particular concern as they can result in a sudden increase in immune evasion due to antigenic shift. Recent recombinants XBB and XBB.1.5 have higher transmissibility than previous recombinants such as “Deltacron.” We hypothesized that immunity to a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant depends on prior exposure to its parental strains. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether Delta or Omicron (BA.1 or BA.2) immunity conferred through infection, vaccination, or breakthrough infection could neutralize Deltacron and XBB/XBB.1.5 recombinants. We found that Delta, BA.1, or BA.2 breakthrough infections provided better immune protection against Deltacron and its parental strains than did the vaccine booster. None of the sera were effective at neutralizing the XBB lineage or its parent BA.2.75.2, except for the sera from the BA.2 breakthrough group. These results support our hypothesis. In turn, our findings underscore the importance of multivalent vaccines that correspond to the antigenic profile of circulating variants of concern and of variant-specific diagnostics that may guide public health and individual decisions in response to emerging SARS-CoV-2 recombinants.

Celem badań była ocena możliwości dokonywania weryfikacji kategorialnej (semantycznej) przez pacjentkę ze zdiagnozowaną afazją pierwotnie postępującą wariantem logopenicznym. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę eksperymentu klinicznego. Wyniki zostały poddane ana­lizie jakościowej oraz ilościowej. Wskazano najlepiej zachowane relacje semantyczne, okre­ślono zjawiska świadczące o jakości dostępu do słownika mentalnego, wyszczególniono obja­wy degradacji słownika semantycznego, ustalono, na którym etapie przetwarzania dochodzi do zaburzeń. Obserwowane u badanej znaczne obniżenie możliwości wyszukiwania nazw kategorii semantycznych przy względnie dobrze zachowanej możliwości dokonywania wery­fikacji semantycznej to m.in. efekt spadku szybkości przetwarzania poznawczego, zaburzeń sterowania, spadku jakości procesów przeszukiwania słownika semantycznego, zaburzeń se­lektywności i możliwości podtrzymywania uwagi, dysfunkcji połączeń pojęcie–znaczenie, zaburzeń relacji w obrębie kategorii semantycznych, zaburzeń słuchowej pamięci słownej.

Celem badania była ocena możliwości dokonywania kategoryzacji semantycznej nazw pospolitych i nazw własnych w dyskursie zaburzonym. W badaniu wykorzystano wykorzystano podejście kliniczno-eksperymentalne. Wyniki poddano analizie jakościowej oraz ilościowej. W artykule wskazano najlepiej zachowane relacje semantyczne, określono zjawiska świadczące o jakości dostępu do słownika mentalnego, wyszczególniono objawy degradacji słownika semantycznego. Ocena ilościowa obejmowała procentowy opis uzyskanych wyników. Obserwowano większą łatwość wykonywania procesu kategoryzacji semantycznej tj. porównania, weryfikowania zgodności bodźca testowego z prototypem nazw własnych a zatem nazw należących do kategorii mniej rozmytych, aniżeli nazw pospolitych o licznych konotacjach.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), conferring a greater relative risk in women than men. We sought to examine sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and management in the contemporary cohort represented by the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).Research design and methods GRADE enrolled 5047 participants (1837 women, 3210 men) with T2DM on metformin monotherapy at baseline. The current report is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected July 2013 to August 2017.Results Compared with men, women had a higher mean body mass index (BMI), greater prevalence of severe obesity (BMI≥40 kg/m2), higher mean LDL cholesterol, greater prevalence of low HDL cholesterol, and were less likely to receive statin treatment and achieve target LDL, with a generally greater prevalence of these risk factors in younger women. Women with hypertension were equally likely to achieve blood pressure targets as men; however, women were less likely to receive ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Women were more likely to be divorced, separated or widowed, and had fewer years of education and lower incomes.Conclusions This contemporary cohort demonstrates that women with T2DM continue to have a greater burden of cardiometabolic and socioeconomic risk factors than men, particularly younger women. Attention to these persisting disparities is needed to reduce the burden of CVD in women.Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01794143)

Recent advances in microbiome research have uncovered a dynamic and complex connection between the gut and lungs, known as the gut–lung axis. This bidirectional communication network plays a critical role in modulating immune responses and maintaining respiratory health. Mediated by immune interactions, metabolic byproducts, and microbial communities in both organs, this axis demonstrates how gut-derived signals, such as metabolites and immune modulators, can reach the lung tissue via systemic circulation, influencing respiratory function and disease susceptibility. To explore the implications of this connection, we conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2001 and 2024 (with as much as nearly 60% covering the period 2020–2024), using keywords such as "gut–lung axis", "microbiome", "respiratory disease", and "immune signaling". Studies were selected based on their relevance to gut–lung communication mechanisms, the impact of dysbiosis, and the role of the gut microbiota in respiratory diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the gut–lung microbiome axis, emphasizing its importance in regulating inflammatory and immune responses linked to respiratory health. Understanding this intricate pathway opens new avenues for microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies, which could offer promising interventions for respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and even infections. The insights gained through this research underscore the potential of the gut–lung axis as a novel target for preventative and therapeutic approaches in respiratory medicine, with implications for enhancing both gut and lung health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Limited research had investigated nutritional status in patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) (OMIM 122470, 300590, 300882, 610759, 620568 and 614701). Body composition assessed via bioelectric impedance (BIA) is a particularly under-explored issue. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesize that body composition imbalance is frequent in CdLS and may be associated with dysphagia. We aimed to determine dysphagia prevalence in CdLS. Dysphagia may be a sign or a complication of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), which is the most frequent gastroenterological disorder in CdLS patients; Methods: Fourteen Polish patients with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of CdLS were included in the study. We performed body composition analysis via bioelectric impedance taking into account the phase angle (PhA) and Body Cell Mass (BCM) in patients who cooperated and were able to sit still. The patients' caregivers completed the pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool (PEDI-EAT-10). Based on the questionnaire scoring, we divided the patients into dysphagic and non-dysphagic groups. Body compartments of those two groups were compared. Statistical correlations between PhA and the PEDI-EAT-10 score were calculated; Results: Eleven of the fourteen CdLS patients had abnormalities in the BIA analysis in terms of fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Six patients had excessive FM and four patients were deficient in FM. Two had deficiency in FFM and two had excessive FFM. We noted prevalence of dysphagia at 28.57%, with four patients having an PEDI-EAT-10 score higher or equal to 3, categorized as dysphagic. The dysphagic and non-dysphagic groups were not significantly different in terms of the proportion of patients with FM, FFM, SMM and BCM in the small cohort presented here. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between the PhA and PEDI-EAT-10 score (rho = −0.72; p = 0.003); Conclusions: CdLS patients require investigation for dysphagia and nutritional status imbalance, as they are both frequent in this syndrome. The most prevalent are abnormalities in FM, both excess and deficit. PhA deviations observed in the bioimpedance study deepen with the severity of dysphagia. These findings require further investigation in a larger cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose Recently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the dynamically developing field of science, nutripsychiatry, which has contributed to an increase in the number of studies conducted assessing the relationship between the use of a vegetarian nutritional model and its potential therapeutic impact on holistically understood mental health. Material and methods For the purposes of this work, a review of the literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, was performed using the following keywords: vegetarian diet; depression; psychiatry. Works published before 2015 were excluded from the analysis. During the review of the literature of available scientific texts, attempts were made to comprehensively present the state of current knowledge. State of knowledge Numerous clinical studies support the beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet on mood by improving well-being and lower levels of anxiety and depression. However, there are also studies that did not show a relationship between the diet and the mood of the subjects, as well as studies indicating possible dangers associated with the use of this nutritional model. Conclusions The use of a vegetarian dietary pattern as a potential intervention is a promising method of nonpharmacological support. The amount of available scientific data confirming the beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet on mental health is insufficient to recommend it as a standard form of supporting the treatment of depression. Before implementing a vegetarian nutritional model, it is necessary to assess its safety in the patient and individualize dietary recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W artykule podjęto próbę wykazania przydatności testu fluencji słownej semantycznej w diagnozie logopedycznej osób ze zdiagnozowaną chorobą Alzheimera. Omówiono podstawowe pojęcia dotyczące fluencji słownej, zwłaszcza semantycznej, dokonano charakterystyki testu, opisano jego strukturę, przedstawiono procedurę badania i omówiono propozycje analizy wyników. Test jest jednym z najczęściej wykorzystywanych narzędzi do oceny m.in. zasobów leksykonu umysłowego, sposobu magazynowania wiedzy i możliwości jej przywoływania. Dostarcza wiedzy na temat jakości procesów językowych. Sposób realizacji zadań fluencji słownej (tj. liczba generowanych pojęć zgodnych z kryterium, liczba klastrów i ich zasób, charakter błędów) świadczy o jakości procesów językowych, o stanie pamięci semantycznej. Trudności z aktualizacją pojęć mogą być istotnym objawem rozwijających się procesów otępiennych, zwłaszcza we wczesnym stadium AD.

Permian–Triassic boundary sections at Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran) are investigated with respect to their lithological succession, biostratigraphy (particularly conodonts, nautiloids and ammonoids) as well as chemostratigraphy (carbon isotopes). The rock successions consist of the Late Permian Hambast Formation, the youngest Permian Baghuk Member (new name for the “Boundary Clay”) and the Early Triassic Claraia beds. Correlation of the data allows the establishment of a high-resolution stratigraphy based on conodonts with seven Changhsingian zones. Abundant ammonoids enable the separation of ammonoid assemblages with the successive Wuchiapingian genera Prototoceras, Pseudotoceras and Vedioceras, as well as the Changhsingian genera Shevyrevites, Paratirolites, Alibashites, Abichites and Arasella. Griesbachian and Dienerian ammonoids are usually poorly preserved. Nautiloids occur predominantly in the Wuchiapingian part of the section with two successive assemblages dominated by the Liroceratidae and Tainoceratidae, respectively. Numerous Early Triassic strata contain microbialites of various outer morphology and microstructure. The carbon isotope curve (δ13Ccarb) shows a continuous late Changhsingian negative excursion continuing across the Baghuk Member with the lightest values at the base of the Triassic.

The purpose of this paper is to generate cryptographically strong elliptic curves over prime fields Fp, where p is a Mersenne prime, one of the special primes or a random prime. We search for elliptic curves which orders are also prime numbers. The cryptographically strong elliptic curves are those for which the discrete logarithm problem is computationally hard. The required mathematical conditions are formulated in terms of parameters characterizing the elliptic curves.We present an algorithm to generate such curves. Examples of elliptic curves of prime order are generated with Magma.

Simple Summary: Cancers of the lip and oral cavity are common cancers worldwide. Up to 46% of oral cancers are preventable if risk factors are avoided and if precancerous lesions are detected at an early stage. To reduce the incidence of oral cancer and its mortality rate, there is ongoing research studying new diagnostic and treatment methods. This review aims to present a novel glance at oral cancer—its current classification and epidemiology—and will provide new insights into the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies of oral cancer. Oral cavity and lip cancers are the 16th most common cancer in the world. It is widely known that a lack of public knowledge about precancerous lesions, oral cancer symptoms, and risk factors leads to diagnostic delay and therefore a lower survival rate. Risk factors, which include drinking alcohol, smoking, HPV infection, a pro-inflammatory factor-rich diet, and poor oral hygiene, must be known and avoided by the general population. Regular clinical oral examinations should be enriched in an oral cancer search protocol for the most common symptoms, which are summarized in this review. Moreover, new diagnostic methods, some of which are already available (vital tissue staining, optical imaging, oral cytology, salivary biomarkers, artificial intelligence, colposcopy, and spectroscopy), and newly researched techniques increase the likelihood of stopping the pathological process at a precancerous stage. Well-established oral cancer treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy) are continuously being developed using novel technologies, increasing their success rate. Additionally, new techniques are being researched. This review presents a novel glance at oral cancer—its current classification and epidemiology—and will provide new insights into the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychoorganic syndrome is a deviation in the mental state due to damage or dysfunction of the brain structures. It is associated with the occurrence of mental disorders manifested in the behavioral, socio-emotional, cognitive and therefore also communicative sphere. The article describes the case of a 68-year-old patient who was diagnosed with the psychoorganic syndrome. The changes observed in her relate to significant dysfunctions in the areas of competence, interaction, communication and language.

Introduction Currently, malignancies are the most severe medical problems worldwide. Numerous, already known risk factors in carcinogenesis could be potentially avoided. Some cancer risk factors have been recognized and have become the targets of primary prophylaxis. Objective The aim of the study was to ascertain the state of knowledge about risk factors, primary prevention and early detection of malignancies of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in the urban and rural population of the Lublin province in Eastern Poland. Material and methods The study was cross-sectional. The originally designed questionnaire was applied to the group of 1,352 patients, representatives of both the rural and urban environments of the Lublin province during random appointments with their general practitioner (GP). Results The study showed low awareness of the issues connected with GIT malignancies within the studied group. The problem was particulary apparent in the rural population. Conclusions In order to raise general awareness of cancer, different means should be applied in urban and rural populations. GPs and the media were found to have the leading rols in the promotion of primary prevention.

The Permian–Triassic boundary section in the Aras Valley in NW Iran is investigated with respect to carbonate microfacies, biostratigraphy (particularly conodonts, nautiloids, and ammonoids), chemostratigraphy (carbon isotopes), and environmental setting. Correlation of the data allows the establishment of a high-resolution stratigraphy based on conodonts (with four Wuchiapingian, 10 Changhsingian, and three Griesbachian zones), ammonoids (with nine Changhsingian zones), and carbon isotopes; it forms the base for the reconstruction of the environmental changes before and after the end-Permian extinction event at the studied locality. In the Aras Valley section, there is no evidence for the development of anoxic conditions, associated with the end-Permian mass extinction.

Abstract During the earliest Triassic microbial mats flourished in the photic zones of marginal seas, generating widespread microbialites. It has been suggested that anoxic conditions in shallow marine environments, linked to the end‐Permian mass extinction, limited mat‐inhibiting metazoans allowing for this microbialite expansion. The presence of a diverse suite of proxies indicating oxygenated shallow sea‐water conditions (metazoan fossils, biomarkers and redox proxies) from microbialite successions have, however, challenged the inference of anoxic conditions. Here, the distribution and faunal composition of Griesbachian microbialites from China, Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Slovenia and Hungary are investigated to determine the factors that allowed microbialite‐forming microbial mats to flourish following the end‐Permian crisis. The results presented here show that Neotethyan microbial buildups record a unique faunal association due to the presence of keratose sponges, while the Palaeotethyan buildups have a higher proportion of molluscs and the foraminifera Earlandia. The distribution of the faunal components within the microbial fabrics suggests that, except for the keratose sponges and some microconchids, most of the metazoans were transported into the microbial framework via wave currents. The presence of both microbialites and metazoan associations were limited to oxygenated settings, suggesting that a factor other than anoxia resulted in a relaxation of ecological constraints following the mass extinction event. It is inferred that the end‐Permian mass extinction event decreased the diversity and abundance of metazoans to the point of significantly reducing competition, allowing photosynthesis‐based microbial mats to flourish in shallow water settings and resulting in the formation of widespread microbialites.

Narodziny i rozwój Państwa Islamskiego, oprócz gwałtownego, dziejącego się na oczach międzynarodowej społeczności podboju nowych ziem i prób zbudowania organizmu państwowego przyniosły również dużą aktywność na platformach społecznościowych. W szczególności problem aktywności tego quasi-państwa zarówno w obszarze krwawych aktów terrorystycznych jak i równie szkodliwej działalności za pośrednictwem mediów społecznościowych odczuwalne były i są w Republice Francuskiej. Obecnie, pomimo utraty znacznych terenów i zachwiania się potęgi Państwa Islamskiego, aktywność w sieci, pomimo że w mniejszym zakresie, wciąż jest kontynuowana.

Bulk-carbonate carbon isotope ratios are a widely applied proxy for investigating the ancient biogeochemical carbon cycle. Temporal carbon isotope trends serve as a prime stratigraphic tool, with the inherent assumption that bulk micritic carbonate rock is a faithful geochemical recorder of the isotopic composition of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon. However, bulk-carbonate rock is also prone to incorporate diagenetic signals. The aim of the present study is to disentangle primary trends from diagenetic signals in carbon isotope records which traverse the Permian–Triassic boundary in the marine carbonate-bearing sequences of Iran and South China. By pooling newly produced and published carbon isotope data, we confirm that a global first-order trend towards depleted values exists. However, a large amount of scatter is superimposed on this geochemical record. In addition, we observe a temporal trend in the amplitude of this residual δ13C variability, which is reproducible for the two studied regions. We suggest that (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities and their control on calcite nucleation and ambient porewater dissolved inorganic carbon δ13C pose a viable mechanism to induce bulk-rock δ13C variability. Numerical model calculations highlight that early diagenetic carbonate rock stabilization and linked carbon isotope alteration can be controlled by organic matter supply and subsequent microbial remineralization. A major biotic decline among Late Permian bottom-dwelling organisms facilitated a spatial increase in heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation. Combined with low marine sulfate, this resulted in varying degrees of carbon isotope overprinting. A simulated time series suggests that a 50 % increase in the spatial scatter of organic carbon relative to the average, in addition to an imposed increase in the likelihood of sampling cements formed by microbial calcite nucleation to 1 out of 10 samples, is sufficient to induce the observed signal of carbon isotope variability. These findings put constraints on the application of Permian–Triassic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy based on whole-rock samples, which appears less refined than classical biozonation dating schemes. On the other hand, this signal of increased carbon isotope variability concurrent with the largest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic may provide information about local carbon cycling mediated by spatially heterogeneous (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities under suppressed bioturbation.