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1. From the Microbiome to the Electrome: Implications for the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Author

Bourqqia-Ramzi, Marwane, primary, Mansilla-Guardiola, Jesús, additional, Muñoz-Rodriguez, David, additional, Quarta, Elisa, additional, Lombardo-Hernandez, Juan, additional, Murciano-Cespedosa, Antonio, additional, Conejero-Meca, Francisco José, additional, Mateos González, Álvaro, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Garcia-Esteban, María Teresa, additional, and Herrera-Rincon, Celia, additional

Published
2024
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2. Muscle preservation in proximal nerve injuries: a current update

Author

Lysak, Andrii, Farnebo, Simon, Geuna, Stefano, Dahlin, Lars, Lysak, Andrii, Farnebo, Simon, Geuna, Stefano, and Dahlin, Lars

Abstract

Optimal recovery of muscle function after proximal nerve injuries remains a complex and challenging problem. After a nerve injury, alterations in the affected muscles lead to atrophy, and later degeneration and replacement by fat-fibrous tissues. At present, several different strategies for the preservation of skeletal muscle have been reported, including various sets of physical exercises, muscle massage, physical methods (e.g. electrical stimulation, magnetic field and laser stimulation, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound), medicines (e.g. nutrients, natural and chemical agents, anti-inflammatory and antioxidants, hormones, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors), regenerative medicine (e.g. growth factors, stem cells and microbiota) and surgical procedures (e.g. supercharge end-to-side neurotization). The present review will focus on methods that aimed to minimize the damage to muscles after denervation based on our present knowledge.

Published
2024
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4. Animal models in peripheral nerve transection studies: a systematic review on study design and outcomes assessment.

Author

Lopes, Bruna, Coelho, André, Alvites, Rui, Sousa, Ana Catarina, Sousa, Patrícia, Moreira, Alícia, Atayde, Luís, Salgado, António, Geuna, Stefano, and Maurício, Ana Colette

Abstract

Aim: Peripheral nerve injury regeneration studies using animal models are crucial to different pre-clinical therapeutic approaches efficacy evaluation whatever the surgical technique explored. Materials & methods: A 944 articles systematic review on 'peripheral nerve injury in animal models' over the last 9 years was carried out. Results: It was found that 91% used rodents, and only 9% employed large animals. Different nerves are studied, with generated gaps (10,78 mm) and methods applied for regeneration evaluation uniformed. Sciatic nerve was the most used (88%), followed by median and facial nerves (2.6%), significantly different. Conclusion: There has not been a significant scale-up of the in vivo testing to large animal models (anatomically/physiologically closer to humans), allowing an improvement in translational medicine for clinical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Bioelectrical State of Bacteria Is Linked to Growth Dynamics and Response to Neurotransmitters: Perspectives for the Investigation of the Microbiota–Brain Axis

Author

Muñoz-Rodríguez, David, primary, Bourqqia-Ramzi, Marwane, additional, García-Esteban, Maria Teresa, additional, Murciano-Cespedosa, Antonio, additional, Vian, Alejandro, additional, Lombardo-Hernández, Juan, additional, García-Pérez, Pablo, additional, Conejero, Francisco, additional, Mateos González, Álvaro, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, and Herrera-Rincon, Celia, additional

Published
2023
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9. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion/Tecnicas bidimensionais e tridimensionals para determinar os padroes cinematicos durante a ultrapassagem de obstaculos pelos membros pelvicos durante a locomocao de ovinos

Author

Diogo, Camila Cardoso, Fonseca, Barbara, Almeida, Francisca Soares Marques de, Costa, Luis Maltez da, Pereira, Jose Eduardo, Filipe, Vitor, Couto, Pedro Alexandre, Geuna, Stefano, Armada-da-Silva, Paulo Alexandre, Mauricio, Ana Colette, and Varejao, Artur Severo Proenca

Published
2021
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10. Comprehensive ex vivo and in vivo preclinical evaluation of novel chemo enzymatic decellularized peripheral nerve allografts

Author

García-García, Óscar Darío, primary, El Soury, Marwa, additional, Campos, Fernando, additional, Sánchez-Porras, David, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Alaminos, Miguel, additional, Gambarotta, Giovanna, additional, Chato-Astrain, Jesús, additional, Raimondo, Stefania, additional, and Carriel, Víctor, additional

Published
2023
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12. Chitosan conduits enriched with fibrin-collagen hydrogel with or without adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of 15-mm-long sciatic nerve defect

Author

Raimondo, Stefania, primary, El Soury, Marwa, additional, García-García, ÓscarDarío, additional, Tarulli, Isabella, additional, Chato-Astrain, Jesús, additional, Perroteau, Isabelle, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Gambarotta, Giovanna, additional, and Carriel, Víctor, additional

Published
2023
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13. Chitosan conduits enriched with fibrin-collagen hydrogel with or without adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of 15-mm-long sciatic nerve defect

Author

EL SOURY, MARWA MOHAMED EMADELDIN ALI MAHMOUD, Óscar Darío García-García, Tarulli, Isabella, Jesús, Chato-Astrain, Perroteau, Isabelle, Geuna, Stefano, Raimondo, Stefania, Gambarotta, Giovanna, and Víctor, Carriel

Subjects
Adipose-derived stem cells, neuregulin 1, chitosan conduit, nerve repair, fibrin and collagen hydrogel, sciatic nerve, Fibrin and collagen hydrogel, Sciatic nerve, Nerve regeneration, adipose-derived stem cells, nerve regeneration, peripheral nerve, Developmental Neuroscience, Neuregulin 1, Chitosan conduit, Nerve repair
Abstract

Hollow conduits of natural or synthetic origins have shown acceptable regeneration results in short nerve gap repair; however, results are still not comparable with the current gold standard technique “autografts”. Hollow conduits do not provide a successful regeneration outcome when it comes to critical nerve gap repair. Enriching the lumen of conduits with different extracellular materials and cells could provide a better biomimicry of the natural nerve regenerating environment and is expected to ameliorate the conduit performance. In this study, we evaluated nerve regeneration in vivo using hollow chitosan conduits or conduits enriched with fibrin-collagen hydrogels alone or with the further addition of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a 15 mm rat sciatic nerve transection model. Unexpected changes in the hydrogel consistency and structural stability in vivo led to a failure of nerve regeneration after 15 weeks. Nevertheless, the molecular assessment in the early regeneration phase (7, 14, and 28 days) has shown an upregulation of useful regenerative genes in hydrogel enriched conduits compared with the hollow ones. Hydrogels composed of fibrin-collagen were able to upregulate the expression of soluble NRG1, a growth factor that plays an important role in Schwann cell transdifferentiation. The further enrichment with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells has led to the upregulation of other important genes such as ErbB2, VEGF-A, BDNF, c-Jun, and ATF3., Spanish "Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) FIS PI14-1343 FIS PI17-0393 FIS PI20-0318, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional ERDF-FEDER European Union, Plan Andaluz de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion (PAIDI2020), Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucia, Espana P18-RT-5059, Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucia 2014-2020, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucia, Espana A-CTS-498-UGR18, European Commission

Published
2022

18. Effects of Olfactory Mucosa Stem/Stromal Cell and Olfactory Ensheating Cells Secretome on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Author

Alvites, Rui D., primary, Branquinho, Mariana V., additional, Sousa, Ana C., additional, Lopes, Bruna, additional, Sousa, Patrícia, additional, Prada, Justina, additional, Pires, Isabel, additional, Ronchi, Giulia, additional, Raimondo, Stefania, additional, Luís, Ana L., additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Varejão, Artur Severo P., additional, and Maurício, Ana Colette, additional

Published
2022
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24. Lumbrical Muscles Neural Branching Patterns: A Cadaveric Study With Potential Clinical Implications.

Author

Colonna, Michele R., Piagkou, Maria, Monticelli, Andrea, Tiengo, Cesare, Bassetto, Franco, Sonda, Regina, Battiston, Bruno, Titolo, Paolo, Tos, Pierluigi, Fazio, Antonina, Costa, Alfio Luca, Galeano, Mariarosaria, Porzionato, Andrea, De Caro, Raffaele, Cucinotta, Filippo, Anastasopoulos, Nikolaos, Papadopulos, Nikolaos A., Geuna, Stefano, and Natsis, Konstantinos

Abstract

Background: Lumbrical muscles originate in the palm from the 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and course distally along the radial side of the corresponding metacarpophalangeal joints, in front of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. The first and second lumbrical muscles are typically innervated by the median nerve, and third and fourth by the ulnar nerve. A plethora of lumbrical muscle variants has been described, ranging from muscles' absence to reduction in their number or presence of accessory slips. The current cadaveric study highlights typical and variable neural supply of lumbrical muscles. Materials: Eight (3 right and 5 left) fresh frozen cadaveric hands of 3 males and 5 females of unknown age were dissected. From the palmar wrist crease, the median and ulnar nerve followed distally to their terminal branches. The ulnar nerve deep branch was dissected and lumbrical muscle innervation patterns were noted. Results: The frequency of typical innervations of lumbrical muscles is confirmed. The second lumbrical nerve had a double composition from both the median and ulnar nerves, in 12.5% of the hands. The thickest branch (1.38 mm) originated from the ulnar nerve and supplied the third lumbrical muscle, and the thinnest one (0.67 mm) from the ulnar nerve and supplied the fourth lumbrical muscle. In 54.5%, lumbrical nerve bifurcation was identified. Conclusion: The complex innervation pattern and the peculiar anatomy of branching to different thirds of the muscle bellies are pointed out. These findings are important in dealing with complex and deep injuries in the palmar region, including transmetacarpal amputations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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25. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin impair skeletal muscle atrophy in mice

Author

Porporato, Paolo E., Filigheddu, Nicoletta, Reano, Simone, Ferrara, Michele, Angelino, Elia, Gnocchi, Viola F., Prodam, Flavia, Ronchi, Giulia, Fagoonee, Sharmila, Fornaro, Michele, Chianale, Federica, Baldanzi, Gianluca, Surico, Nicola, Sinigaglia, Fabiola, Perroteau, Isabelle, Smith, Roy G., Sun, Yuxiang, Geuna, Stefano, and Graziani, Andrea

Subjects
Ghrelin -- Physiological aspects -- Genetic aspects -- Research, Cachexia -- Risk factors -- Genetic aspects -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Research, Atrophy, Muscular -- Risk factors -- Genetic aspects -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Research, Health care industry
Abstract

Cachexia is a wasting syndrome associated with cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and several other disease states. It is characterized by weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, and skeletal muscle atrophy and is associated with poor patient prognosis, making it an important treatment target. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth hormone (GH) release and positive energy balance through binding to the receptor GHSR-1a. Only acylated ghrelin (AG), but not the unacylated form (UnAG), can bind GHSR-1a; however, UnAG and AG share several GHSR-1a-independent biological activities. Here we investigated whether UnAG and AG could protect against skeletal muscle atrophy in a GHSR-1a-independent manner. We found that both AG and UnAG inhibited dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and atrogene expression through PI3Kβ-, mTORC2-, and p38-mediated pathways in myotubes. Upregulation of circulating UnAG in mice impaired skeletal muscle atrophy induced by either fasting or denervation without stimulating muscle hypertrophy and GHSR-1a-mediated activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis. In Ghsr-deficient mice, both AG and UnAG induced phosphorylation of Akt in skeletal muscle and impaired fasting-induced atrophy. These results demonstrate that AG and UnAG act on a common, unidentified receptor to block skeletal muscle atrophy in a GH-independent manner., Introduction Skeletal muscle atrophy involves massive loss of muscle structural proteins, which leads to muscle weight decrease and progressive loss of muscle function. Skeletal muscle atrophy is induced by muscle [...]

Published
2013
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28. Gut microbiota and neuroplasticity

Author

Murciano Brea, Julia, García Montes, Martín, Geuna, Stefano, Herrera Rincón, Celia, Murciano Brea, Julia, García Montes, Martín, Geuna, Stefano, and Herrera Rincón, Celia

Abstract

The accumulating evidence linking bacteria in the gut and neurons in the brain (the microbiota–gut–brain axis) has led to a paradigm shift in the neurosciences. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms supporting the relevance of actions mediated by the gut microbiota for brain physiology and neuronal functioning is a key research area. In this review, we discuss the literature showing how the microbiota is emerging as a key regulator of the brain’s function and behavior, as increasing amounts of evidence on the importance of the bidirectional communication between the intestinal bacteria and the brain have accumulated. Based on recent discoveries, we suggest that the interaction between diet and the gut microbiota, which might ultimately affect the brain, represents an unprecedented stimulus for conducting new research that links food and mood. We also review the limited work in the clinical arena to date, and we propose novel approaches for deciphering the gut microbiota–brain axis and, eventually, for manipulating this relationship to boost mental wellness., Templeton World Charity Foundation, Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Published
2021

33. Combined Use of Chitosan and Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells to Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vivo

Author

Alvites, Rui D., primary, Branquinho, Mariana V., additional, Sousa, Ana C., additional, Amorim, Irina, additional, Magalhães, Rui, additional, João, Filipa, additional, Almeida, Diogo, additional, Amado, Sandra, additional, Prada, Justina, additional, Pires, Isabel, additional, Zen, Federica, additional, Raimondo, Stefania, additional, Luís, Ana L., additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Varejão, Artur S. P., additional, and Maurício, Ana C., additional

Published
2021
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34. Lumbrical Muscles Neural Branching Patterns: A Cadaveric Study With Potential Clinical Implications

Author

Colonna, Michele R., primary, Piagkou, Maria, additional, Monticelli, Andrea, additional, Tiengo, Cesare, additional, Bassetto, Franco, additional, Sonda, Regina, additional, Battiston, Bruno, additional, Titolo, Paolo, additional, Tos, Pierluigi, additional, Fazio, Antonina, additional, Costa, Alfio Luca, additional, Galeano, Mariarosaria, additional, Porzionato, Andrea, additional, De Caro, Raffaele, additional, Cucinotta, Filippo, additional, Anastasopoulos, Nikolaos, additional, Papadopulos, Nikolaos A., additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, and Natsis, Konstantinos, additional

Published
2020
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36. Preclinical Validation of SilkBridgeTM for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Author

Fregnan, Federica, primary, Muratori, Luisa, additional, Bassani, Giulia A., additional, Crosio, Alessandro, additional, Biagiotti, Marco, additional, Vincoli, Valentina, additional, Carta, Giacomo, additional, Pierimarchi, Pasquale, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Alessandrino, Antonio, additional, Freddi, Giuliano, additional, and Ronchi, Giulia, additional

Published
2020
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37. Fibroblasts Colonizing Nerve Conduits Express High Levels of Soluble Neuregulin1, a Factor Promoting Schwann Cell Dedifferentiation

Author

Fornasari, Benedetta E., primary, El Soury, Marwa, additional, Nato, Giulia, additional, Fucini, Alessia, additional, Carta, Giacomo, additional, Ronchi, Giulia, additional, Crosio, Alessandro, additional, Perroteau, Isabelle, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Raimondo, Stefania, additional, and Gambarotta, Giovanna, additional

Published
2020
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38. Rat Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (OM-MSCs): A Characterization Study

Author

Alvites, Rui D., primary, Branquinho, Mariana V., additional, Caseiro, Ana R., additional, Amorim, Irina, additional, Santos Pedrosa, Sílvia, additional, Rêma, Alexandra, additional, Faria, Fátima, additional, Porto, Beatriz, additional, Oliveira, Cláudia, additional, Teixeira, Paula, additional, Magalhães, Rui, additional, Geuna, Stefano, additional, Varejão, Artur S. P., additional, and Maurício, Ana C., additional

Published
2020
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43. Combined Influence of Gelatin Fibre Topography and Growth Factors on Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons

Author

Gnavi, Sara, Morano, Michela, Fornasari, BENEDETTA ELENA, Riccobono, Claudio, Chiara, TONDA-TURO, Zanetti, Marco, Gianluca, Ciardelli, Gambarotta, Giovanna, Perroteau, Isabelle, Geuna, Stefano, and Raimondo, Stefania

Subjects
Histology, Sensory Receptor Cells, neuronal subtypes, Evolution, Neuronal Outgrowth, Primary Cell Culture, Nanofibers, Behavior and Systematics, Cell Movement, Ganglia, Spinal, growth factors, Neurites, Animals, Nerve Growth Factors, Rats, Wistar, nerve regeneration, electrospinning, NGF, Tissue Scaffolds, Ecology, BDNF, GDNF, gelatin fibres, Anatomy, Biotechnology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Culture Media, gelatin fibres, electrospinning, nerve regeneration, neuronal subtypes, growth factors, NGF, BDNF, GDNF, Biomarkers
Abstract

Nerve guidance channels facilitate nerve regeneration and represent an attractive alternative to nerve graft. Actually, nano- and microstructured biomaterials for nerve reconstruction have gained much attention, thanks to recent discoveries about topography effects on cell behavior and morphology. Electrospun fibres have been proposed as filler or structural component for nerve guidance channels, principally due to their similarity with extracellular matrices which facilitate nerve regeneration. Among several tested biomaterials, gelatin has been used to prepare fibres able to support Schwann cell migration and neurite outgrowth. In this work, the effects of gelatin fibre size on axon elongation and Schwann cell migration have been tested using dorsal root ganglia cultures. Moreover, we analyzed how fibres might affect the expression of specific neuronal subtype markers in sensory neuron cultures and how the combined effect of substrate and biological cues affects neurite growth and gene expression. Data show that fibre topography differentially affects both neurite outgrowth and gene expression and suggest that fibre size and topography associated to specific growth factor exposure might be used to select neuron subpopulations and favor the axonal growth of specific neurons. Anat Rec, 301:1668-1677, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2018

45. The Use of a Hypoallergenic Dermal Matrix for Wrapping in Peripheral Nerve Lesions Regeneration: Functional and Quantitative Morphological Analysis in an Experimental Animal Model

Author

Colonna, Michele Rosario, primary, Fazio, Antonina, additional, Costa, Alfio Luca, additional, Galletti, Franco, additional, Lo Giudice, Roberto, additional, Galletti, Bruno, additional, Galletti, Cosimo, additional, Lo Giudice, Giorgio, additional, Dell’Aversana Orabona, Giovanni, additional, Papalia, Igor, additional, Ronchi, Giulia, additional, and Geuna, Stefano, additional

Published
2019
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47. International symposium on peripheral nerve repair and regeneration and 2nd club Brunelli meeting

Author

Geuna Stefano and Turgut Mehmet

Subjects
Orthopedic surgery, RD701-811, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Abstract The International Symposium "Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration and 2nd Club Brunelli Meeting" was held on December 4-5, 2009 in Turin, Italy (Organizers: Bruno Battiston, Stefano Geuna, Isabelle Perroteau, Pierluigi Tos). Interest in the study of peripheral nerve regeneration is very much alive because complete recovery of nerve function almost never occurs after nerve reconstruction and, often, the clinical outcome is rather poor. Therefore, there is a need for defining innovative strategies for improving the success of recovery after nerve lesion and repair and this meeting was intended to discuss, from a multidisciplinary point of view, some of today's most important issues in this scientific field, arising from both basic and clinical neurosciences.

Published
2010
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48. Effects of collagen membranes enriched with in vitro-differentiated N1E-115 cells on rat sciatic nerve regeneration after end-to-end repair

Author

Fornaro Michele, Veloso António P, Simões Maria J, Gartner Andrea, Vieira Márcia, Armada-da-Silva Paulo AS, Luís Ana L, Amado Sandra, Rodrigues Jorge M, Raimondo Stefania, Varejão Artur SP, Geuna Stefano, and Maurício Ana C

Subjects
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Abstract Peripheral nerves possess the capacity of self-regeneration after traumatic injury but the extent of regeneration is often poor and may benefit from exogenous factors that enhance growth. The use of cellular systems is a rational approach for delivering neurotrophic factors at the nerve lesion site, and in the present study we investigated the effects of enwrapping the site of end-to-end rat sciatic nerve repair with an equine type III collagen membrane enriched or not with N1E-115 pre-differentiated neural cells. After neurotmesis, the sciatic nerve was repaired by end-to-end suture (End-to-End group), end-to-end suture enwrapped with an equine collagen type III membrane (End-to-EndMemb group); and end-to-end suture enwrapped with an equine collagen type III membrane previously covered with neural cells pre-differentiated in vitro from N1E-115 cells (End-to-EndMembCell group). Along the postoperative, motor and sensory functional recovery was evaluated using extensor postural thrust (EPT), withdrawal reflex latency (WRL) and ankle kinematics. After 20 weeks animals were sacrificed and the repaired sciatic nerves were processed for histological and stereological analysis. Results showed that enwrapment of the rapair site with a collagen membrane, with or without neural cell enrichment, did not lead to any significant improvement in most of functional and stereological predictors of nerve regeneration that we have assessed, with the exception of EPT which recovered significantly better after neural cell enriched membrane employment. It can thus be concluded that this particular type of nerve tissue engineering approach has very limited effects on nerve regeneration after sciatic end-to-end nerve reconstruction in the rat.

Published
2010
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49. Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Its Family Member Expression After Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Denervation

Author

Muratori, Luisa, Gnavi, Sara, Fregnan, F., Mancardi, Anabella, Raimondo, Stefania, Perroteau, Isabelle, and Geuna, Stefano

Subjects
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Histology, Evolution, median nerve transaction, Median Neuropathy, Down-Regulation, Crush Injuries, Behavior and Systematics, Cell Movement, Peripheral Nerve Injuries, Animals, Rats, Wistar, VEGF receptors, crush injury, Cell Proliferation, Ecology, VEGF, Denervation, peripheral nerve regeneration, Neuropilin-1, Median Nerve, Nerve Regeneration, Neuropilin-2, Up-Regulation, end-to-end repair, neuropilin, Anatomy, Biotechnology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Female, Schwann Cells
Abstract

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents one of the main factors involved not only in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis but also in neuritogenesis. VEGF plays its function acting via different receptors: VEGF receptor1 (VEGFR-1), VEGF receptor2 (VEGFR-2), VEGF receptor3 (VEGFR-3), and co-receptors Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Neuropilin-2 (NRP2). This study reports on the first in vivo analysis of the expression of VEGF and VEGF family molecules in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration: for this purpose, different models of nerve lesion in rat were adopted, the median nerve crush injury and the median nerve transaction followed or not by end-to end microsurgical repair. Results obtained by real time polymerase chain reaction showed that VEGF and VEGF family molecules are differentially expressed under regenerating and degenerating condition, furthermore, in order to study the modulation and involvement of these factors in two different regenerative models, crush injury and end-to-end repair, protein expression analysis was evaluated. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis allowed to state a glial localization of VEGF and VEGFR-2 after peripheral nerve crush injury. Finally in vitro assay on primary Schwann cells culture show that VEGF165 stimulation increases Schwann cells migration, a major process in the promotion of neurite outgrowth. Anat Rec, 301:1646-1656, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2017

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