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In recent years, several studies have provided evidence for the positive impact of augmented reality in language acquisition. In particular, augmented reality as a multimedia learning environment has been found to be potentially more effective than learning using traditional methods, such as paper-based textbooks. According to the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, it can help reduce the extraneous cognitive load and improve learning by employing the spatial continuity principle. In this paper, the impact of the spatial continuity principle on the augmented reality learning system was tested by comparing the cognitive load and learning performance of two separate learning systems. The experimental results showed that the explanation integration system, which applies the principle of spatial continuity to the augmented reality learning system, was more effective in terms of knowledge retention. However, the results on the cognitive load contrasted previous research findings on the spatial continuity principle approach, as no differences were found in the extraneous cognitive load of the learners in the two systems.

Learning skills include abilities, habits, understanding, and attitudes which are utilized to achieve learning. Students will not achieve good grades unless they properly manage their limited study time. However, it is not easy for them to organize their own study time and learn how to use it efficiently. Notably, learning analytics has not been used in previous research for time management. Learning analytics provides students with accurate data that they can use to manage their study time. Therefore, in this study, we designed a system based on a learning analytics approach with functions that allow students to make their own learning schedules and reflect on their learning behaviors. The system has visualization, calendars, and reflection functions, which are used by both students and their instructors.

Recently, the number of learners of Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) has been increasing. In Japanese language acquisition, compound verbs (verbs that are composed of two verbs, e.g., tobikomu 'jump into') are frequently used in daily life; these present difficulties, including unclarity of combination and opacity of meaning. Matsuda (2001) proposed an image schema that applies core theory to Japanese compound verbs and the application of image schemas to Japanese language education. However, since image schemas are composed of simple diagrams and arrows and are highly sophisticated due to being intended for linguists, it has been suggested that they are not easy for JFL learners to understand (Tagawa and Yuizono, 2016). In this paper, we designed and developed a compound verb AR learning system with core theory and image schemas. Moreover, we discussed Japanese compound verbs acquisition, the image schema of compound verbs as well as the application of AR in learning, and also explained the design and development of the system based on problems in compound verb acquisition. [For the complete proceedings, see ED601100.]