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The low-fouling propensity of commercially available polyethersulfone (PES) membranes was studied after modification of the membrane surface via coating with polymerizable bicontinuous microemulsion (PBM) materials. The PBM coating was polymerized within 1 min using ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. It was detected on the PES membrane surface via attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The PBM coating led to an average 10% increase in the hydrophilicity of the PES membrane surface and an increase in total organic content (TOC) removal by more than 15%. Flux-step tests were conducted with model foulant comprising 100 mg L−1 humic acid (HA) solution to detect the onset of critical fouling, characterized by a rapid and substantial increase in TMP, and to compare the fouling propensity of commercially available PES membranes with PBM-coated membranes. The critical flux was found to be about 40% higher for PBM spray-coated membrane and 20% lower for PBM casting-coated membrane than the commercial PES membrane. This demonstrates the performance advantages of the thin PBM layer spray-coated on PES membrane compared to the thick casting-coated PBM layer. The study showcases the potential of PBM spray-coated membranes over commercial PES membranes for use in membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment systems with reduced maintenance over longer operation periods.

Laboratory membrane fouling studies are often performed with a single foulant. However, studies comparing the behavior of different foulants using a single membrane are rarely reported. In this study, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membrane was challenged with a series of aqueous-based model fouling media, including a suspension of latex beads, as well as soybean, motor and crude oil emulsions, in constant permeate flux fouling experiments. The critical and threshold fluxes were determined for each membrane-foulant pair. Constant permeate flux crossflow fouling experiments were performed at both low and high fluxes. A direct comparison of the fouling propensity of the PVDF membrane to the four fouling media was made. The fouling propensity was evaluated based on threshold flux values and the extent of transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase during constant permeate flux fouling experiments. In this study, the zeta potential of various fouling media correlated with their fouling propensities. The higher the zeta potential, the lower the fouling propensity. The fouling propensity followed the order of: latex beads

Laboratory membrane fouling studies are often performed with a single foulant. However, studies comparing the behavior of different foulants using a single membrane are rarely reported. In this study, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membrane was challenged with a series of aqueous-based model fouling media, including a suspension of latex beads, as well as soybean, motor and crude oil emulsions, in constant permeate flux fouling experiments. The critical and threshold fluxes were determined for each membrane-foulant pair. Constant permeate flux crossflow fouling experiments were performed at both low and high fluxes. A direct comparison of the fouling propensity of the PVDF membrane to the four fouling media was made. The fouling propensity was evaluated based on threshold flux values and the extent of transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase during constant permeate flux fouling experiments. In this study, the zeta potential of various fouling media correlated with their fouling propensities. The higher the zeta potential, the lower the fouling propensity. The fouling propensity followed the order of: latex beads

Ultrafiltration is a promising, environment-friendly alternative to the current physicochemical-based tannery wastewater treatment. In this work, ultrafiltration was employed to treat the tanning wastewater as an upstream process of the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system in the leather industry. The filtration efficiency and fouling behaviors were analyzed to assess the impact of membrane material and operating conditions (shear rate on the membrane surface and transmembrane pressure). The models of resistance-in-series, fouling propensity, and pore blocking were used to provide a comprehensive analysis of such a process. The results show that the process efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating conditions, while the membranes of either PES or PVDF showed similar filtration performance and fouling behavior. Reversible resistance was the main obstacle for such process. Cake formation was the main pore blocking mechanism during such process, which was independent on the operating conditions and membrane materials. The increase in shear rate significantly increased the steady-state permeation flux, thus, the filtration efficiency was improved, which resulted from both the reduction in reversible resistance and the slow-down of fouling layer accumulate rate. This is the first time that the fouling behaviors of tanning wastewater ultrafiltration were comprehensively evaluated, thus providing crucial guidance for further scientific investigation and industrial application.

The low-fouling propensity of commercially available polyethersulfone (PES) membranes was studied after modification of the membrane surface via coating with polymerizable bicontinuous microemulsion (PBM) materials. The PBM coating was polymerized within 1 min using ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. It was detected on the PES membrane surface via attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The PBM coating led to an average 10% increase in the hydrophilicity of the PES membrane surface and an increase in total organic content (TOC) removal by more than 15%. Flux-step tests were conducted with model foulant comprising 100 mg L -1 humic acid (HA) solution to detect the onset of critical fouling, characterized by a rapid and substantial increase in TMP, and to compare the fouling propensity of commercially available PES membranes with PBM-coated membranes. The critical flux was found to be about 40% higher for PBM spray-coated membrane and 20% lower for PBM casting-coated membrane than the commercial PES membrane. This demonstrates the performance advantages of the thin PBM layer spray-coated on PES membrane compared to the thick casting-coated PBM layer. The study showcases the potential of PBM spray-coated membranes over commercial PES membranes for use in membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment systems with reduced maintenance over longer operation periods.

Membrane fouling remains the major obstacle for development of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). This paper aimed at investigating the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) present in a discontinuous way at high concentration (peak injection) on fouling propensity of activated sludge from a MBR that treats domestic wastewater. Batch experiments with peak injection of CBZ (100 µg L −1 in sludge for 3 h) were performed for sludges sampled from a MBR operated under different organic loading conditions. HPLC-SEC analysis with a fluorescence detector was employed to study the effects of CBZ on protein-like compounds in supernatant. With addition of CBZ in sludge, a significant increase of sludge fouling propensity was observed when using sludge sampled from the MBR operated under low organic loading rate (0.1 kg COD/kg MLSS/d), which could be attributed to the increase in the quantity of protein-like substances with a 100–1000 kDa molecular size in supernatant. Whereas reduced CBZ effect was found for sludge sampled from the MBR operated under higher organic loading rate (0.2 kg COD/kg MLSS/d). Whatever the sludge, the injection of CBZ induced no significant change of the floc size distribution and of the polysaccharide concentration in supernatant. Moreover, it did not affect the sludge microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fouling profiles for reverse osmosis membranes were compared for four municipal and one industrial effluent samples collected from water recycling schemes located on the east coast of Australia. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the four municipal effluents ranged from 5 to 8mgL−1, while the industrial effluent contained 59mgL−1. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic content and molecular size distribution of the effluent organic matter (EfOM), post biological treatment and membrane filtration, were determined using rapid resin fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. Thin film polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were operated in cross flow to a recovery of 87%. A good correlation was observed between flux decline on the municipal effluent and the overall organic loading (R 2 =0.957 and 0.929) and the percent fraction of hydrophobic acids (HPhoA, R 2 =0.987). A similar correlation was observed for the hydrophilic fraction (HPhi, R 2 =0.912), however, the rate of fouling was independent of the percentage of transphilic acids (TPhiA, R 2 =0.029). Further support for the role of the humic and neutral fractions in membrane fouling was found in changes in the surface chemistry of the polyamide membranes as reflected in change in contact angle and zeta potential. While it is tempting to use EfOM characterisation as a predictor of RO fouling, data from the performance of membranes on the industrial stream suggest that the data should be interpreted cautiously and that consideration should also be given to inorganic fouling. In this case, although the industrial effluent contained more than six times the amount of DOC, which consisted of more than 80% humic substances, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the dominant foulant on the industrial effluent was inorganic deposits. Consequently, detailed organic characterisation, while useful is site specific and is no substitute for a comprehensive assessment of all potential foulants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Soluble microbial products (SMPs) contained in membrane bioreactor (MBR) supernatant have been proved to be main foulants. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the fouling potential of SMPs on the basis of both hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and molecular size, MBR supernatant of a pilot-scaled system treating municipal wastewater was partitioned into different hydrophilic/hydrophobic fractions by DAX-8 resins, with joint size partition of hydrophilic fraction also undertaken. A series of stirred dead-end filtration tests were conducted to investigate the flux decline. Hydrophilic fraction was found the dominant foulant responsible for flux deterioration, which was mainly attributed to the subclass of molecular weight above 100kDa. The molecular weight distribution and atomic force microscopy images indicated that large molecules in hydrophilic fraction plugged the membrane pores. The backwash tests showed the flux decline caused by hydrophilic fraction was much less recoverable by hydraulic cleaning. It can be inferred that steric factor, i.e. size exclusion was the primary cause in the initial stage of fouling, while the role of hydrophobic interaction was of less significance. Additional modeling work indicates that the main fouling mechanism was complete blocking, further confirming the predominance of size exclusion contributing to membrane fouling by SMPs in MBR supernatant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In membrane bioreactors, mixed liquor properties influence membrane fouling significantly. An effective method was therefore proposed to identify the major factors that affect membrane fouling under identical conditions for direct comparison. First, the membrane filterability of the mixed liquor was measured to evaluate fouling propensity. Forty mixed liquor samples taken from various membrane bioreactors were measured in terms of their membrane filterability and 14 other properties. The correlation of membrane filterability with each mixed liquor property was further analyzed by multivariate statistical analyses. The results showed that supernatant organic concentration was the most significant factor influencing membrane filterability. The soluble organics and polysaccharides in the supernatant contributed to fouling more than the colloidal organics and proteins. Additionally, mixed liquor suspended solid concentration had an effect on filterability at concentrations greater than 10gL−1, which resulted in a great increase in the viscosity of the mixed liquor. Otherwise, mixed liquor with mean floc size greater than 80μm consistently featured good membrane filterability. Extra-cellular polymeric substance content had little effect on membrane filterability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ultrafiltration is a promising, environment-friendly alternative to the current physicochemical-based tannery wastewater treatment. In this work, ultrafiltration was employed to treat the tanning wastewater as an upstream process of the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system in the leather industry. The filtration efficiency and fouling behaviors were analyzed to assess the impact of membrane material and operating conditions (shear rate on the membrane surface and transmembrane pressure). The models of resistance-in-series, fouling propensity, and pore blocking were used to provide a comprehensive analysis of such a process. The results show that the process efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating conditions, while the membranes of either PES or PVDF showed similar filtration performance and fouling behavior. Reversible resistance was the main obstacle for such process. Cake formation was the main pore blocking mechanism during such process, which was independent on the operating conditions and membrane materials. The increase in shear rate significantly increased the steady-state permeation flux, thus, the filtration efficiency was improved, which resulted from both the reduction in reversible resistance and the slow-down of fouling layer accumulate rate. This is the first time that the fouling behaviors of tanning wastewater ultrafiltration were comprehensively evaluated, thus providing crucial guidance for further scientific investigation and industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]