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1. A draft genome of the neritid snail Theodoxus fluviatilis

Author

Fuchs, Laura Iris Regina, Knobloch, Jan, Wiesenthal, Amanda Alice, Fuss, Janina, Franzenburg, Soeren, Oliva, Montserrat Torres, Müller, Christian, Wheat, Christopher W., Hildebrandt, Jan-Peter, Fuchs, Laura Iris Regina, Knobloch, Jan, Wiesenthal, Amanda Alice, Fuss, Janina, Franzenburg, Soeren, Oliva, Montserrat Torres, Müller, Christian, Wheat, Christopher W., and Hildebrandt, Jan-Peter

Abstract

The neritid snail Theodoxus fluviatilis is found across habitats differing in salinity, from shallow waters along the coast of the Baltic Sea to lakes throughout Europe. Living close to the water surface makes this species vulnerable to changes in salinity in their natural habitat, and the lack of a free-swimming larval stage limits this species’ dispersal. Together, these factors have resulted in a patchy distribution of quite isolated populations differing in their salinity tolerances. In preparation for investigating the mechanisms underlying the physiological differences in osmoregulation between populations that cannot be explained solely by phenotypic plasticity, we present here an annotated draft genome assembly for T. fluviatilis, generated using PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and transcriptomic data. While the total assembly size (1045 kb) is similar to those of related species, it remains highly fragmented (N scaffolds = 35,695; N50 = 74 kb) though moderately high in complete gene content (BUSCO single copy complete: 74.3%, duplicate: 2.6%, fragmented: 10.6%, missing: 12.5% using metazoa n = 954). Nevertheless, we were able to generate gene annotations of 21,220 protein-coding genes (BUSCO single copy complete: 65.1%, duplicate: 16.7%, fragmented: 9.1%, missing: 9.1% using metazoa n = 954). Not only will this genome facilitate comparative evolutionary studies across Gastropoda, as this is the first genome assembly for the basal snail family Neritidae, it will also greatly facilitate the study of salinity tolerance in this species. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of working with a species where high molecular weight DNA isolation is very difficult.

Published
2024
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2. Emergence of phenotypic plasticity through epigenetic mechanisms.

Author

Romero-Mujalli, Daniel, Fuchs, Laura I R, Haase, Martin, Hildebrandt, Jan-Peter, Weissing, Franz J, and Revilla, Tomás A

Subjects
*GENETIC load, *NATURAL selection, *GENETIC variation, *PHENOTYPES, *EPIGENETICS, *PHENOTYPIC plasticity
Abstract

Plasticity is found in all domains of life and is particularly relevant when populations experience variable environmental conditions. Traditionally, evolutionary models of plasticity are non-mechanistic: they typically view reactions norms as the target of selection, without considering the underlying genetics explicitly. Consequently, there have been difficulties in understanding the emergence of plasticity, and in explaining its limits and costs. In this paper, we offer a novel mechanistic approximation for the emergence and evolution of plasticity. We simulate random "epigenetic mutations" in the genotype–phenotype mapping, of the kind enabled by DNA-methylations/demethylations. The frequency of epigenetic mutations at loci affecting the phenotype is sensitive to organism stress (trait–environment mismatch), but is also genetically determined and evolvable. Thus, the "random motion" of epigenetic markers enables developmental learning-like behaviors that can improve adaptation within the limits imposed by the genotypes. However, with random motion being "goal-less," this mechanism is also vulnerable to developmental noise leading to maladaptation. Our individual-based simulations show that epigenetic mutations can hide alleles that are temporarily unfavorable, thus enabling cryptic genetic variation. These alleles can be advantageous at later times, under regimes of environmental change, in spite of the accumulation of genetic loads. Simulations also demonstrate that plasticity is favored by natural selection in constant environments, but more under periodic environmental change. Plasticity also evolves under directional environmental change as long as the pace of change is not too fast and costs are low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. A draft genome of the neritid snail Theodoxus fluviatilis

Author

Fuchs, Laura Iris Regina, primary, Knobloch, Jan, additional, Wiesenthal, Amanda Alice, additional, Fuss, Janina, additional, Franzenburg, Soeren, additional, Torres Oliva, Montserrat, additional, Müller, Christian, additional, Wheat, Christopher W, additional, and Hildebrandt, Jan-Peter, additional

Published
2023
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5. Ryhmänhallinnan ja työrauhan ylläpitämiskyvyt alkuopetuksen noviisiopettajien kokemina

Author

Fuchs, Laura, Soveltavan kasvatustieteen ja opettajankoulutuksen osasto, School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, Filosofinen tiedekunta, Soveltavan kasvatustieteen ja opettajankoulutuksen osasto, Joensuu, Philosophical faculty, School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, Joensuu, Filosofinen tiedekunta, and Philosophical faculty

Subjects
group management, education, teachers, elementary education, peaceful working conditions, alkuopetus, lärare, luokanopettajat, lärarutbildning, klasslärare, opettajat, teacher training, ryhmänhallinta, työrauha, kasvatustiede, noviisiopettaja, opettajankoulutus, novice teacher, nybörjarundervisning, class teachers
Published
2022

6. Online Hate Speech and Incitement to Genocide: The Case of Myanmar

Author

Fuchs, Laura

Subjects
Rohingya, Völkerrecht, Völkermord, Hassrede
Abstract

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit online Hate Speech und Aufstachelung zum Völkermord anhand der Situation der Rohingya in Myanmar. Um herauszufinden, ob die Einträge auf Facebook Hate Speech oder Aufstachelung zum Völkermord darstellen, wird das einschlägige Vertragsrecht und Fallrecht, welches bereits vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof in Nürnberg entwickelt wurde, herangezogen. Obwohl es im Völkerrecht keine einheitliche Definition des Begriffes Hate Speech gibt, spielen der IPBPR und die Konvention gegen Rassismus eine besondere Rolle, da diese verbindlichen Abkommen das Recht auf Meinungsfreiheit und dessen Beschränkung regeln. Die Analyse des Vertragsrechtes als auch des Fallrechtes zeigt, dass Aufstachelung zum Völkermord keine Form der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit, sondern eine Straftat ist. Dadurch, dass Hasspostings zumeist über Facebook weiterverbreitet wurden, wird auch die strafrechtliche Verantwortung der Plattform in Erwägung gezogen. Während im internationalen Strafrecht Plattformen nicht direkt haften, so können doch die Führungskräfte für das Unternehmen haften. Obwohl sie Einträge auf der Plattform nicht selbst erstellen, können sie Mittäter hinsichtlich der Aufstachelung zum Völkermord sein, wenn rechtswidrige Inhalte auf dieser zugänglich sind. Im Römischen Statut erfordert die Mittäterschaft das subjektive Element der Absicht. Trägt jemand auf sonstige Weise zur Begehung eines Verbrechens durch eine Gruppe bei, wird Kenntnis vom Vorsatz der Gruppe verlangt. Führungskräfte einer Plattform müssen Kenntnis davon haben, dass das Verbrechen der Aufstachelung zum Völkermord auf ihrer Plattform verübt wird. Liegen alle subjektiven und objektiven Straftatbestände der Aufstachelung zum Völkermord und der Mittäterschaft vor, können diese somit zur Verantwortung gezogen werden. Haftungsprivilegien im nationalen Recht und Europarecht, wie etwa im Abschnitt 230 des CDA oder der E-Commerce RL, erschweren, dass Plattformen zur Verantwortung gezogen werden können. This thesis examines online hate speech and incitement to genocide in the case of the Rohingya in Myanmar. To detect whether comments, which were made on Facebook, constitute hate speech or incitement to genocide, the relevant treaty law and case law, starting at the IMT, was analyzed. In international law there is no set definition of the term hate speech, however, the ICCPR and ICERD are of great relevance as they are legally binding human rights instruments regulating the right to freedom of expression and its restriction. According to the treaty law and case law, direct and public incitement to genocide is an inchoate crime and not a mode of liability. As Facebook was the main tool to disseminate hateful rhetoric about the Rohingya, the international criminal liability of the social media platform was considered. While the platform itself cannot be held liable in ICL, the executives of the platform can. The executives do not create content themselves, however, they might be complicit in incitement to genocide, when they allow illegal content on their platform. Aiding and abetting under the Rome Statute requires the mens rea of purpose. When applying common purpose liability as a form of complicity in incitement to genocide, the mental element is knowledge. Hence, social media executives must know about incitement to genocide being committed on their platform by a group. When the elements of incitement to genocide and common purpose are fulfilled, the executives of the social media platform can be held liable. However, at the moment online platforms are being exempted from liability at a national and EU level. Section 230 of the CDA as well as the E-Commerce Directive provide such liability privileges for platforms. Hence, these liability privileges make holding platforms accountable difficult. Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022

Published
2022

7. Professional translations of non-native English : ‘before and after’ texts from the European Parliament’s Editing Unit

Author

Albl-Mikasa, Michaela, Fontana, Giovanna, Fuchs, Laura Maria, Stüdeli, Lena Meret, Zaugg, Aline, Albl-Mikasa, Michaela, Fontana, Giovanna, Fuchs, Laura Maria, Stüdeli, Lena Meret, and Zaugg, Aline

Abstract

Since English has become the dominant global language, research efforts have mostly concentrated on spoken English as a lingua franca (ELF). Written ELF is largely under-researched both in relation to translation and otherwise. This study examines ‘before and after’ texts made available by the European Parliament’s Editing Unit. The original texts were written by non-native English speakers (before) and subsequently revised by native English editors (after) with a view to delivering consistent edited source texts as a basis for translation into different EU languages. In a pre-study, 12 texts (and their edited versions) were scrutinised for potential translation problems. In the main study, three of the 12 originals and their three edited counterparts were translated by six professional translators. A mixed-method approach was adopted: product-based analysis of the translations for actual translation problems combined with screen-recording-prompted retrospective translator comments and screen-recording-based indicators for the time taken to translate edited and non-edited segments. The results suggest that there is a sufficiently large number of challenges arising from non-standard source segments to prolong translational decision-making and provoke inadequate solutions.

Published
2019

8. A skull from northern Patagonia with postmortem modifications : an approach using non-invasive techniques

Author

Del Papa, Mariano, Gordón, Florencia, Castro, Juan C, Fuchs, Laura, Menéndez, Lumila, Di Bastiano, Andrés, and Pucciarelli, Héctor M

Subjects
Técnicas no invasivas, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Prácticas mortuorias, La Plata, Bioarqueología, Arqueología, Restos óseos humanos
Abstract

En el contexto de la puesta en valor de las colecciones de restos óseos humanos del Museo de La Plata se halló un cráneo con evidencias de un complejo tratamiento post mórtem desconocido hasta el momento. Con el fin de obtener información acerca de la procedencia exacta y el contexto de inhumación del hallazgo, se implementaron una serie de técnicas y metodologías de análisis (revisión bibliográfica, análisis tafonómico y análisis de las huellas corte), que promueven al mismo tiempo la conservación del registro bioarqueológico (aplicación de técnicas de imágenes de carácter no invasivo). Como resultado, se presenta una práctica mortuoria particular y sin antecedentes en la bibliografía para la región norpatagónica. Asimismo, se revaloriza el tratamiento, preservación y estudio de colecciones bioarqueológicas. A skull with evidence of a form of mortuary disposal unknown in the study area was found in a human osteological collection from the Museo de La Plata. In order to get information about the exact provenance and context of discovery of the burial a number of techniques and methodologies of analysis were implemented (literature review, analysis of taphonomic and cut mark traces) while promoting the conservation of the bioarchaeological record (by means of the application of non-invasive imaging techniques). As a result, a novel mortuary practice without precedents in the bibliography of north Patagonia is presented. Furthermore, the crucial importance of the treatment, preservation and study of bioarchaeological collections is emphasized. Fil: Del Papa, Mariano. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Gordón, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Castro, Juan C . Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Fuchs, Laura. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Menéndez, Lumila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Di Bastiano, Andrés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Fil: Pucciarelli, Héctor M . Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina.

Published
2011

9. Immortalization of normal human mammary epithelial cells in two steps by direct targeting of senescence barriers does not require gross genomic alterations

Author

Garbe, James C, primary, Vrba, Lukas, additional, Sputova, Klara, additional, Fuchs, Laura, additional, Novak, Petr, additional, Brothman, Arthur R, additional, Jackson, Mark, additional, Chin, Koei, additional, LaBarge, Mark A, additional, Watts, George, additional, Futscher, Bernard W, additional, and Stampfer, Martha R, additional

Published
2014
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12. A draft genome of the neritid snail Theodoxus fluviatilis.

Author

Fuchs LIR, Knobloch J, Wiesenthal AA, Fuss J, Franzenburg S, Torres Oliva M, Müller C, Wheat CW, and Hildebrandt JP

Subjects
Animals, Europe, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Gene Expression Profiling, Snails genetics, Genome
Abstract

The neritid snail Theodoxus fluviatilis is found across habitats differing in salinity, from shallow waters along the coast of the Baltic Sea to lakes throughout Europe. Living close to the water surface makes this species vulnerable to changes in salinity in their natural habitat, and the lack of a free-swimming larval stage limits this species' dispersal. Together, these factors have resulted in a patchy distribution of quite isolated populations differing in their salinity tolerances. In preparation for investigating the mechanisms underlying the physiological differences in osmoregulation between populations that cannot be explained solely by phenotypic plasticity, we present here an annotated draft genome assembly for T. fluviatilis, generated using PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and transcriptomic data. While the total assembly size (1045 kb) is similar to those of related species, it remains highly fragmented (N scaffolds = 35,695; N50 = 74 kb) though moderately high in complete gene content (BUSCO single copy complete: 74.3%, duplicate: 2.6%, fragmented: 10.6%, missing: 12.5% using metazoa n = 954). Nevertheless, we were able to generate gene annotations of 21,220 protein-coding genes (BUSCO single copy complete: 65.1%, duplicate: 16.7%, fragmented: 9.1%, missing: 9.1% using metazoa n = 954). Not only will this genome facilitate comparative evolutionary studies across Gastropoda, as this is the first genome assembly for the basal snail family Neritidae, it will also greatly facilitate the study of salinity tolerance in this species. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of working with a species where high molecular weight DNA isolation is very difficult., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The author(s) declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Genetics Society of America.)

Published
2024
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