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Introduction: Local Pain and swelling in the biting area of haematotoxic snake bite victims are very common symptoms. This study was conducted to retrospectively observe the effect of oral Tab Prednisolone on a short-term basis as an add-on therapy of haematotoxic snake bite management in respect of Local Pain and swelling recovery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal among 36 haematotoxic snake bite victims, admitted from February 2020 to January 2021. After collection of the data from hospital records and screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria, 36 participants were included in two groups based on the treatment regimen. Group A (n: 24) received only conventional treatment and Group B (n: 12) received oral Tab Prednisolone on a short-term basis as an add-on therapy of conventional treatment. Swelling was measured as a distance from the site of the bite with measuring tape in centimeters and pain was measured by a numerical rating pain scale (NRS) between 0 and 10. Ethical permission has been waived from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee. Result: A total of 36 patients (32 male and 4 female) were included in the study. Age (Mean ± SD) of the snake victim persons in Group A and Group B were 35.79 ± 8.34 years and 31.33 ± 6.47 years, respectively. The local swelling length and pain score reduced significantly among group B patients on day 6 in comparison to day 2. However, in Group A, the pain score and local swelling increased significantly on day 6 in comparison to day 2. Conclusion: A short course of systemic steroids as an adjuvant with anti-venom serum (ASV) for the management of local pain and edema in case of haematotoxic snake bite may be beneficial if there is no contraindication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise influences the functioning of nanomaterials and optoelectronic materials to a significant extent. We investigate the excitation kinetics of a repulsive impurity doped quantum dot initiated by the application of external white noise with special reference to noise shape. We have exploited white noise of Gaussian and Lorentzian shapes. The said shapes in effect alter the range of spatial correlation of the white noise. We have considered both additive and multiplicative noise (in Stratonovich sense). In conjunction with the shape, the noise strength and the dopant location also fabricate the kinetics in a delicate way. Moreover, the influences of additive and multiplicative nature of the noise on the excitation kinetics have been observed to be prominently different. Interestingly as well as surprisingly enough, in case of additive noise, the noise strength does not affect the kinetics. The investigation reveals that the Lorentzian shape invites more diversities in the excitation kinetics when noise strength and dopant location are varied over a range than the Gaussian one. The Lorentzian shape causes a surge in the excitation rate over the other shape. The present investigation provides some useful perceptions of the functioning of mesoscopic devices where noise plays some profound role. Implications and influences: The present work assumes to have significance in engineering and technological applications of quantum dot nanodevices. Since in most of the devices noise plays some important role, the present study could also sincerely motivate further research on optical properties of those devices in presence of noise.

Byline: Manas. Ghosh, Kaushik. Ghosh, Atri. Chatterjee, Ambarish. Bhattacharya, Amitava. Acharya, Sisir. Chakraborty, Bhaskor. Ghosh Introduction: Carotid stenosis is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke. However, the effect of [...]

Byline: Kaushik. Ghosh, KapilDev. Das, Susmita. Ghosh, Sisir. Chakraborty, Sanat. Jatua, Ambarish. Bhattacharya, Manas. Ghosh Background and Aim: This single-center observational cross-sectional study has been done in an attempt to [...]

Long-term therapy with metformin was shown to decrease the Vitamin B12 level and manifested as peripheral neuropathy. Aim: The aim of this study is to define the prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in early Type 2 diabetic patients (duration ≼5 years or drug treatment ≼3 years) and the relationship among metformin exposure and levels of cobalamin (Cbl), folic acid, and homocysteine (Hcy) with severity of peripheral neuropathy. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected ninety patients (male 56, female 34) between age groups of 35 and 70 years, comparing those who had received >6 months of metformin (Group A) (n = 35) with those without metformin (Group B) (n = 35) and patients taking metformin with other oral hypoglycemic agent (Group C) (n = 20). Comparisons were made clinically, biochemically (serum Cbl, fasting Hcy, and folic acid), and with electrophysiological measures (nerve conduction studies of all four limbs). Comorbidities contributing to neuropathy were excluded from the study. Results: Group A patients (54.28%) were prone to develop peripheral neuropathy comparing Group B (28.57%) and Group C (35%). There was significantly low plasma level of Cbl in Group A (mean 306.314 pg/ml) than in Group B (mean 627.543 pg/ml) and Group C (mean 419.920 pg/ml). There was insignificant low-level plasma folic acid in Group A (16.47 ng/ml) than in Group B (16.81 ng/ml) and Group C (22.50 ng/ml). There was significantly high level of Hcy in Group A (mean 17.35 ?mol/L) and Group C (mean 16.99 ?mol/L) than in Group B (mean 13.22 ?mol/L). Metformin users even for 2 years showed evidence of neuropathy on nerve conduction velocity though their body mass index and postprandial blood sugar were maintained. There was significant difference in between groups regarding plasma Cbl, folic acid, and Hcy level as significance level <0.05 in all three groups (F [2, 87] = 28.1, P = 0.000), (F [2, 87] = 7.43, P = 0.001), (F [2, 87] = 9.76, P = 0.000). Post hoc study shows significant (P < 0.05) lowering of Cbl and Hcy level in Group A (mean = 306.314, standard deviation [SD] = 176.7) than in Group C (mean = 419.92, SD = 208.23) and Group B (mean = 627.543, SD = 168.33). Discussion: Even short-term treatment with metformin causes a decrease in serum Cbl folic acid and increase in Hcy, which leads to peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes patients. A multicenter study with heterogeneous population would have increased the power of the study. We suggest prophylactic Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation or periodical assay in metformin user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term therapy with metformin was shown to decrease the Vitamin B 12 level and manifested as peripheral neuropathy., Aim: The aim of this study is to define the prevalence of Vitamin B 12 deficiency in early Type 2 diabetic patients (duration ≤5 years or drug treatment ≤3 years) and the relationship among metformin exposure and levels of cobalamin (Cbl), folic acid, and homocysteine (Hcy) with severity of peripheral neuropathy., Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected ninety patients (male 56, female 34) between age groups of 35 and 70 years, comparing those who had received >6 months of metformin (Group A) ( n = 35) with those without metformin (Group B) ( n = 35) and patients taking metformin with other oral hypoglycemic agent (Group C) ( n = 20). Comparisons were made clinically, biochemically (serum Cbl, fasting Hcy, and folic acid), and with electrophysiological measures (nerve conduction studies of all four limbs). Comorbidities contributing to neuropathy were excluded from the study., Results: Group A patients (54.28%) were prone to develop peripheral neuropathy comparing Group B (28.57%) and Group C (35%). There was significantly low plasma level of Cbl in Group A (mean 306.314 pg/ml) than in Group B (mean 627.543 pg/ml) and Group C (mean 419.920 pg/ml). There was insignificant low-level plasma folic acid in Group A (16.47 ng/ml) than in Group B (16.81 ng/ml) and Group C (22.50 ng/ml). There was significantly high level of Hcy in Group A (mean 17.35 µmol/L) and Group C (mean 16.99 µmol/L) than in Group B (mean 13.22 µmol/L). Metformin users even for 2 years showed evidence of neuropathy on nerve conduction velocity though their body mass index and postprandial blood sugar were maintained. There was significant difference in between groups regarding plasma Cbl, folic acid, and Hcy level as significance level <0.05 in all three groups ( F [2, 87] = 28.1, P = 0.000), ( F [2, 87] = 7.43, P = 0.001), ( F [2, 87] = 9.76, P = 0.000). Post hoc study shows significant ( P < 0.05) lowering of Cbl and Hcy level in Group A (mean = 306.314, standard deviation [SD] = 176.7) than in Group C (mean = 419.92, SD = 208.23) and Group B (mean = 627.543, SD = 168.33)., Discussion: Even short-term treatment with metformin causes a decrease in serum Cbl folic acid and increase in Hcy, which leads to peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes patients. A multicenter study with heterogeneous population would have increased the power of the study. We suggest prophylactic Vitamin B 12 and folic acid supplementation or periodical assay in metformin user.