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The use of three-dimensional (3D) printed concrete as formwork is becoming more widely applied within the industry. However, the technology is still not optimized and there are many reports of preliminary cracking during the curing of cast concrete. This is believed to result from differential shrinkage between the printed and cast concrete. These cracks (in the printed concrete or at the interface between the infill and printed concrete) form a preferential path for aggressive substances and can reduce the durability of the combined concrete element. To ensure the desired service life of the structure, it is important that the differential shrinkage between cast and printed concrete is understood. This study investigated the effect of curing conditions on the differential shrinkage behavior of 3D and cast concrete. The influence of prewetting of the dry-cured 3D printed formwork was also determined. In the experimental program, a vibrated and self-compacting concrete were used as cast material. Linear 3D printed formwork was produced and combined with cast concrete to simulate a concrete structure. Printed formwork was cured for 1, 7, or 28 d exposed to the air (relative humidity: 60% or 95%) or submerged in water. The length change of the combined elements was observed over 56 d after concrete casting and throughout the thickness of the materials. Results show that increasing the curing period in dry conditions of the printed concrete leads to an expansion of the formwork on the first day after casting. The expansion leads to a non-uniform strain evolution throughout the curing period of the combined element. Printed concrete formwork stored in wet conditions does not expand after the casting process but tends to show a decreasing linear deformation within the whole elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building the structural components is crucial for constructing a multi-story building. In the process of creating these components, which is commonly done through casting, a tool called formwork is required. Formwork is a tool used to mold the necessary concrete structures, ensuring that their shape and dimensions align with the concrete material's planning. Formwork tasks for concrete work significantly impact costs. Different formwork options, including traditional, semi-system, and full-system forms, are available. This research aims to assess cost-effectiveness through value engineering, specifically focusing on column formwork, by comparing their utilization in a multi-story construction project. The study begins by collecting primary data, namely working drawings, so that the volume of conventional formwork can be calculated. Then, budget planning calculations are made to analyze the cost comparison of each formwork alternative. The selection of the appropriate formwork affects the speed of execution and the costs incurredIn this construction project for the building, the conventional column formwork results in expenses amounting to IDR 587,749,263.04 and requires 28 days for completion, while semi-system column formwork achieves a 37% cost saving with the same duration of 28 days, and full-system column formwork becomes 64% more cost-effective with a construction period of 10 days.

For this special issue, sustainability and safety are discussed through the tropes of both material and work process substitution. As an architecture and industrial design team, we examine the potential of William McDonough's and Michael Braungart's "cradle to cradle" material methodology, and David Pye's "the workmanship of certainty" as relevant to the construction industry. Locating and revisiting the tenets of Gottfried Semper's Stoffwechseltheorie, alongside contemporary critiques, demonstrates that if historically, material and technique substitution led to architectural innovation, the same conditions exist today. To demonstrate a contemporary Stoffwechsel (material substitution) a formwork prototype was constructed at the University of Canberra's Workshop 7, by substituting timber with plastic, and 3D-printing the formwork. This prototype demonstrates a type of "technical nutrient" that is both recyclable as plastic, and reusable as formwork. This reveals the potential of substituting materials and processes not only to achieve material recovery, but rather, aiming for material recycling, reuse, or upcycling, therefore reducing socio-environmental risks in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting the maximum pressure exerted by cast-in-place self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a major concern for formwork designers, researchers, and site engineers to accurately design the bearing capacity of the formwork and control the casting rate for safe and fast construction. This article aims to utilize the ARX-Laguerre model, which is a data-driven model to forecast the maximum form pressure. A laboratory instrumented setup was used to cast a 2-m column using SCC made with two different types of cement. A pressure system consisting of four sensors was used to document the pressure during casting. The data were sent to the cloud at every 1-min interval for real-time monitoring. The data were used to develop the model. The results demonstrated that forecasting with the ARX-Laguerre model is highly accurate. The model can forecast the maximum pressure exerted by SCC with less complexity. The model performance was also found to be consistent with insignificant differences between actual experimental results and predicted results. With a recursive and straightforward representation, the resulting model, known as the ARX-Laguerre model, ensures the parameter number reduction. Providing fast prediction of the maximum pressure. The model enables formwork designers to forecast the form pressure to design safe formwork and also helps to control the casting rate when SCC is used.

Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For this special issue, sustainability and safety are discussed through the tropes of both material and work process substitution. As an architecture and industrial design team, we examine the potential of William McDonough’s and Michael Braungart’s “cradle to cradle” material methodology, and David Pye’s “the workmanship of certainty” as relevant to the construction industry. Locating and revisiting the tenets of Gottfried Semper’s Stoffwechseltheorie, alongside contemporary critiques, demonstrates that if historically, material and technique substitution led to architectural innovation, the same conditions exist today. To demonstrate a contemporary Stoffwechsel (material substitution) a formwork prototype was constructed at the University of Canberra’s Workshop 7, by substituting timber with plastic, and 3D-printing the formwork. This prototype demonstrates a type of “technical nutrient” that is both recyclable as plastic, and reusable as formwork. This reveals the potential of substituting materials and processes not only to achieve material recovery, but rather, aiming for material recycling, reuse, or upcycling, therefore reducing socio-environmental risks in construction.

The Semarang-Demak Toll Road was planned with detailed procedures to address disorganized road networks, increased traffic volumes, congestion, land subsidence, and tidal floods. It has toll entrances in Semarang, Genuk, and Sayung sub-districts and ends in Demak City. Its purpose is to minimize traffic jams, provide access to tourist cities, and serve as a tidal barrier sea embankment. The formwork support system's proper design is crucial to ensure the safe construction of the main structure. A unique disk lock and steel tubular scaffold are utilized for a slab-on-pile structure employing a flying falsework system. This approach results in a structurally sound and secure construction that is not susceptible to twisting, providing quick erection and disassembly, significantly improving construction efficiency. The system was employed in a portion of the Semarang-Demak toll road project, and its efficacy was evaluated using finite element analysis software. The software provides security and convenience in analyzing structures, paying attention to the nominal strength of each steel profile and the internal forces at work. All components are safe as their actual deflection falls within the maximum limit.

Contractors are interested in removing and reusing the formwork from concrete walls as soon as possible to speed up construction. While the concrete may have sufficient strength, there is little information about the impact on the durability of the concrete if the forms are removed at early ages. Curing is known to maintain the concrete moisture and promote hydration to create a denser microstructure. This research investigates the type of forms, formwork removal timing, and the impact of subsequent curing methods on the drying rate and ion penetration of concrete. This study shows that early form removal does impact the durability of the concrete and subsequent usage of curing compounds or plastic can extend the curing and improve the durability of the concrete. This work quantifies the differences and provides practical recommendations for the concrete industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of producing one cubic meter of concrete structure, depending on the structure's shape, type, and complexity, can be variously high. The cost of concrete, reinforcement, formwork, and labor ratio varies. But unlike the cost of concrete and reinforcement, which tend to be similar in the terms of the conditions of a particular construction project, the cost of formwork and work with it are different for different contractors. It often depends on the appropriateness of the formwork system used, the optimal placement of the formwork sets, the minimization of downtime, and the efficiency of the carpenters' work. Formwork modeling in the construction preparation phase intervenes in this planning area, where construction sources are defined and quantified, and the time course of their deployment is determined. The current paper deals with optimizing formwork selection and deployment in concrete structure execution. Even if several requirements must be considered when selecting and modeling the formwork (e.g., construction time, quality of concrete structure, etc.), an effort to minimize the cost of formwork, and thus construction cost, plays the most significant role. A dynamic model for effective and optimal planning of formwork in construction projects, including formwork cost analysis, is presented in the paper. The included case study demonstrated the planning of the formwork through a software application developed based on the computational algorithm of the dynamic model presented. A case study is presented in the article as a research method. An office building with five above-ground floors and one underground floor was chosen for the case study. To solve the case study, the formwork for horizontal structures (i.e., beams and slabs) is considered. The goal of the case study is to identify research questions and apply time and cost optimization to a selected specific building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advantageous benefits offered by self-compacting concrete, its uses are still limited due to the high pressure exerted on the formwork. Different parameters, such as those related to concrete mix design, the properties of newly poured concrete, and placement method, have an impact on form pressure. The question remains unanswered on the degree of the impact for each parameter. Therefore, this study aims to study the level of impact of these parameters, including slump flow, T500 time, fresh concrete density, air content, static yield stress, concrete setting time, and concrete temperature. To mimic the casting scenario, 2 m columns were cast at various casting rates and a laboratory setup was developed. A pressure system that can wirelessly and continuously record pressure was used to monitor the pressure. Each parameter's impact on the level of pressure was examined separately. Casting rate and slump flow were shown to have a greater influence on pressure. The results also demonstrated that, while higher thixotropy causes form pressure to rapidly decrease, a high casting rate and high slump flow lead to high pressure. This study suggests that more thorough analysis should be conducted of additional factors that may have an impact, such as the placement method, which was not included in this publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) permanent formwork could facilitate the construction of hydraulic concrete structures. However, the joints between UHPC formwork are the vulnerable parts of a whole permanent formwork system. This study aimed to develop a High Strength Cementitious Grout (HSCG) for filling these joints, integrating the formwork system, and minimizing the adverse influence on these joints. The aggregate size for the HSCG was optimized, and four kinds of admixtures (i.e., hydrophobic powder (HP), expansive agent (EA), redispersible polymer powder (RPP), and cellulose ether (CE)) and PVA fibers were used to improve the HSCG. The HSCG with different aggregate sizes, admixture dosages, and PVA fiber contents were experimentally investigated. By evaluating the compressive, tensile, flexural, and adhesive strengths of the prepared grout, the aggregate size range was recommended to be 0.15–0.30 ​mm, while the suggested contents of HP, EA, RPP, and CE were 0%, 6%, 2%, and 0.1%, respectively, by weight of binding materials. In addition, the optimal volume content of PVA fibers was 0.45%. In order to avoid the introduced foams, 0.2% of the defoamers were used in combination with the CE. After that, six combinations were tested to consider the coupled effect of different admixtures and PVA fibers on the HSCG. In consideration of the strengths, shrinkage, and abrasion resistance to water impact, the HSCG with the combination of (EA ​+ ​RPP ​+ ​CE), the aggregate size of 0.15–0.30 ​mm showed the optimal overall performance and was regarded as the most suitable HSCG for grouting.

In this study, a modified Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) with three different optimization algorithms (Genetic, Salp Swarm and Grasshopper) were used to establish an accurate and easy-to-use module to predict the lateral pressure exerted by fresh concrete on formwork based on three main inputs, namely mix proportions (cement content, w/c, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and admixture agent), casting rate, and height of specimens. The data have been obtained from 30 previously piloted experimental studies (resulted 113 samples). Achieved results for the model including all the input data provide the most excellent prediction of the exerted lateral pressure. Additionally, having different magnitudes of powder volume, aggregate volume and fluid content in the mix exposes different rising and descending in the lateral pressure outcomes. The results indicate that each model has its own advantages and disadvantages; however, the root mean square error values of the SVR models are lower than that of the ANN model. Additionally, the proposed models have been validated and all of them can accurately predict the lateral pressure of fresh concrete on the panel of the formwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though computational design has paved the way for the design of complex forms, construction is still difficult, inefficient, and costly. This paper aims to compile the most recent fabrication techniques for shell structures to create an overview of fabrication methods. This paper reviews existing, recently developed, and previously unexplored techniques for building and fabricating shell structures. The objective of this review is to find trends, patterns, or gaps in the literature that can direct future research. As a result, each fabrication technique is explained and demonstrated with relevant built projects. Moreover, each method's advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are highlighted. These techniques are grouped into four main classes and evaluated. In conclusion, categorizing fabrication techniques reveals the state-of-the-art in fabrication and highlights potential research gaps. Moreover, this research might encourage researchers to explore novel methods and solutions to overcome the current method's limitations. • The state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for shell structures are presented. • A comprehensive, up-to-date literature review of fabrication methods is presented. • The methods of fabrication are classified in an exclusive manner. • The pros and cons of fabrication techniques are discussed. • This review highlights the current gaps in fabrication methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of producing one cubic meter of concrete structure, depending on the structure’s shape, type, and complexity, can be variously high. The cost of concrete, reinforcement, formwork, and labor ratio varies. But unlike the cost of concrete and reinforcement, which tend to be similar in the terms of the conditions of a particular construction project, the cost of formwork and work with it are different for different contractors. It often depends on the appropriateness of the formwork system used, the optimal placement of the formwork sets, the minimization of downtime, and the efficiency of the carpenters’ work. Formwork modeling in the construction preparation phase intervenes in this planning area, where construction sources are defined and quantified, and the time course of their deployment is determined. The current paper deals with optimizing formwork selection and deployment in concrete structure execution. Even if several requirements must be considered when selecting and modeling the formwork (e.g., construction time, quality of concrete structure, etc.), an effort to minimize the cost of formwork, and thus construction cost, plays the most significant role. A dynamic model for effective and optimal planning of formwork in construction projects, including formwork cost analysis, is presented in the paper. The included case study demonstrated the planning of the formwork through a software application developed based on the computational algorithm of the dynamic model presented. A case study is presented in the article as a research method. An office building with five above-ground floors and one underground floor was chosen for the case study. To solve the case study, the formwork for horizontal structures (i.e., beams and slabs) is considered. The goal of the case study is to identify research questions and apply time and cost optimization to a selected specific building.

From several countries trend bamboo has been used as a scaffolding material in building projects. Nonetheless, Ethiopia is known for the high population of bamboo vegetation such utilization of the material remained untapped. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that influence bamboo’s structural suitability as a temporary material and to create a conceptual map for using it as an alternative structural material. Following the identification of important applications influencing parameters via literature analysis, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to identify significant factors. The paper also used a series of protocols; at first, several documents were selected based on criteria to provide an overview of bamboo-based construction systems. Following that, four major categories for SWOT analysis were chosen to examine the Ethiopian construction industry’s stance on the use of bamboo as a scaffolding material. Finally, a scoring model was employed as a quantitative analysis protocol to calculate the weight of factors (safety, procedure and implementation, time, and cost) through expert opinions. The investigation revealed that the use of bamboo has a cost and time savings advantage, while an increase in trash at acute and intermittent areas was one of the challenges. Furthermore, one of the challenges in creating bamboo formwork is a lack of complementary joinery techniques. Besides that, it is expected that the bamboo content will fall short of technical requirements. On the Brightside, every single respondent stated unequivocally that bamboo-made formwork meets a low-cost requirement.

Recently, as "Freeform buildings" have increased in number, studies on ways to increase productivity in the construction of freeform buildings are increasing. In the case of 3D printing in construction, many studies are being conducted using the material extrusion method; among the 3D printing methods, manufacturing freeform forms using laminated object manufacturing (LOM) can overcome the limitation presented above. However, there is a lack of cases used in LOM construction sites, so it is necessary to increase the productivity of construction work and study the slicing method suitable for construction. Therefore, in this paper, we propose using study criteria and adaptive slicing methods to combine both the shape error and the manufacturing time of freeform construction. A case study was conducted to verify the results of this study; the freeform concrete form manufacturing with the algorithm that proposed this study could save 66.1% of the manufacturing time compared with CNC milling, and it needs 19.8% less manufacturing time than the existing uniform slicing method. This is a result of the production of one freeform form, and it can be expected to have a greater effect if applied to many freeform forms used in construction sites. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a decision-making tool that can determine the shape and manufacturing time of production according to the on-site situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to yield insights into the forming, reinforcing, and pouring of concrete buildings, focusing on design, functionality, failure, and safety aspects. The concrete construction process has different moving parts along the form–pour–strip cycle, and the authors aimed to analyze the information pertaining to formwork and rebar design, reasons for failures of formwork and hardening concrete, various hazards on jobsites, and safe work practices. The intent of this study was to seek and analyze the experiences of industry professionals on the above-stated aspects. In total, five well-experienced industry professionals working in concrete forming, reinforcing, and pouring were interviewed. Through comparative analysis of the interview results, the authors were able to gather valuable data related to designs of formwork system and rebars, field practices, jobsite hazards, and safety requirements. Interview results revealed that functionality and applied loads are the determining factors in any design considerations when it comes to formwork system and rebars for concrete buildings. Another finding was that a construction project does not wait for a concrete element to reach its full compressive strength at 28 days before proceeding with the work since the element can hold most construction loads after 3 or 4 days. In addition, the failures which occur in concrete buildings are a result of formwork breakdown, defective formwork layout, and concrete damage due to corroded rebars and inadequate curing procedure. Lastly, interview results revealed that the single leading hazard during concrete works is working at heights which can be minimized using fall arrest systems or engineered guardrails for improved safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Concrete construction harms our environment, making it urgent to develop new methods for building with less materials. Structurally efficient shapes are, however, often expensive to produce, because they require non-standard formworks, thus, standard structures, which use more material than is often needed, remain cheaper. Digital fabrication has the potential to change this paradigm. One method is Digital Casting Systems (DCS), where the hydration of self-compacting concrete is controlled on the fly during production, shortening the required setting time and reducing hydrostatic pressure on the formwork to a minimum. This enables a productivity increase for standard concrete production. More importantly, though, it enables a rethinking of formworks, as the process requires only cheap thin formworks, thus, unlocking the possibility to produce optimised structural members with less bulk material and lower environmental cost. While DCS has already proven effective in building structural members, this process faces the challenge of moving into industry. This paper covers the next steps in doing so. First, we present the benchmark and expectations set by the industry. Second, we consider how we comply with these requirements and convert our fast-setting self-compacting mortar mix into a coarser one. Third, we present the next generation of our digital processing system, which moves closer to the industrial requirements in terms of size and the control system. Finally, two prototypes demonstrate how DSC: (a) increases standard bulk production by 50% and (b) can be cast into ultra-thin formworks. We discuss the results and the short-term industrial concerns for efficiency and robustness, which must be addressed for such a system to be fully implemented in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case of construction investments, the cost estimation was always important. The reason for this is that after the planning, the most important issue is the cost of the investment. There are many different estimation methods. These estimates may vary in depth, depending on the task and the plan. The question is what happens if we wanted to predict not only the total cost of the investment but also the cost of some parts and structures. Such a cost element is the formwork cost of the monolithic reinforced concrete structures. This is a special processing aid, which makes it difficult to calculate accurately. The study is based on a cost analysis of the construction of 22 completed buildings over the last 10 years. Here, the cost of the formwork was compared to the total cost of the construction. By examining the 22 buildings together, we made findings over the years. We wanted to find out how much the construction price changes affected the structure and the formwork costs. The other direction of our research was the cost analysis within each building type, focusing on the formwork. In this analysis, we defined six types of buildings, such as detached, dwelling, condominium, public, office buildings, and other types of buildings. This study does not include the cost of the formwork types specific to each component, but from the foundation to the ascending structures, it analyses them in a single system.

Selecting the right construction formwork solution is vital to the success of a construction project. It can help speed up the construction schedule, boost quality, reduce construction costs, and ensure the safety of workers on the construction site. Construction contractors should carefully consider the project’s characteristics and their capacity when selecting the most suitable formwork solution. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is a decision-making tool that can be useful in selecting the best formwork solution for constructing high-rise buildings. The AHP method allows decision-makers to break down complex decisions into smaller, more manageable parts and to evaluate alternatives based on a set of criteria. The paper presents the process and propose the use of the method in selecting formwork options.

Despite the advantageous benefits offered by self-compacting concrete, its uses are still limited due to the high pressure exerted on the formwork. Different parameters, such as those related to concrete mix design, the properties of newly poured concrete, and placement method, have an impact on form pressure. The question remains unanswered on the degree of the impact for each parameter. Therefore, this study aims to study the level of impact of these parameters, including slump flow, T500 time, fresh concrete density, air content, static yield stress, concrete setting time, and concrete temperature. To mimic the casting scenario, 2 m columns were cast at various casting rates and a laboratory setup was developed. A pressure system that can wirelessly and continuously record pressure was used to monitor the pressure. Each parameter’s impact on the level of pressure was examined separately. Casting rate and slump flow were shown to have a greater influence on pressure. The results also demonstrated that, while higher thixotropy causes form pressure to rapidly decrease, a high casting rate and high slump flow lead to high pressure. This study suggests that more thorough analysis should be conducted of additional factors that may have an impact, such as the placement method, which was not included in this publication.

Concrete is vastly used in construction due to its high compressive strength, and its ease of shaping. Formworks are used to render the desired shape to the material during its change from a liquid to a solid state, until the concrete develops the required strength. Removing the formwork early can cause excessive deformations or even failure; however, postponing removal also has a delaying effect in construction with economic consequences. In practice, the removal of the formworks is based on the development of the compressive strength vs. the self-weight and temporary loads related to the construction. This study aims to monitor the hardening of concrete columns by means of the reflection of ultrasonic waves. As concrete hardens, its mechanical impedance increases influencing the reflection that can be received by one-sided non-invasive measurements. By suitably selecting the stiffness of the ultrasonic buffer material, the moment that the concrete obtains a specific stiffness can be safely determined for the first time. Results demonstrate sensitivity of the technique on real scale formworks, as it can pinpoint the moment in which the formwork can be removed, while numerical simulations help in the understanding of the complicated wave field and validate the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From several countries trend bamboo has been used as a scaffolding material in building projects. Nonetheless, Ethiopia is known for the high population of bamboo vegetation such utilization of the material remained untapped. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that influence bamboo’s structural suitability as a temporary material and to create a conceptual map for using it as an alternative structural material. Following the identification of important applications influencing parameters via literature analysis, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to identify significant factors. The paper also used a series of protocols; at first, several documents were selected based on criteria to provide an overview of bamboo- based construction systems. Following that, four major categories for SWOT analysis were chosen to examine the Ethiopian construction industry’s stance on the use of bamboo as a scaffolding material. Finally, a scoring model was employed as a quantitative analysis protocol to calculate the weight of factors (safety, procedure and implementation, time, and cost) through expert opinions. The investigation revealed that the use of bamboo has a cost and time savings advantage, while an increase in trash at acute and intermittent areas was one of the challenges. Furthermore, one of the challenges in creating bamboo formwork is a lack of complementary joinery techniques. Besides that, it is expected that the bamboo content will fall short of technical requirements. On the Brightside, every single respondent stated unequivo- cally that bamboo-made formwork meets a low-cost requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arch 002 describes a design research investigation using off-the-shelf high-density polyethylene drainage pipe as a flexible concrete casting formwork through a process oscillating between digital design, physical fabrication, and digital fabrication methodologies. Through this process, the project team generated hypothetical architectures that serve to further develop their material counterparts. Drawing on contemporary casting technologies and historical structural modelling techniques, the experiments suggest a system for the encoding mass and force into three-dimensional forms, creating structures that serve as drawings of their creation process. Exploring notions of the readymade and postprocessing, the research explores iterative processes of making to transform normative construction components into transcendent material experiences.

In terms of cost utilization, formwork is the largest cost component in concrete work on a building project. The cost for formwork is about 40-60% [6] of the cost of concrete work or about 10% of the total cost of building construction. With two methods of formwork i.e. conventional and half system formwork, the authors want to know the comparison of which formwork method is best in the aspect of cost savings, and the execution time for the formwork of columns on the Standard Villa project. From 2 (two) methods proposed then it is chosen the second method; that is formwork column with method of half system as best alternative. The savings can be done from the first method to the second method as much as 26.17%, while in terms of savings time that can be done with method 2 is equal to 5% of method 1.

Formwork refers to a temporary structure or mold that is used to hold concrete in place from the moment it is poured until it reaches the desired level of strength. Efficient utilization of formwork is a crucial aspect to take into account. This study aims to analyze the costs related to column, beam, and floor slab formwork by employing value engineering. The analysis will specifically compare the use of conventional formwork with semi-system formwork. The findings of this study propose the substitution of the column and beam formwork due to the substantial expenses associated with the conventional formwork utilized in this structure. By utilizing semi-system formwork, the expenses associated with beam formwork can be diminished by 47 %. It is advisable to employ semi-system formwork for column formwork as it can result in a cost reduction of 37 %. However, it is recommended to continue using traditional formwork for floor slab construction, as it is still 15 % more cost-effective per square meter compared to using semi-system formwork.•This method highlights the limitations of traditional formwork.•This method investigates the implementation of semi-system formwork in construction projects.•This study aims to examine and compare conventional and semi-system formwork projects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

These Building is an important part of growth, one of the main sectors of the Indian economy. India's population today is the world's second-largest urban community. Its potential development contributes to increased demand for accommodation, a challenge that India would desperately need to plan to purchase property and rapidly construct houses. The Building is a complex method that includes mainly Architectural Design, Architecture & Building. Today, we are increasingly conscious of the need to increase the speed of development, particularly for major housing projects. It is necessary to achieve the national goal of ensuring appropriate provision to accomplish as little time as practicable, not just in terms of improved facilities and product transition, resulting in a lower cost of accommodation. Fortunately, there are already some advanced technologies in the country which cater for higher building speeds. Prefabrication, self-clogging, tunnel forming, Aluminum design (MIVAN), etc. For example. The business in Malaysia has built the formwork method for Aluminum, and that is why it is the name of the Aluminum formwork process. We addressed cost differences between MIVAN technology and traditional building technology in this phase. With expense, efficiency and time saving, relative to traditional, MIVAN technology is perfectly perfect. We addressed cost differences between MIVAN technology and traditional building technology in this phase. With expense, efficiency and time saving, relative to traditional, MIVAN technology is perfectly perfect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to yield insights into the forming, reinforcing, and pouring of concrete buildings, focusing on design, functionality, failure, and safety aspects. The concrete construction process has different moving parts along the form–pour–strip cycle, and the authors aimed to analyze the information pertaining to formwork and rebar design, reasons for failures of formwork and hardening concrete, various hazards on jobsites, and safe work practices. The intent of this study was to seek and analyze the experiences of industry professionals on the above-stated aspects. In total, five well-experienced industry professionals working in concrete forming, reinforcing, and pouring were interviewed. Through comparative analysis of the interview results, the authors were able to gather valuable data related to designs of formwork system and rebars, field practices, jobsite hazards, and safety requirements. Interview results revealed that functionality and applied loads are the determining factors in any design considerations when it comes to formwork system and rebars for concrete buildings. Another finding was that a construction project does not wait for a concrete element to reach its full compressive strength at 28 days before proceeding with the work since the element can hold most construction loads after 3 or 4 days. In addition, the failures which occur in concrete buildings are a result of formwork breakdown, defective formwork layout, and concrete damage due to corroded rebars and inadequate curing procedure. Lastly, interview results revealed that the single leading hazard during concrete works is working at heights which can be minimized using fall arrest systems or engineered guardrails for improved safety.

Recently, as “Freeform buildings” have increased in number, studies on ways to increase productivity in the construction of freeform buildings are increasing. In the case of 3D printing in construction, many studies are being conducted using the material extrusion method; among the 3D printing methods, manufacturing freeform forms using laminated object manufacturing (LOM) can overcome the limitation presented above. However, there is a lack of cases used in LOM construction sites, so it is necessary to increase the productivity of construction work and study the slicing method suitable for construction. Therefore, in this paper, we propose using study criteria and adaptive slicing methods to combine both the shape error and the manufacturing time of freeform construction. A case study was conducted to verify the results of this study; the freeform concrete form manufacturing with the algorithm that proposed this study could save 66.1% of the manufacturing time compared with CNC milling, and it needs 19.8% less manufacturing time than the existing uniform slicing method. This is a result of the production of one freeform form, and it can be expected to have a greater effect if applied to many freeform forms used in construction sites. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a decision-making tool that can determine the shape and manufacturing time of production according to the on-site situation.

In the construction process of high-rise building structure, the formwork temporary supports and the concrete structure are considered as a whole. Quantifying the load under the template supports can provide a better reference for the design of the template supports. In order to study the load transfer law between formwork support scaffolds and multi-storey structure, through the installation of sensors at the bottom of formwork supports and the floor slab, the load transfer law of the 3 adjacent formwork supports were monitored for a long time during the construction of high-rise buildings via the high-frequency wireless transmission systems. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The monitoring data shows that the most unfavourable load occurs when concrete is poured into the upper story, about 1.9 times the axial force generated when concrete is poured into the test floor. (2) The monitoring data has a similar shape which is summed up as an ideal curve of change, 3 times of peak value, 3 times of decline and 1 time of sudden drop. (3)The transfer ratio of load accounts for about 57% ~ 69% of a total load of fresh concrete. (4) Considering the fluid-plastic state of concrete, a correction factor of 1.22 for vertical pole axial force is proposed, and the deviation between the modified simulated value and the measured value is less than 3%.

Concrete construction harms our environment, making it urgent to develop new methods for building with less materials. Structurally efficient shapes are, however, often expensive to produce, because they require non-standard formworks, thus, standard structures, which use more material than is often needed, remain cheaper. Digital fabrication has the potential to change this paradigm. One method is Digital Casting Systems (DCS), where the hydration of self-compacting concrete is controlled on the fly during production, shortening the required setting time and reducing hydrostatic pressure on the formwork to a minimum. This enables a productivity increase for standard concrete production. More importantly, though, it enables a rethinking of formworks, as the process requires only cheap thin formworks, thus, unlocking the possibility to produce optimised structural members with less bulk material and lower environmental cost. While DCS has already proven effective in building structural members, this process faces the challenge of moving into industry. This paper covers the next steps in doing so. First, we present the benchmark and expectations set by the industry. Second, we consider how we comply with these requirements and convert our fast-setting self-compacting mortar mix into a coarser one. Third, we present the next generation of our digital processing system, which moves closer to the industrial requirements in terms of size and the control system. Finally, two prototypes demonstrate how DSC: (a) increases standard bulk production by 50% and (b) can be cast into ultra-thin formworks. We discuss the results and the short-term industrial concerns for efficiency and robustness, which must be addressed for such a system to be fully implemented in industry.

Formwork system is a significant constituent and a basic requirement for high-rise cast-in-place rein­forced concrete buildings. Usually, the builders are con­fronted with the decision to choose the safe, optimum number of levels of shores/reshores for a predetermined safety factor and given grade of concrete, giving due con­sideration to the cost of formwork system. In this study, MATLAB program is developed to calculate the load dis­tribution between the interconnected slabs and levels of shore/reshore of a slab formwork based on a simplified method. This program is further modified by incorporat­ing genetic algorithm for the optimization of cost of con­struction for high-rise building. The cost of level of shores and reshores per floor is defined as a function of cycle time which directly reflects the increase in the cost of construction. Various combinations of shore and reshore levels with several grades of concrete for various safety factors are checked to minimize the cost of construction. The optimization equation is solved using genetic algo­rithm considering appropriate constraints to practically ensure feasible solutions. The case of one level of shores and numerous levels of reshores is better than one level of reshores and numerous levels of shores. The result of certain combination of shore and reshore levels is not the same when the level numbers are reversed. A comparative study is carried out to check the optimum cost for various safety factors. The program is useful for the designers to decide the levels of shores and reshores with minimized cost without compromising the safety of construction.

Concrete is vastly used in construction due to its high compressive strength, and its ease of shaping. Formworks are used to render the desired shape to the material during its change from a liquid to a solid state, until the concrete develops the required strength. Removing the formwork early can cause excessive deformations or even failure; however, postponing removal also has a delaying effect in construction with economic consequences. In practice, the removal of the formworks is based on the development of the compressive strength vs. the self-weight and temporary loads related to the construction. This study aims to monitor the hardening of concrete columns by means of the reflection of ultrasonic waves. As concrete hardens, its mechanical impedance increases influencing the reflection that can be received by one-sided non-invasive measurements. By suitably selecting the stiffness of the ultrasonic buffer material, the moment that the concrete obtains a specific stiffness can be safely determined for the first time. Results demonstrate sensitivity of the technique on real scale formworks, as it can pinpoint the moment in which the formwork can be removed, while numerical simulations help in the understanding of the complicated wave field and validate the methodology.

System form is widely used when constructing concrete buildings and structures because it has high productivity and good concrete casting quality compared with traditional hand-set form. However, from a worker’s perspective, system form is still very harsh to handle because of its heavy weight, noise generation, and use of releasing agent, and it also attenuates the productivity of system formwork. Therefore, this study proposes the use of an advanced composite material-based concrete form for workers using a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) process to improve constructability of system formwork. User requirements are systematically reflected in the technical characteristics of concrete form, and innovative principles are scientifically organized through the DFSS process that mainly consists of quality function deployment and theory of creative problem-solving methods. The proposed composite form showed improved performance in deriving high-quality formwork and worker-friendly working conditions compared with previous system forms. Additionally, this study demonstrated how the DFSS will be a valuable tool for technology development and systematic decision-making in building construction.

There is currently no standard that can be used to design formworks capable of predicting lateral pressure applied by Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Formwork designers have been suggested to design formwork to withstand full hydrostatic lateral pressures unless another rational method based on appropriate and reliable experimental studies is presented. This generally obliges contractors to design very strong formwork systems, with additional and unnecessary costs. On the other hand, approximately all previous studies focused on maximum lateral pressure of SCC and its variation over the formwork height is almost nonexistent. In this study, thirty experimental tests were carried out on six series of tubular PVC formworks with the same height of 1500 mm and internal diameters of 70 mm, 100 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 170 mm and 240 mm, respectively. In this regard, the total volumetric deformations of formworks are investigated. Simultaneously, the theoretical magnitudes of these deformations are calculated by Finite Element (FE) analysis under the hydrostatic assumption. The results show the total real deformations of formworks have a good agreement with numerical values under hydrostatic pressure assumption when the diameter of formwork increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel technique using tile vaults as formwork for doubly-curved reinforced concrete shells. • The technique reduces costs and waste, while providing a unique finishing at the intrados. • Material characterization of masonry, concrete and steel reinforcement. • Experimental validation by load testing and monitoring full-scale, composite sail domes. • Definition of calibrated FE structural model of proposed hybrid structure. Conventional formworks for concrete curved shells either are expensive, complex and wasteful or have formal restrictions. Using tile vaults (also known as timbrel, Guastavino, thin-tile or Catalan vaults) as stay-in-place formwork for concrete shells could significantly reduce construction costs and material waste. Tile vaults only require formwork at the boundaries and provide a high formal flexibility. The combination of masonry and reinforced concrete creates a new type of composite structure that needs experimental validation and new structural analysis models to deal with the specific features of the system. This paper presents experimental research on the component materials, load tests on doubly-curved, full-scale prototypes and the definition of a reliable Finite Element structural model for the analysis of the proposed hybrid structure. The experimental research has involved the characterisation of the bricks, mortar, concrete and reinforcement composing the proposed system in order to provide the material properties to be considered in the structural analysis. The construction and testing of two composite sail domes in the laboratory have allowed the validation of the proposed FE model by comparing its predictions with the collapse mechanisms, damage, ultimate loads and load–displacement curves obtained experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concept of concrete–plastic columns was presented in the paper. As a proof of concept, a research program was conducted. Seven different cross-sections of columns formwork were 3D printed using plastic. The cross-sections represented three types of columns’ shapes: most common, rare, and impossible to be realized using traditional formworks (based on fractals). Prepared plastic formworks were filled with cement mortar playing the role of ordinary concrete. After 28 days of curing, the load–strain characteristics of all the concrete columns were tested. Achieved results were discussed. It was proven that concrete–plastic columns were characterized by quasi-plastic behavior while being ultimately destroyed. Columns with fractal-based cross-sections sustained the largest strains while maintaining a significant part of the maximum load. The achieved results proved that it is possible to completely omit traditional steel rebar-stirrup reinforcement. The future direction of needed research should cover larger columns and other concrete–plastic elements. Using fiber-reinforced concrete for the creation of concrete–plastic elements should be also tested.

• Measure of pressure exerted by the self-compacting concrete on formwork. • Impact of rheology parameters on pressure measured by four flush diaphragm pressure. • Prediction of the pressure as a function of the rheological parameters. The lateral and vertical pressure exerted on the formwork by the fresh self-compacting concrete (SCC) and its evolution in the time are data often unknown and thus difficult to control. In order to predict the variation of 10 SCC pressure over time, four flush diaphragm pressure sensors were used to measure concrete pressures on formwork. The test campaign aimed to determine the pressure exerted by the concrete on a vertical channel (post type) and to evaluate the impact of some rheology parameters, such as plastic viscosity, yield stress, slump flow diameter and V-Funnel flow time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Proposal of efficient construction method for RC shells using tile-vaulted formwork. • Presentation of design and structural analysis method for such 2D composite structures. • Validation of limit-analysis method through experimental research. • Application of method to shape and material optimisation. Abstract Tile vaults are traditional, unreinforced masonry structures made of thin bricks (tiles), mortar and fast-setting cement or gypsum. They can be constructed without the need for a formwork, except at the boundaries, making them inherently economic. Tile vaults have historically provided a solution for the efficient construction of vaulted structures. Today, they can be used as permanent formwork for concrete shells, allowing for a significant reduction of the construction cost and waste produced, due to the possibility of reducing or even eliminating the need for traditional formwork. The concrete can be poured directly onto a tile-vaulted formwork to form a composite structure. This paper presents a technique for the construction of single-curvature shells consisting of a composite structure combining tile vaulting and reinforced concrete. A method for the design of these composite vaults and the assessment of their strength and stability against external loading is also presented. This method is based on limit analysis but takes into account the reinforcement's contribution to the composite cross-section's bending capacity. The equilibrium method is implemented computationally to provide fast results for the user. It provides graphical and intuitive results and opens the possibility for the future extension to fully three-dimensional problems. The design and structural analysis method is called Extended Limit Analysis for Reinforced Masonry (ELARM). Both the proposed construction technique and the computational method have been validated through experimental research. The feasibility of the building technique has been validated by the construction of two full-scale prototypes. In addition, the prototypes have been load-tested to failure to compare the results with those predicted by ELARM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoring successive floors is at present the most frequently used technique when constructing reinforced concrete (RC) building structures. This technique allows the recently poured slabs to be supported by the lower slabs by means of shores. Considering the particular characteristics of shoring successive floors, it is very important to be able to estimate how loads are transmitted between shores and slabs in order to maintain adequate structural safety and avoid situations of risk or even collapse in buildings under construction. The transmission of loads from shores to slabs during all the construction stages is a complex phenomenon and has been the subject of numerous studies, especially in recent years. The research carried out to date has included experiments on full-scale buildings and the development of advanced numerical models, the estimation of the loads acting on slabs during construction, the definition of simplified calculation methods to estimate loads on slabs and shores during building construction and estimating the appropriate construction times taking into account the evolution of the mechanical properties of early-age concrete. This paper was conceived in order to give an answer to: (1) advances in the field of constructing RC building structures, (2) the growing interest of the scientific community, and (3) the need for the structural and construction engineering sector to have the tools available to increase the safety and design of building construction processes. The paper is unique in the field of RC building structures in that it is the widest, most complete and most ambitious review carried out to date and includes the most important advances in the study of slab-shore load transmissions. This work will be of interest to researchers who wish to go deeper into the field of building construction, and to more experienced professionals who require all the up-to-date information in a single document. However, engineers, architects and builders could also find the paper an excellent guide that will help them to improve their daily work in the field of designing and constructing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of numerical studies about the temperature regime and thermal stress state of an erected concrete block with various design forms of formwork. The influence of formwork on the formation of the temperature regime is considered taking into account the influence of the main factors: the air temperature, the cement consumption per cubic meter of concrete and its maximum heat dissipation. An assessment of the risk of temperature cracks is given for three formwork cases: metal (steel) and wooden without thermal insulation and with insulation. Based on the results obtained, nomograms are constructed in order to estimate the temperature difference between the center of the concrete mass and its surface, depending on the values of the factors. It is shown that under the considered conditions during construction from the point of view of temperature crack formation, wooden formwork is more preferable than metal (steel). Thus, when concreting in the cold season and using a large amount of cement or large-heat cement then formwork insulation is necessary. In this work, results from the nomograms are obtained may be used as reference material in the design and construction of mass concrete structures such as dams, foundations, bridge supports, etc.