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1. Scaling advantage over path-integral Monte Carlo in quantum simulation of geometrically frustrated magnets

Author

Andrew D. King, Jack Raymond, Trevor Lanting, Sergei V. Isakov, Masoud Mohseni, Gabriel Poulin-Lamarre, Sara Ejtemaee, William Bernoudy, Isil Ozfidan, Anatoly Yu. Smirnov, Mauricio Reis, Fabio Altomare, Michael Babcock, Catia Baron, Andrew J. Berkley, Kelly Boothby, Paul I. Bunyk, Holly Christiani, Colin Enderud, Bram Evert, Richard Harris, Emile Hoskinson, Shuiyuan Huang, Kais Jooya, Ali Khodabandelou, Nicolas Ladizinsky, Ryan Li, P. Aaron Lott, Allison J. R. MacDonald, Danica Marsden, Gaelen Marsden, Teresa Medina, Reza Molavi, Richard Neufeld, Mana Norouzpour, Travis Oh, Igor Pavlov, Ilya Perminov, Thomas Prescott, Chris Rich, Yuki Sato, Benjamin Sheldan, George Sterling, Loren J. Swenson, Nicholas Tsai, Mark H. Volkmann, Jed D. Whittaker, Warren Wilkinson, Jason Yao, Hartmut Neven, Jeremy P. Hilton, Eric Ladizinsky, Mark W. Johnson, and Mohammad H. Amin

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Experimental demonstration of quantum speedup that scales with the system size is the goal of near-term quantum computing. Here, the authors demonstrate such scaling advantage for a D-Wave quantum annealer over analogous classical algorithms in simulations of frustrated quantum magnets.

Published
2021
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2. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author

Jesse Hoke, Matteo Ippoliti, Dmitry Abanin, Rajeev Acharya, Markus Ansmann, Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Abraham Asfaw, Juan Atalaya, Ryan Babbush, Joseph Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Gina Bortoli, Alexandre Bourassa, Jenna Bovaird, Leon Brill, Michael Broughton, Bob Buckley, David Buell, Tim Burger, Brian Burkett, Nicholas Bushnell, Zijun Chen, Ben Chiaro, Desmond Chik, Charina Chou, Josh Cogan, Roberto Collins, Paul Conner, William Courtney, Alexander Crook, Ben Curtin, Alejandro Grajales Dau, Dripto Debroy, Alexander Del Toro Barba, Sean Demura, Augustin Di Paolo, Ilya Drozdov, Andrew Dunsworth, Daniel Eppens, Catherine Erickson, Lara Faoro, Edward Farhi, Reza Fatemi, Vinicius Ferreira, Leslie Flores Burgos, Ebrahim Forati, Austin Fowler, Brooks Foxen, William Giang, Craig Gidney, Dar Gilboa, Marissa Giustina, Raja Gosula, Jonathan Gross, Steve Habegger, Michael Hamilton, Monica Hansen, Matthew Harrigan, Sean Harrington, Paula Heu, Markus Hoffmann, Sabrina Hong, Trent Huang, Ashley Huff, William Huggins, Sergei Isakov, Justin Iveland, E. Jeffrey, Cody Jones, Pavol Juhas, Dvir Kafri, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Tanuj Khattar, Mostafa Khezri, Marika Kieferova, Seon Kim, Alexei Kitaev, Paul Klimov, Andrey Klots, Alexander Korotkov, Fedor Kostritsa, John Mark Kreikebaum, David Landhuis, Pavel Laptev, Kim-Ming Lau, Lily Laws, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lee, Yuri Lensky, Brian Lester, Alexander Lill, Wayne Liu, Aditya Locharla, Fionn Malone, Orion Martin, Jarrod McClean, Matt McEwen, Kevin Miao, Amanda Mieszala, Shirin Montazeri, Alexis Morvan, Ramis Movassagh, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Ani Nersisyan, Michael Newman, Jiun How Ng, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Nguyen, Murphy Niu, Thomas O'Brien, Seun Omonije, Alex Opremcak, Andre Petukhov, Rebecca Potter, Leonid Pryadko, Chris Quintana, Charles Rocque, Nicholas Rubin, Negar Saei, Daniel Sank, Kannan Sankaragomathi, Kevin Satzinger, Henry Schurkus, Christopher Schuster, Michael Shearn, Aaron Shorter, Noah Shutty, Shvarts Vladimir, Jindra Skruzny, W. Smith, Rolando Somma, George Sterling, Doug Strain, Marco Szalay, Alfredo Torres, Guifre Vidal, Benjamin Villalonga, Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller, Theodore White, Bryan Woo, Cheng Xing, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Grayson Young, Adam Zalcman, Yaxing Zhang, Ningfeng Zhu, Nicholas Zobrist, Hartmut Neven, Dave Bacon, Sergio Boixo, Jeremy Hilton, Erik Lucero, Anthony Megrant, Julian Kelly, Yu Chen, Vadim Smelyanskiy, Xiao Mi, Vedika Khemani, and Pedram Roushan

Abstract

Measurement has a special role in quantum theory1: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation2 and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time3-10 that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium11-13. On present-day NISQ processors14, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping9,15-17 to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases—from entanglement scaling3,4 to measurement-induced teleportation18—in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.

Published
2023
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3. Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers

Author

Theodore White, Alex Opremcak, George Sterling, Alexander Korotkov, Daniel Sank, Rajeev Acharya, Markus Ansmann, Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Joseph C. Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Alexandre Bourassa, Jenna Bovaird, Leon Brill, Bob B. Buckley, David A. Buell, Tim Burger, Brian Burkett, Nicholas Bushnell, Zijun Chen, Ben Chiaro, Josh Cogan, Roberto Collins, Alexander L. Crook, Ben Curtin, Sean Demura, Andrew Dunsworth, Catherine Erickson, Reza Fatemi, Leslie Flores Burgos, Ebrahim Forati, Brooks Foxen, William Giang, Marissa Giustina, Alejandro Grajales Dau, Michael C. Hamilton, Sean D. Harrington, Jeremy Hilton, Markus Hoffmann, Sabrina Hong, Trent Huang, Ashley Huff, Justin Iveland, Evan Jeffrey, Mária Kieferová, Seon Kim, Paul V. Klimov, Fedor Kostritsa, John Mark Kreikebaum, David Landhuis, Pavel Laptev, Lily Laws, Kenny Lee, Brian J. Lester, Alexander Lill, Wayne Liu, Aditya Locharla, Erik Lucero, Trevor McCourt, Matt McEwen, Xiao Mi, Kevin C. Miao, Shirin Montazeri, Alexis Morvan, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Ani Nersisyan, Jiun How Ng, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Nguyen, Rebecca Potter, Chris Quintana, Pedram Roushan, Kannan Sankaragomathi, Kevin J. Satzinger, Christopher Schuster, Michael J. Shearn, Aaron Shorter, Vladimir Shvarts, Jindra Skruzny, W. Clarke Smith, Marco Szalay, Alfredo Torres, Bryan W. K. Woo, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Grayson Young, Ningfeng Zhu, Nicholas Zobrist, Yu Chen, Anthony Megrant, Julian Kelly, and Ofer Naaman

Subjects
Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), Quantum Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, FOS: Physical sciences, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Physics - Applied Physics, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

We demonstrate a high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) in which the active nonlinear element is implemented using an array of rf-SQUIDs. The device is matched to the 50 $\Omega$ environment with a Klopfenstein-taper impedance transformer and achieves a bandwidth of 250-300 MHz, with input saturation powers up to -95 dBm at 20 dB gain. A 54-qubit Sycamore processor was used to benchmark these devices, providing a calibration for readout power, an estimate of amplifier added noise, and a platform for comparison against standard impedance matched parametric amplifiers with a single dc-SQUID. We find that the high power rf-SQUID array design has no adverse effect on system noise, readout fidelity, or qubit dephasing, and we estimate an upper bound on amplifier added noise at 1.6 times the quantum limit. Lastly, amplifiers with this design show no degradation in readout fidelity due to gain compression, which can occur in multi-tone multiplexed readout with traditional JPAs., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures

Published
2022

4. Scaling advantage over path-integral Monte Carlo in quantum simulation of geometrically frustrated magnets

Author

Kais Jooya, Hartmut Neven, Ryan Li, Ali Khodabandelou, R. Neufeld, Richard Harris, William Bernoudy, C. Rich, Jason Yao, Igor Pavlov, Andrew J. Berkley, Allison MacDonald, C. Enderud, Jed D. Whittaker, George Sterling, Jack Raymond, Fabio Altomare, Reza Molavi, Ilya Perminov, C. Baron, Gabriel Poulin-Lamarre, Bram Evert, Mark W. Johnson, Benjamin Sheldan, Jeremy P. Hilton, Sergei V. Isakov, Masoud Mohseni, T. Medina, E. Ladizinsky, P. Aaron Lott, Isil Ozfidan, Michael Babcock, Thomas Prescott, Holly Christiani, Danica Marsden, N. Ladizinsky, Mark H. Volkmann, Paul I. Bunyk, Emile Hoskinson, Gaelen Marsden, T. Oh, Anatoly Yu. Smirnov, Shuiyuan Huang, Trevor Lanting, Yuki Sato, Sara Ejtemaee, Kelly T. R. Boothby, Loren J. Swenson, Warren Wilkinson, Mauricio Reis, Andrew D. King, Mana Norouzpour, Mohammad H. Amin, and Nicholas Tsai

Subjects
Science, Monte Carlo method, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum simulator, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, Quantum, Scaling, Quantum computer, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Quantum annealing, Computational science, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, General Chemistry, Phase transitions and critical phenomena, Qubit, ComputerSystemsOrganization_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum simulation, Path integral Monte Carlo
Abstract

The promise of quantum computing lies in harnessing programmable quantum devices for practical applications such as efficient simulation of quantum materials and condensed matter systems. One important task is the simulation of geometrically frustrated magnets in which topological phenomena can emerge from competition between quantum and thermal fluctuations. Here we report on experimental observations of equilibration in such simulations, measured on up to 1440 qubits with microsecond resolution. By initializing the system in a state with topological obstruction, we observe quantum annealing (QA) equilibration timescales in excess of one microsecond. Measurements indicate a dynamical advantage in the quantum simulation compared with spatially local update dynamics of path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC). The advantage increases with both system size and inverse temperature, exceeding a million-fold speedup over an efficient CPU implementation. PIMC is a leading classical method for such simulations, and a scaling advantage of this type was recently shown to be impossible in certain restricted settings. This is therefore an important piece of experimental evidence that PIMC does not simulate QA dynamics even for sign-problem-free Hamiltonians, and that near-term quantum devices can be used to accelerate computational tasks of practical relevance., Experimental demonstration of quantum speedup that scales with the system size is the goal of near-term quantum computing. Here, the authors demonstrate such scaling advantage for a D-Wave quantum annealer over analogous classical algorithms in simulations of frustrated quantum magnets.

Published
2021

5. Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

Author

Thomas O'Brien, Gian-Luca Anselmetti, Fotios Gkritsis, Vincent Elfving, Stefano Polla, William Huggins, Oumarou Oumarou, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Dmitry Abanin, Rajeev Acharya, Igor Aleiner, Richard Allen, Trond Andersen, Kyle Anderson, Markus Ansmann, Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Abraham Asfaw, Juan Atalaya, Dave Bacon, Joseph Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Sergio Boixo, Gina Bortoli, Alexandre Bourassa, Jenna Bovaird, Leon Brill, Michael Broughton, Bob Buckley, David Buell, Tim Burger, Brian Burkett, Nicholas Bushnell, Juan Campero, Yu Chen, Zijun Chen, Ben Chiaro, Desmond Chik, Josh Cogan, Roberto Collins, Paul Conner, William Courtney, Alexander Crook, Ben Curtin, Dripto Debroy, Alexander Del Toro Barba, Sean Demura, Ilya Drozdov, Andrew Dunsworth, Daniel Eppens, Catherine Erickson, Lara Faoro, Edward Farhi, Reza Fatemi, Vinicius Ferreira, Leslie Flores Burgos, Ebrahim Forati, Austin Fowler, Brooks Foxen, William Giang, Craig Gidney, Dar Gilboa, Marissa Giustina, Raja Gosula, Alejandro Grajales Dau, Jonathan Gross, Steve Habegger, Michael Hamilton, Monica Hansen, Matthew Harrigan, Sean Harrington, Paula Heu, Jeremy Hilton, Markus Hoffmann, Sabrina Hong, Trent Huang, Ashley Huff, L. B. Ioffe, Sergei Isakov, Justin Iveland, E. Jeffrey, Zhang Jiang, Cody Jones, Pavol Juhas, Dvir Kafri, Julian Kelly, Tanuj Khattar, Mostafa Khezri, Marika Kieferova, Seon Kim, Paul Klimov, Andrey Klots, Alexander Korotkov, Fedor Kostritsa, John Mark Kreikebaum, David Landhuis, Pavel Laptev, Kim-Ming Lau, Lily Laws, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lee, Brian Lester, Alexander Lill, Wayne Liu, William Livingston, Aditya Locharla, Erik Lucero, Fionn Malone, Salvatore Mandra, Orion Martin, Steven Martin, Jarrod McClean, Trevor McCourt, Matthew McEwen, Anthony Megrant, Xiao Mi, Kevin Miao, Amanda Mieszala, Masoud Mohseni, Shirin Montazeri, Alexis Morvan, Ramis Movassagh, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Ofer Naaman, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Ani Nersisyan, Hartmut Neven, Michael Newman, Jiun How Ng, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Nguyen, Murphy Niu, Seun Omonije, Alex Opremcak, Andre Petukhov, Rebecca Potter, Leonid Pryadko, Chris Quintana, Charles Rocque, Pedram Roushan, Negar Saei, Daniel Sank, Kannan Sankaragomathi, Kevin Satzinger, Henry Schurkus, Michael Shearn, Aaron Shorter, Noah Shutty, Shvarts Vladimir, Jindra Skruzny, Vadim Smelyanskiy, W. Clarke Smith, Rolando Somma, George Sterling, Doug Strain, Marco Szalay, Douglas Thor, Alfredo Torres, Guifre Vidal, Benjamin Villalonga, Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller, Theodore White, Bryan Woo, Cheng Xing, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Grayson Young, Adam Zalcman, Yaxing Zhang, Ningfeng Zhu, Nicholas Zobrist, Christian Gogolin, Ryan Babbush, and Nicholas Rubin

Subjects
Quantum Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue this growth. Here, we study physical simulation within the seniority-zero electron pairing subspace, which affords both a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model, and an opportunity to validate recently introduced ``purification-based'' error-mitigation strategies. We compare the performance of error mitigation based on doubling quantum resources in time (echo verification) or in space (virtual distillation), on up to $20$ qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques (e.g. post-selection); the gain from error mitigation is seen to increase with the system size. Employing these error mitigation strategies enables the implementation of the largest variational algorithm for a correlated chemistry system to-date. Extrapolating performance from these results allows us to estimate minimum requirements for a beyond-classical simulation of electronic structure. We find that, despite the impressive gains from purification-based error mitigation, significant hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations., Comment: 10 pages, 13 page supplementary material, 12 figures. Experimental data available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7225821

Published
2022
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7. Demonstration of nonstoquastic Hamiltonian in coupled superconducting flux qubits

Author

C. Rich, Loren J. Swenson, Danica Marsden, Michael Babcock, N. Ladizinsky, Allan H. MacDonald, Igor Pavlov, Gabriel Poulin-Lamarre, Mana Norouzpour, Ilya Perminov, Fabio Altomare, Ryan Li, M. Hager, Kelly T. R. Boothby, Jeremy P. Hilton, C. Enderud, Mauricio Reis, E. Ladizinsky, Bram Evert, S. Huang, Nicholas Tsai, T. Oh, Thomas Prescott, Mark H. Volkmann, R. Neufeld, C. Deng, Mohammad H. Amin, Yuki Sato, George Sterling, Trevor Lanting, Paul I. Bunyk, Isil Ozfidan, Anatoly Yu. Smirnov, Emile Hoskinson, Kais Jooya, Jason Yao, Warren Wilkinson, Richard Harris, Mark W. Johnson, A. Hajda, M. Nissen, G. Marsden, C. Baron, T. Medina, Andrew J. Berkley, Reza Molavi, Jed D. Whittaker, and Holly Christiani

Subjects
Physics, Superconductivity, Flux qubit, Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), symbols.namesake, Quantum mechanics, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), symbols, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

Quantum annealing (QA) is a heuristic algorithm for finding low-energy configurations of a system, with applications in optimization, machine learning, and quantum simulation. Up to now, all implementations of QA have been limited to qubits coupled via a single degree of freedom. This gives rise to a stoquastic Hamiltonian that has no sign problem in quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations. In this paper, we report implementation and measurements of two superconducting flux qubits coupled via two canonically conjugate degrees of freedom (charge and flux) to achieve a nonstoquastic Hamiltonian. Such coupling can enhance performance of QA processors, extend the range of quantum simulations. We perform microwave spectroscopy to extract circuit parameters and show that the charge coupling manifests itself as a YY interaction in the computational basis. We observe destructive interference in quantum coherent oscillations between the computational basis states of the two-qubit system. Finally, we show that the extracted Hamiltonian is nonstoquastic over a wide range of parameters., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures

Published
2019
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8. Tri-Creeks Experimental Watershed

Author

George Sterling, Sheena A. Spencer, and Amy Goodbrand

Subjects
Hydrology, geography, Watershed, geography.geographical_feature_category, Logging, Forestry, Water resources, Current (stream), Streamflow, Environmental science, Time of concentration, Groundwater, Riparian zone
Abstract

Tri-Creeks Experimental Watershed was initiated to compare the effects of logging and riparian buffers in three subbasins (Wampus, Deerlick, and Eunice Creeks) and to evaluate the effectiveness of timber harvesting ground rules in protecting fisheries and water resources. The watershed study was terminated in 1985 shortly after the harvest. In 2015, the University of Alberta re-established groundwater monitoring, hydrometric, and meteorological stations in Tri-Creeks Experimental watershed. Future research will utilize the 20-year historic data set and current data to study the the effect of forest cover change on the streamflow regime and fish populations. The objective of this paper is to summarize the novel results and available data from 1965–1987 for the Tri-Creeks Experimental Watershed.

Published
2016
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10. Some Letters of George Sterling

Author

John R. Dunbar and George Sterling

Subjects
GEORGE (programming language), Nephrology, Urology, media_common.quotation_subject, Art, Classics, media_common
Published
1961
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