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The endothelial cells of the blood circulation are exposed to hemodynamic forces, such as cyclic strain, hydrostatic forces, and shear stress caused by the blood fluid's frictional force. Endothelial cells perceive mechanical forces via mechanosensors and thus elicit physiological reactions such as alterations in vessel width. The mechanosensors considered comprise ion channels, structures linked to the plasma membrane, cytoskeletal spectrin scaffold, mechanoreceptors, and junctional proteins. This review focuses on endothelial mechanosensors and how they alter the vascular functions of endothelial cells. The current state of knowledge on the dysregulation of endothelial mechanosensitivity in disease is briefly presented. The interplay in mechanical perception between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells is briefly outlined. Finally, future research avenues are highlighted, which are necessary to overcome existing limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This activity gives students the opportunity to design an experiment, collect data, and solve for the spring constant of different springs. The use of low-cost materials and the inquiry-based structure makes it more accessible for teachers and more engaging for students. It can be scaffolded in several different ways, so that each teacher can differentiate according to the needs of their physics students. Some common student misconceptions are also addressed to assist teachers in their preparation for leading this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Deformations in bolted joints of elements in theoretical studies were taken into account by introducing linear deformation modules of elements instead of elasticity modules. The necessity to take into account the deformability of the interfaces is due to the fact that rigid nodes of rod structures are actually deformable, while hinged ones are able to perceive moments. The pliability of bolted joints leads to increase in the total deformations of structural structures by 40 % and change in the forces in the elements by up to 30 %. In some cases, the forces in the elements change the sign.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out with the assistance of Bridge Crew No. 81 on a full-scale design of an auxiliary support for the semi-mounted assembly of the bridge span structure, coordinated with the Central Research Institute and Glavmoststroy. The vertical load on the support was created by the weight of the bridge superstructure being mounted, the horizontal load was created using a cable attached to a C-100 bulldozer tractor. Cable tension control with a bulldozer was performed with a dynamometer. Relative deformations were measured using beacons drilled into the body of the elements using a strainmeter with a base of 505 mm and a division price of 0.01 mm. The displacements in the bolted joints of the elements were measured with a strainmeter with a base of 125 mm.Results. The experimental force values obtained in the presence of displacements in the joints of the auxiliary support are quite close to the calculation results according to the proposed method. The average value of the ratio of experimental forces in the elements, taking into account displacements in the joints, to the values of theoretical forces without displacements (according to the hinge scheme) and to the values of theoretical forces, taking into account displacements in bolted joints, according to the proposed methodology, are 0.84 and 1.05, respectively. The average relative change in forces caused by displacements in the joints of the elements is 48 % for braces and 18 % for racks.Conclusions. It is shown that the experimental values of the forces in the elements are close to their calculated values determined by the calculated modules of linear deformation. At the same time, the magnitude of the forces differs significantly from their values obtained by calculation without taking into account the displacements in the elements.

The endothelial cells of the blood circulation are exposed to hemodynamic forces, such as cyclic strain, hydrostatic forces, and shear stress caused by the blood fluid’s frictional force. Endothelial cells perceive mechanical forces via mechanosensors and thus elicit physiological reactions such as alterations in vessel width. The mechanosensors considered comprise ion channels, structures linked to the plasma membrane, cytoskeletal spectrin scaffold, mechanoreceptors, and junctional proteins. This review focuses on endothelial mechanosensors and how they alter the vascular functions of endothelial cells. The current state of knowledge on the dysregulation of endothelial mechanosensitivity in disease is briefly presented. The interplay in mechanical perception between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells is briefly outlined. Finally, future research avenues are highlighted, which are necessary to overcome existing limitations.

Advances in biomaterial science have allowed for unprecedented insight into the ability of material cues to influence stem cell function. These material approaches better recapitulate the microenvironment, providing a more realistic ex vivo model of the cell niche. However, recent advances in our ability to measure and manipulate niche properties in vivo have led to novel mechanobiological studies in model organisms. Thus, in this review, we will discuss the importance of material cues within the cell niche, highlight the key mechanotransduction pathways involved, and conclude with recent evidence that material cues regulate tissue function in vivo.

CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) is an imaging investigation that provides three-dimensional (3D) images of craniofacial structures. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical behavior of an orthodontic system where the lingual treatment technique was used in a 25-year-old female patient from whom a set of CBCT scans was used. CBCT images were processed through software programs such as Invesalius, Geomagic, and Solid Works, to create models containing virtual solids. These models were then imported into Ansys Workbench 2019 R3 (a finite element method software program) for successive simulations to generate displacement maps, deformations, stress distributions, and diagrams. We observed that in the lingual technique, the lowest force occurring on the maxillary teeth is at 1.1, while the highest force appears at 2.3. In the mandible, the lowest force occurs at 4.6, and the highest force at 3.1. The values of the forces and the results of the finite element method can represent a basis for the innovation of new orthodontic springs and also of bracket elements. Thus, by using new technologies, orthodontic practice can be significantly improved for the benefit of patients. Other virtual methods and techniques can be used in future studies, including the application of virtual reality for orthodontic diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering activities often emphasize the practices of engineers but can sometimes feel disconnected from content. This engineering design activity ties together multiple Next Generation Science Standards and explicitly addresses the nature of engineering. We help students connect to authentic engineering through an activity wherein students design a capsule to transport samples from the surface of Mars back to Earth for NASA. Through this process, students define criteria for a successful design by contemplating the role of rovers and then design capsules by drawing on their knowledge of forces, motion, and thermal energy transfer. Finally, students test their designs and evaluate whether they met the criteria they set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research has been conducted to assess the effect of orthodontic treatment on endodontically treated tooth. Materials and Methods: Overall, fifty subjects had been recruited. The participants received root canal therapy within 3 months as well as had an appointment for fixed orthodontic therapy. All candidates underwent an intraoral investigation. Radiographic evaluation as well as therapy planning were completed. Fixed orthodontic therapy had been initiated. All of the participants had been recalled. Endodontically restored teeth had been evaluated. All outcomes were assessed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: In this study, there were 25 males and 25 females. Pulp stones were seen in 15 subjects. Apical periodontitis was seen in nine subjects. Apical root resorption was seen in seven subjects, and enamel decalcification was seen in four subjects. Overall, 35 out of 50 subjects showed negative effects of orthodontic treatment on endodontically treated teeth. Conclusion: Excessive orthodontic force may result in increased pulp and peri-apical inflammation.

Annulus fibrosus (AF) plays a crucial role in the biomechanical loading of intervertebral disc (IVD). AF is difficult to self-heal when the annulus tears develop, because AF has a unique intricate structure and biologic milieu in vivo. Tissue engineering is promising for repairing AF rupture, but construction of suitable mechanical matching devices or scaffolds is still a grand challenge. To deeply know the varied forces involved in the movement of the native annulus is highly beneficial for designing biomimetic scaffolds to recreate the AF function. In this review, we overview six freedom degrees of forces and adhesion strength on AF tissue. Then, we summarize the mechanical modalities to simulate related forces on AF and to assess the characteristics of biomaterials. We finally outline some current advanced techniques to develop mechanically adaptable biomaterials for AF rupture repair.

Stamping of round hollow semi-finished products by hot reverse extrusion is one of the initial operations in the manufacture of hollow products for special purposes. The force and shape change of the metal during hot plastic forming is significantly affected by the deformation rate or the speed of movement of the deforming tool. For special-purpose products, certain mechanical properties are required in the wall height and bottom part. The wall height properties are ensured at subsequent stretching transitions with thinning of the semifinished product obtained by hot extrusion, which involves working out the metal structure by plastic deformation to achieve the required properties. Therefore, it is an urgent task to study the effect of the deformation rate on the force and shape change of the metal during hot reverse extrusion of hollow semi-finished products. To determine the influence of the deformation rate on the parameters of hot reverse extrusion with the dispensing of hollow semifinished products from round and square billets by means of finite element method (FEM) modeling and to compare the results of theoretical researches. Theoretical researches of extrusion power modes, specific forces, and the stress-strain state of metal were carried out by modeling using the FEM in the DEFORM software environment. The FEM was used to model the process of hot reverse extrusion with dispensing of round hollow semi-finished products from mild steel with protrusions at the end of the bottom part on the side of the cavity and on the outer surface. The deformation rate was in the range of 20 to 80 mm/sec. Round and square cross-sectional blanks were used. The dependence of the extrusion force on the punch displacement was determined. The distribution of specific forces on the deforming tool was determined. The stress-strain state and temperature distribution in the deformed metal at the end of extrusion were determined. The development of the metal structure by hot plastic deformation was evaluated and the results obtained were compared The effect of the deformation rate on the parameters of hot reverse extrusion with dispensing of round hollow semi-finished products was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a finite element algorithm in the three-field formulation, a conditional functional was used, based on the equality of the actual work of the internal force factors (internal forces and moments) at the strains and curvatures of the middle surface. As an addition, the functional assumed the condition that the work of the residual of internal forces at the strains and curvatures of the middle surface had been equal to zero. The difference between the adopted internal forces and the internal forces represented through the strains and curvatures of the middle surface according to Hooke's law was used as the residual of internal forces. A quadrilateral fragment of the middle surface of a thin shell was used as the finite element. Kinematic quantities (displacements and their first order derivatives), strain quantities (strains and curvatures of the middle surface) and force quantities (internal forces and moments) were taken as the nodal unknowns. Approximating expressions with Hermite polynomials of third degree were used to approximate kinematic quantities. The sought strain and force quantities were approximated through the corresponding nodal unknowns by bilinear shape functions. A finite element stiffness matrix (with the dimensions 36x36) with respect to the kinematic nodal unknowns was formed through the functional minimization. Specific examples showed the efficiency of the three-field finite element algorithm in determining the displacements, strains and internal forces.

Being one of the most functionally loaded systems, the human hand and its anatomical structures are damaged quite often. Thus, injuries to the interphalangeal joints account for up to 60 % of all hand injuries. Post-traumatic arthrosis, contractures with persistent pain syndrome, stiffness and ankylosis of the joints are distinguished among the consequences of hand joint injuries. With the development of the endoprosthesis method, the use of which allows to restore the lost function of the organs of the musculoskeletal system, new opportunities are opening up in the rehabilitation of patients with various injuries of the joints of the hand. However, when using this method, there are certain complications associated with the wear of the implant, the reaction of the surrounding tissues to the material from which the prosthesis is made, and the design features of endoprostheses. That is, the success of treatment when using endoprostheses depends to some extent on the design of the implant. It is possible to carry out a primary analysis of the effectiveness of the proposed design of the endoprosthesis with the help of specialized software complexes. Despite the power of specialized software, building digital models of biological objects and performing calculations is quite a difficult task. In order to carry out a numerical study, in addition to knowing of the geometry of objects and their mechanical properties, it is also necessary to understand the conditions of interaction between the model fragments and the loading scheme. Aim. Develop a technique for analytical determination of forces in the tendons of the fingers. Materials and methods. The research was carried out using the provisions and methods of theoretical mechanics and resistance of materials. As a calculation case, this paper proposes to consider the determination of forces in the tendons of the index finger of the right upper limb. Results. As a result of the performed calculations, analytical expressions were obtained to determine the forces that occur in the flexor tendons of the index finger. Conclusions. The obtained analytical expressions allow us to estimate the magnitude of forces that occur in the tendons of the fingers. The results of the calculations can be used in the construction of digital models of the fingers and perform numerical studies.

The present article describes a new and innovative method of producing an inseparable joint with the use of expansion jaws. The effect of jaw tool geometry on the reaction forces and ultimate strength of an inseparable joint formed on a prototype stand was analyzed. The results are also compared of joints produced by jaws with single movement method and with complex movement method. The tool responds with bending and pressing one part into the other, which results in their permanent connection. In the tests, differentiation was introduced with regard to the height of the applied force to the collar of the connection pipe. A novelty is also a solution based on a complex, parameterized trajectory of the stamp movement consisting of horizontal and vertical displacements. This paper presents the tests of the joints formed at the stand. The new approach described in this article has resulted in a joint strength increase of approximately 30% using the innovative complex jaw movement of the biaxial clinching process. A joint tensile strength close to 1000 N was achieved.

This study attempts to shed new light on the dynamics of a turning ship using the principles of free body diagrams (FBDs). Unexpectedly, the literature gap is defined by incomplete and flawed FBDs. The method behind this new approach involves the FBD of a turning ship, with all the essential forces included, namely propulsive force, sideward thruster force (producing the initial turning moment), drag force, lift force, centrifugal force, inertial force, and hydrodynamic force couple. From these forces, the force and moment equations are derived. The accelerations are calculated from the force and moment equilibria to simulate the dynamics from input parameters such as mass m, length L, draught D, and fluid density ρ. The turning dynamics are explained in terms of velocities, accelerations, forces, and moments, based on two conditions: flat and steep angles of attack (AoA) and long and short turning radii R. A critical result is the proportionality of lift and centrifugal forces, leading to the proposal of a pleometric index (m·L–2·D–1·ρ–1), which is nonlinearly proportional to the product of AoA and R/L, characterising the dynamics of a turning ship. The FBD approach of this study also identified missing databases required for accurate simulation of turning dynamics, such as drag and lift coefficients of different hull geometries.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to measure the forces and moments exerted by direct printed aligners (DPAs) with varying facial and lingual aligner surface thicknesses, in all three planes of space, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. Materials and methods An in vitro experimental setup was used to quantify forces and moments experienced by a programmed tooth to be moved and by adjacent anchor teeth, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. DPAs were directly 3D-printed with Tera Harz TC-85 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) clear photocurable resin in 100-µm layers. Three multi-axis sensors were used to measure the moments and forces generated by 0.50 mm thick DPAs modified with labial and lingual surface thicknesses of 1.00 mm in selective locations. The sensors were connected to three maxillary incisors (the upper left central, the upper right central, and the upper left lateral incisors) during 0.50 mm of programmed lingual bodily movement of the upper left central incisor. Moment-to-force ratios were calculated for all three incisors. Aligners were benchtop tested in a temperature-controlled chamber at intra-oral temperature to simulate intra-oral conditions. Results The results showed that increased facial thickness of DPAs slightly reduced force levels on the upper left central incisor compared to DPAs of uniform thickness of 0.50 mm. Additionally, increasing the lingual thickness of adjacent teeth reduced force and moment side effects on the adjacent teeth. DPAs can produce moment-to-force ratios indicative of controlled tipping. Conclusions Targeted increases in thickness of direct 3D-printed aligners change the magnitude of forces and moments generated, albeit in complex patterns that are difficult to predict. The ability to vary labiolingual thicknesses of DPAs is promising to optimize the prescribed orthodontic movements while minimizing unwanted tooth movements, thereby increasing the predictability of tooth movements.

Measurement of forces and torques in flexible connection joints for parabolic trough collectors (PTC) during their life time is important to prevent damage or breakage of these elements. Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) has developed and patented a device for measuring these forces and torques in flexible connection joints installed in solar power plants. The device consists of three dynamometers and one torque transducer coupled to a rotation assembly that can be externally coupled to a ball joint installed in interconnections of parabolic-troughs, with no interference in the hydraulic circuit. To calibrate the device and perform initial performance checks at lab scale, a test bench was prepared for applying forces and torques on a set-up composed of a multicomponent sensor connected in series to a standard rotary ball joint and measuring simultaneously the forces and torques by mean of the designed device. Calibration tests have been performed applying a range of forces and torques to the multicomponent sensor-ball joint at different rotation positions. Multicomponent sensor and developed device measurements have been compared to obtain a calibration matrix for the last one. Results show good performance of the device once calibrated, but that will be improved measuring angular deviations from reference axes position of each of the dynamometers that compose the device during the operation, to increase the accuracy of the measurements.

Introduction: We study optimization methods for poses and movements of chained Stewart platforms (SPs) that we call an “Assembler” Robot. These chained SPs are parallel mechanisms that are stronger, stiffer, and more precise, on average, than their serial counterparts at the cost of a smaller range of motion. By linking these units in a series, their individual limitations are overcome while maintaining truss-like rigidity. This opens up potential uses in various applications, especially in complex space missions in conjunction with other robots. Methods: To enhance the efficiency and longevity of the Assembler Robot, we developed algorithms and optimization models. The main goal of these methodologies is to efficiently decide on favorable positions and movements that reduce force loads on the robot, consequently minimizing wear. Results: The optimized maneuvers of the interior plates of the Assembler result in more evenly distributed load forces through the legs of each constituent SP. This optimization allows for a larger workspace and a greater overall payload capacity. Our computations primarily focus on assemblers with four chained SPs. Discussion: Although our study primarily revolves around assemblers with four chained SPs, our methods are versatile and can be applied to an arbitrary number of SPs. Furthermore, these methodologies can be extended to general overactuated truss-like robot architectures. The Assembler, designed to function collaboratively with several other robots, holds promise for a variety of space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study are aimed at developing a nonlinear strain model for reinforced concrete beam elements in the general case of force actions and temperature effects for different durations. As a rule, temperature effects on structures involve temperature drops, causing heterogeneity of mechanical and rheological properties of concrete and reinforcement. The article has approximating expressions needed to take into account the effects of temperature and heating time on the values of temperature-induced strain and mechanical and rheological properties of heavy concretes with C30–C60 strength classes. The properties of concrete and rebars are heterogeneous from top to bottom and across the width of the cross section. A physically nonlinear problem is solved using the method of elastic solutions combined with the method of stepwise increases in temperature and force loading. The cooling of a heated reinforced concrete element to normal temperature is considered a short-term effect. Strength criteria of portions of a concrete cross section, crack closure conditions, and the ability of cracked sections to take loads in compression amid a change in the sign of stresses are determined. The stress–strain state (SSS) analysis of reinforced concrete beams, made according to the proposed method, is compared with the experimental studies using (i) values of thermal bending moments in statically indeterminate structures, (ii) cracking forces, and (iii) values of deformations (elongations and curvatures) of the elements in the longitudinal axis. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental values of controllable criteria confirms the reliability of physical relationships (i) developed for heterogeneous reinforced concrete beam elements and (ii) applied to the complex cases of temperature and force effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to study the behavior of tailor welded blanks subjected to a single point incremental forming (SPIF) process from an experimental point of view. This process was chosen to deform truncated cone shapes of AA1050 aluminum alloy with different thicknesses. A uniaxial tensile test was performed to determine the mechanical characteristics of the alloy. Initial experimental tests implicated the use of variable wall angle parts which were processed on unwelded sheet blanks for determination of the behavior of the material and the forming forces. Afterwards, the wolfram inert gas (WIG) welding technique was used for joining two sheet blanks with different thicknesses either through one pass on one side, or by one pass on both sides. The conclusion of this paper indicates that one-sided welded blanks cannot be deformed successfully without fracture. In case of two-sided welded blanks, the results showed that the desired depth of 25 mm can be reached successfully. In case of the SPIF process, if welded blanks must be deformed, then the suitable method is to weld the blanks on both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work is to develop a model and a method for determining the stress-strain state of the tool for abrasive processing of materials as an orthotropic composite with an arbitrary number of regularly spaced discrete grains connected by a bond material under the condition of a thermal increase in the size of an arbitrary grain of the working surface. The work establishes the following. The extreme shear stresses of the bond material in the plane normal to the working surface of the tool are almost twice as small as the corresponding stresses in the plane parallel to the working surface of the tool. The thermal increase in grain size, in accordance with the Saint-Venant’s principle, locally disturbs the stress-strain state of the tool. The size of the zone of local disturbance caused by the thermal expansion of the grain in the direction of expansion depends on the mechanical properties of the components of the tool (moduli of elasticity for the tension of the grain material and for the shear of the bond material). In all directions, the size of the disturbance zones of the stress-strain state depends on the number of grains in the tool in directions orthogonal to the direction of the thermal change in grain size. The obtained results make it possible to comprehensively take into account the composite orthotropic construction, the mechanical properties of the components of the tool in which, due to thermal expansion, the size of the arbitrary grain of the working surface has increased. The linearity of the problem statement allows, by summing up the results for the changes in the sizes of individual, several arbitrarily located grains, and at an arbitrary heating temperature of the grains, to determine the total stress-strain state. The obtained dependencies, at the stage of development of the processing technology, allow us to quantitatively estimate the stress level in the tool, to predict the likely number of load cycles before failure, to influence the value of stresses by selecting materials at the stage of tool manufacturing, to choose cutting modes at the stage of technology development, how to increase the efficiency of using the abrasive tool processing

CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) is an imaging investigation that provides three-dimensional (3D) images of craniofacial structures. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical behavior of an orthodontic system where the lingual treatment technique was used in a 25-year-old female patient from whom a set of CBCT scans was used. CBCT images were processed through software programs such as Invesalius, Geomagic, and Solid Works, to create models containing virtual solids. These models were then imported into Ansys Workbench 2019 R3 (a finite element method software program) for successive simulations to generate displacement maps, deformations, stress distributions, and diagrams. We observed that in the lingual technique, the lowest force occurring on the maxillary teeth is at 1.1, while the highest force appears at 2.3. In the mandible, the lowest force occurs at 4.6, and the highest force at 3.1. The values of the forces and the results of the finite element method can represent a basis for the innovation of new orthodontic springs and also of bracket elements. Thus, by using new technologies, orthodontic practice can be significantly improved for the benefit of patients. Other virtual methods and techniques can be used in future studies, including the application of virtual reality for orthodontic diagnosis.

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is an emerging materials processing technology. Owing to a number of merits, like reduced tooling, cycle time and cost and ability to produce sculptured profiles, in comparison to the traditional methods, the recent past has witnessed a growing interest in the application of SPIF to composite materials. This article authoritatively reviews the advancements in this area made since 2008. The review covers several aspects of the process including deformation characteristics, forming limits, failure modes forming forces, strain recovery, surface quality and analytical models. The current state of the technology and challenges are revealed, and many valuable findings are identified thereby setting guidelines for the process users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article describes a new and innovative method of producing an inseparable joint with the use of expansion jaws. The effect of jaw tool geometry on the reaction forces and ultimate strength of an inseparable joint formed on a prototype stand was analyzed. The results are also compared of joints produced by jaws with single movement method and with complex movement method. The tool responds with bending and pressing one part into the other, which results in their permanent connection. In the tests, differentiation was introduced with regard to the height of the applied force to the collar of the connection pipe. A novelty is also a solution based on a complex, parameterized trajectory of the stamp movement consisting of horizontal and vertical displacements. This paper presents the tests of the joints formed at the stand. The new approach described in this article has resulted in a joint strength increase of approximately 30% using the innovative complex jaw movement of the biaxial clinching process. A joint tensile strength close to 1000 N was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to shed new light on the dynamics of a turning ship using the principles of free body diagrams (FBDs). Unexpectedly, the literature gap is defined by incomplete and flawed FBDs. The method behind this new approach involves the FBD of a turning ship, with all the essential forces included, namely propulsive force, sideward thruster force (producing the initial turning moment), drag force, lift force, centrifugal force, inertial force, and hydrodynamic force couple. From these forces, the force and moment equations are derived. The accelerations are calculated from the force and moment equilibria to simulate the dynamics from input parameters such as mass m, length L, draught D, and fluid density ρ. The turning dynamics are explained in terms of velocities, accelerations, forces, and moments, based on two conditions: flat and steep angles of attack (AoA) and long and short turning radii R. A critical result is the proportionality of lift and centrifugal forces, leading to the proposal of a pleometric index (m·L–2·D–1·ρ–1), which is nonlinearly proportional to the product of AoA and R/L, characterising the dynamics of a turning ship. The FBD approach of this study also identified missing databases required for accurate simulation of turning dynamics, such as drag and lift coefficients of different hull geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the wear behavior of bronze-bonded grinding tools when grinding the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V was explored. In this process, oxidation plays a key role since both the bronze bond and the titanium workpiece chemically react with oxygen. The oxidation effect is intensified further due to increased temperatures during grinding and can cause tribo-oxidation. This wear effect can be reduced or even eliminated by grinding in an extreme high-vacuum (XHV) adequate atmosphere. This atmosphere is nearly oxygen-free and is generated using a silane-doped argon gas that chemically reacts with oxygen. This reaction is able to decrease the oxygen partial pressure (pO2 ≤ 10−12 mbar) down to an XHV-adequate atmosphere. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of oxygen in the atmosphere on the application and wear behavior during grinding and to demonstrate the potential of this novel approach. The results presented show that during grinding with cBN, the process forces are significantly influenced by the atmosphere. Depending on the process parameters, a reduction of up to 93% is thus possible. This force reduction correlates with radial tool wear. When grinding under oxygen-free conditions, it can be reduced by up to 64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canonical gating mechanism of tetrameric cation channels involves the spreading of the pore-lining helices at the so-called bundle-crossing gate. Despite a wealth of structural information, we lack a physical description of the gating process. Here, I took advantage of an entropic polymer stretching physical model and MthK structures to derive the forces and energies involved in pore-domain gating. In MthK, the Ca2+-induced conformational change in the RCK domain alone opens the bundle-crossing gate through pulling via unfolded linkers. In the open conformation, the linkers serve as entropic springs between the RCK domain and bundle-crossing gate that store an elastic potential energy of 3.6kBT and exert 9.8 pN (piconewton) radial pulling force to keep the gate open. I further derive that the work to load the linkers to prime the channel for opening is up to 3.8kBT, exerting up to 15.5 pN to pull the bundle-crossing open. Opening of the bundle-crossing leads to a release of 3.3kBT spring potential energy. Thus, the closed/RCK-apo and the open/RCK-Ca2+ conformations are separated by a barrier of several kBT. I discuss how these findings relate to the functional properties of MthK and suggest that given the architectural conservation of the helix–pore-loop–helix pore-domain among all tetrameric cation channels, these physical parameters might be quite general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the forces and moments exerted by direct printed aligners (DPAs) with varying facial and lingual aligner surface thicknesses, in all three planes of space, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. Materials and methods: An in vitro experimental setup was used to quantify forces and moments experienced by a programmed tooth to be moved and by adjacent anchor teeth, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. DPAs were directly 3D-printed with Tera Harz TC-85 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) clear photocurable resin in 100-µm layers. Three multi-axis sensors were used to measure the moments and forces generated by 0.50 mm thick DPAs modified with labial and lingual surface thicknesses of 1.00 mm in selective locations. The sensors were connected to three maxillary incisors (the upper left central, the upper right central, and the upper left lateral incisors) during 0.50 mm of programmed lingual bodily movement of the upper left central incisor. Moment-to-force ratios were calculated for all three incisors. Aligners were benchtop tested in a temperature-controlled chamber at intra-oral temperature to simulate intra-oral conditions. Results: The results showed that increased facial thickness of DPAs slightly reduced force levels on the upper left central incisor compared to DPAs of uniform thickness of 0.50 mm. Additionally, increasing the lingual thickness of adjacent teeth reduced force and moment side effects on the adjacent teeth. DPAs can produce moment-to-force ratios indicative of controlled tipping. Conclusions: Targeted increases in thickness of direct 3D-printed aligners change the magnitude of forces and moments generated, albeit in complex patterns that are difficult to predict. The ability to vary labiolingual thicknesses of DPAs is promising to optimize the prescribed orthodontic movements while minimizing unwanted tooth movements, thereby increasing the predictability of tooth movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gas turbine-based propulsion systems were responsible for the emission of pollutants that damage the ecosphere. Commercial aviation represented a large portion of carbon emissions within the aviation industry, so this study focused on novel aircraft propulsion systems for large commercial aircraft. Electric propulsion was considered to be an alternative to conventional propulsion systems. Therefore, this report analyzed the various electric aircraft concepts within the aerospace industry to see whether they have environmental benefits. A flying wing aircraft was compared to a conventional tube-and-wing aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics to determine which aircraft requires more power. The lift forces acting on the conventional aircraft and flying wing at cruise speed were 269,110 N and 10681 N, while the drag forces acting on the conventional aircraft and Flying Wing Aircraft at cruise speed were 260,940N and 7679N, respectively. More electric aircraft approach has allowed the older power subsystems to be replaced by electrical systems within modern aircrafts such as the Boeings, airbus, etc. This has increased fuel efficiency. The result of the lift power requirement should be a boost for battery companies to develop FWA.Conclusively, the result inferred that the Flying Wing Aircraft is more aerodynamic and, therefore, would improve aircraft efficiency and emit less emission.

L’environnement international est en très forte évolution face à une recrudescence des menaces. Les technologies bouleversent les sociétés et les règles établies, rendant cruciale la modernisation des Forces Armées en les dotant des aptitudes de répondre aux menaces diversifiées, très rapidement, en tout lieu, et de manière autonome dans le prolongement de l’action politique. Face à cet impératif, le processus de réforme du secteur de sécurité (RSS) en RDC a été enclenché dès la signature de l’Accord Global et Inclusif de Sun City en 2003 entre les principaux protagonistes de la crise congolaise, avec l'appui considérable de la communauté internationale. Il était nécessaire de restaurer l’autorité de l’Etat sur l’ensemble du territoire national mais aussi et surtout de refonder l’Etat congolais lui-même qui, aux yeux de plusieurs observateurs, paraissait affaibli par une guerre de plus de cinq ans aux ramifications internationales. La réforme de l’armée dans cet accord historique prévoyait prioritairement la reconstitution d’une armée nationale, républicaine, restructurée et sous un même commandement. Certes, les défis étaient énormes tant pour les autorités politiques que militaires pour transformer toutes les forces belligérantes( ) en une seule armée professionnelle et républicaine. La réforme du secteur de la sécurité dans son volet Armée (Défense) comme processus monté, financé et piloté par les bailleurs d’origine étrangère va connaître plusieurs étapes avec un engagement incertain, faute d’une véritable appropriation locale. Pour cela l’objectif du présent article est en conséquence de tenter de valider l’hypothèse suivante : si le bilan de presque vingt ans qui représente, en termes de temps, la distance qui sépare l’an 2003, date de la signature de l’Accord global et inclusif de Sun City à l’année 2022, sous l’angle de la transformation des Forces Armées s’est avéré mitigé, c’est principalement parce que la plupart des approches suivies par des experts d’horizons divers accusaient une certaine déconnection en regard du contexte socioculturel de la République Démocratique du Congo et des besoins réels des populations congolaises. Dès lors, tout succès futur ou éventuel dans le domaine de la réforme aurait dû passer par une reconsidération profonde des stratégies prenant rationnellement en compte des réalités congolaises et des desideratas de ses populations. C’est dans ce cadre que la République Démocratique du Congo pourra se former une armée capable de relever des défis sécuritaires actuels et futurs. Avec optimisme et volonté politique, malgré les vicissitudes du moment, la RD Congo demeure un grand pays qui a ce qu’il faut pour rebâtir son armée et décoller.

The use of biodegradable or green composites has been increasing exponentially due to the growing environmental concern. Though these composites are fabricated to near-neat shape but milling is an unavoidable machining operation that is required for removing undesired material to meet the design necessities. In this study, the milling behavior of green composites (polylactic acid/bamboo) fabricated using compression molding has been extensively studied by investigating the induced forces, temperature, and surface roughness. The process parameters of milling operation such as spindle speed (500, 710, 1400, and 2000 RPM), feed rate (80, 112, 160, and 224 mm/min), depth of cut (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm), and milling cutters (slot and end mill cutters) have been optimized through Taguchi analysis for obtaining minimum milling-induced forces, temperature, and surface roughness. The relative significance of each process parameter has also been found through the analysis of variance. Milling cutter and depth of cut are the two parameters found to have significant contributions in determining the quality of the milling surface. Lower milling-induced force, temperature, and surface roughness can be obtained by selecting a lower depth of cut and end mill cutter during the milling of green composites.

This study aims to determine optimal forming parameters for Incremental Sheet Forming process Commercially Pure titanium Grade 2 sheets in terms of formability improvement, force reduction, and efficiency of forming. Based on the central composite design, data were collected during 20 runs and then variation analysis was performed. The experiments were performed on a 3 axis CNC milling machine equipped with a Kistler dynamometer plate. Subsequently, regression models have been developed to describe process responses by input factors. As crucial parameters, the relative velocity and step size of the tool that affect the forming force and the height of the fracture have been determined. Finally, the application of optimization algorithm has emerged optimal input factors in terms of selected multi-criteria goal. The results of this study suggest that there is a process window that allows the formation of 45° wall angle drawpieces of commercially pure titanium Grade 2.

Starting with the figure of Peter Eisenman, this article presents the concept of the diagram and its importance in the architectural production of recent decades in order to then demonstrate how such a project tool allows us to think, visualize, and speculate not only about architectural form but also about the contextual forces that surround any spatial construction. This hypothesis will be supported by the critical analysis of two literary works: Diagram Diaries by Eisenman and Urban Flotsam: Stirring the city by Raoul Bunschoten/CHORA, accompanied by several illustrative examples where the graphic expression of these forces and their influence on the form and program of the architectural, urban, or territorial project is made visible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Modern production of hollow products by hot reverse extrusion poses the task of reducing energy consumption and reducing metal costs for the manufacture of such products. Such problems can be solved by using them for extruding square-shaped blanks. Goal. Determination using the finite element method (FEM) of the parameters of hot reverse extrusion of hollow products from round and square blanks and comparison of the results of theoretical studies. Methodology of implementation. Theoretical studies of force modes of extrusion, specific forces and stress-strain state of metal were carried out by simulation using MSE in the DEFORM software environment. The results. Modeling of the process of hot reverse extrusion from low-carbon steel of a hollow product with protrusions on the end of the bottom part was carried out with the help of MSE. Round and square blanks are used. Extrusion forces, forces for removing punches from deformed blanks and forces for pushing out products from matrices are established. The distribution of specific forces on the deforming tool is revealed. The stress-strain state and temperature distribution in the deformed metal at the end of extrusion were determined. Evaluation of the working of the metal structure by hot plastic deformation was carried out and the obtained parameters were compared. Conclusions. The use of square-shaped blanks during hot reverse extrusion of hollow products is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Cell & Developmental Biology. It discusses the topic of tumor cell mechanosensitivity and its molecular basis. The editorial highlights the importance of physical signals in the microenvironment, such as matrix stiffness and tension, in influencing cancer cell behavior. The document also provides an overview of the articles included in the research topic, which cover various aspects of mechanobiology in cancer development and progression. The authors emphasize the need for further research on the role of mechanical properties in cancer cells and their interactions with other cell types. [Extracted from the article]

The brain functions through neuronal circuits and networks that are synaptically connected. This type of connection can exist due to physical forces that interact to stabilize local contacts in the brain. Adhesion is a fundamental physical phenomenon that allows different layers, phases, and tissues to connect. Similarly, synaptic connections are stabilized by specialized adhesion proteins. This review discusses the basic physical and chemical properties of adhesion. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as cadherins, integrins, selectins, and immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules (IgSF) will be discussed, and their role in physiological and pathological brain function. Finally, the role of CAMs at the synapse will be described. In addition, methods for studying adhesion in the brain will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular organisms regulate electrolyte composition in the cytosol to optimize intracellular molecular interactions at the same time as balancing external osmotic pressure. While osmotic pressure can be tuned using multiple ionic, zwitterionic, and nonionic solutes, interactions between proteins and other macromolecules are sensitive to the precise composition of the medium. Nonetheless, the roles of individual ions and nonionic solutes in mediating cellular interactions remain relatively unexplored, and standard buffer solutions used in laboratory studies often contain only a few simple salts. Here, we report on model experiments investigating the combined effect of ionic and zwitterionic solutes on interaction forces across electrolytes, revealing a clear role for zwitterions in modifying interactions compared to simple salt solutions. First, we find that zwitterions act to disrupt water layering at interfaces, leading to smoothed interaction potentials. Second, we find that zwitterions strengthen electrostatic repulsions by enhancing effective surface charge. Third, zwitterions enhance the effective dielectric permittivity of the solution, and this "dielectricizer" effect extends the range of electrostatic repulsions compared to solutions without zwitterion present. The latter two effects are likely important in stabilizing proteins and other macromolecules when external osmotic and mechanical pressure are very high and simple ionic solutes alone would lead to collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Today, the actual issues in the production of metal products are the saving of materials and the productivity of production, as this has a significant impact on the cost of finished products. This especially applies to hollow products with a complex geometric shape. Such products include parts or semi-finished products that have hollow cavities and additional elements in the design in the form of flanges, or variable wall thickness along the height of the product. Such parts are widely distributed in mechanical engineering, aircraft construction and in the production of special purpose products, in particular in the field of ammunition production. Therefore, the manufacturing technology of such parts should ensure mass production and have an economic effect. Objective. By calculation, using the finite element method (FEM) in the DEFORM software environment, determine the option of stamping, from blanks of different diameters, a semi-finished product of a hollow part of a complex geometric shape using the technology of hot three-dimensional stamping, and analyze the proposed technological process of obtaining a semi-finished product. Methods. Using MSE in the DEFORM software environment, simulation of hot three-dimensional stamping of a semi-finished product was carried out for a hollow part of a complex geometric shape made of blanks of different diameters. In this way, the option of obtaining a semi-finished product with a minimum number of transitions and a guaranteed possibility of implementing the technological process of mold formation was chosen. For the selected option, an analysis of the force modes of forming, normal stresses on the contact surfaces of the workpiece with the tool, and the stress-strain state of the deformed metal was performed. Results. A semi-finished product manufacturing technology for a hollow part of a complex geometric shape using hot three-dimensional stamping technology is proposed. This technology will be implemented in the production of the adapter housing part, which is used in the design of the 120 mm mine. By calculation, with the help of MSE in the DEFORM software environment, the variant of semi-finished product molding for the “Body-adapter” part was determined using the technology of hot three-dimensional stamping, and an analysis of the technological operation of semi-finished product molding was carried out. The temperature regime of the process, technological efforts, parameters of the stress-strain state of the deformed material, the distribution of normal stresses on the deforming tool are determined. The results of the conducted computer modeling make it possible to take into account the design features and select the necessary technological equipment for mass production. Conclusions. The technology for serial production of semi-finished products by hot volumetric stamping has been developed and substantiated. This technology made it possible to increase the rate of material utilization by two times compared to the technology of obtaining a part by mechanical processing from graded rolled steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of forces, the dimensional universal constants, their dimensionless components, marked by the constant ratio of spiral generation, Φ, the golden ratio (1.618), and the feasible existence of a universal principle, are again addressed. As described in earlier articles, Φ is a dimensionless component or feature of most, if not all, of the respective physical, dimensional universal constants. In this rendition, the subject is further elucidated, focusing on various physical theories and their suggested unity through Φ. In this context, the subject is further developed from various perspectives, including epistemological, which serves to bring about more, perhaps deeper insights on the situation. As pointed out, with the exception of the Special Theory of Relativity, and the early stages of quantum mechanics during the early 20th century, modern physical theories have not focused explicitly on any of the dimensional universal constants as center pieces of their theories. With regard to those universal constants, focusing on their dimensionless components, further clarification is intended and illustrated in this article, such as pertaining to wave mechanics and string theory, and their relation to the universal constants. In doing so, one discusses basic questions. Could such universal constants have been proposed or predicted in a physical theory before they were discovered through experiment? Also, can experiments be devised that indicate the feasible existence of a universal principle of completion connected to or executed through the universal constants, that is, through their dimensionless or trans-dimensional features? Can such a principle involve or implicate a deeper ultra-reality of universals? Does such a principle indicate an unfolding of reality, a developmental process, a temporal directionality? In this article, the relevancy of such universal constants, their dimensionless features, marked by Φ, to programmed computer simulations are also shown. These are tangible, visible figures on a computer screen that involve vortical, fractal features, which are connected to Φ and to other dimensionless constants. These are creations due to the human mind's involvement with the mathematical design of computer processes that represent reality. These computer generated figures of developing vortical features, displayed on a computer screen, may be mirrored in a vortical, developing reality of matter-energy and in the higherordered morphologies of organisms. In this connection, based on research, the function of the human brain, and by extension, the mind, appears to be dependent on the anatomical presence of the dimensionless biological constant Φ, the golden ratio. What becomes clear throughout this article, while repeatedly addressing Φ and other dimensionless constants, and referring to various, possibly united, scientific approaches via Φ, is the subtle indication of a universal causation throughout various, natural phenomena on all scales. Such phenomena and their causation, it is feasibly theorized, would be generated, supported, and guided vortically, completely, stably and developmentally by means of the universal constants through their dimensionless features or components, such as Φ and its powers. The various or specific phenomena, or the theories pertaining to such, are thus unified in this manner via Φ. This process of vortical regeneration involving completing forces would occur along with the support of other dimensionless constants such as π and the exponential constant, e. A non-relative, temporal directionality, a guided unfolding, via a guided completion through the universal constants, would be manifest via such a regeneration of completion. In that context, randomness becomes a limiting case, and perhaps, has been, at best, a constructive illusion in the history of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical models were created using the finite element method and research was carried out on options for hot, semi-hot and cold crimping in a container and matrix of a special profile of axisymmetric hollow blanks made of high-carbon steel with variable wall thickness along the height. A plastic model of metal is used. Before hot and semi-hot crimping, the part of the workpiece was heated at the height to be deformed. The shape and dimensions of the initial blank for crimping were determined by calculation, which ensured the required dimensions of the product. The use of a container and a matrix of a special profile with a deforming surface made with ring protrusions made it possible to obtain a product in one pass for the considered options for crimping due to the reduction of the influence of frictional forces during molding. The rate of deformation was determined to maintain the mode of hot and semi-hot deformation during crimping. The dependence of the axial force on the deforming tool on the movement of the punch and the distribution of specific forces on the contacting surfaces was established. The use of cold pressing leads to an increase in the accuracy of the shape and dimensions of the product, a decrease in energy consumption and metal consumption. The final stress-strained state of the metal, the shape and dimensions of the product are determined. Based on the distribution of deformation intensity, an evaluation of the working of the metal structure by semi-hot and cold plastic deformation was carried out, and the yield point of the metal after crimping was predicted. On the basis of the simulation data, a design of the general appearance of the die equipment for cold crimping was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish guidelines for the selection of cast and wrought-wire clasps for removable partial dentures (RPDs) that would be appropriate for clinically encountered undercuts and facial curvatures. Methods: Randomly selected discarded casts were collected and 30 premolars and 30 molars were surveyed, sectioned to a line representing the clasp and scanned using a flatbed scanner. The average clasp curvature and length for each group was determined and a three-dimensional model printed, to which wrought wire clasps of 0.9- and 1.0-mm diameter were adapted. Standard wax clasp patterns were adapted and cast in a stellite alloy. Each clasp was deformed beyond its proportional limit; and the forces exerted at that limit and at deflections of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.75 mm were measured, and a safety limit was calculated that would ensure elastic deformation at the required undercuts. Results: A table was produced with guidelines for those clasps that would provide the highest retentive force within the proposed safety limit. The highest forces were provided by cast clasps in a 0.25-mm undercut. Wrought round wire of 1-mm diameter provided the next highest retentive forces, in a 0.25-mm undercut for premolar clasps arms and 0.5-mm for molar clasps. Conclusions: The results provide valid guidelines for the use of combinations of clasp material and undercut that would exert the maximum retentive force without deformation for both short (premolar) as well as long (molar) clasps, for wrought and cast clasps.

Due to its high versatility and scalability, manual grinding is an important and widely used technology in production for rework, repair, deburring, and finishing of large or unique parts. To make the process more interactive and reliable, manual grinding needs to incorporate "skill-based design," which models a person-based system and can go significantly beyond the considerations of traditional human factors and ergonomics to encompass both processing parameters (e.g., feed rate, tool path, applied forces, material removal rate (MRR)), and machined surface quality (e.g., surface roughness). This study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of complex techniques involved in manual operations. A series of experiments have been conducted using subjects of different levels of skill, while analyzing their visual gaze, cutting force, tool path, and workpiece quality. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate regression analysis were performed and showed that the unique behavior of the operator affects the process performance measures of specific energy consumption and MRR. In the future, these findings can be used to predict product quality and instruct new practitioners.

The study of machine parts movements required by inertial forces is actually a dynamic problem. The machine parts in motion are under dynamic stress due to the inertial forces that appear and overlap the directly applied forces and also connection forces. In the paper, the movements that are studied from a dynamic point of view are those that involve acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Bodybuilding is a sport that requires all muscle groups to be similarly developed, bringing an aesthetic physique to the observers. The development of the triceps surae may be a difficult goal to achieve for some athletes. Considering this, we chose to focus on a new training method that induces less stress in muscle groups: the time under tension. Objective. The purpose of the study was to compare exercises used for calf hypertrophy using the time under tension method and to identify the optimal situations in which this method could be used. Methods. Ten subjects, 6 male and 4 female, age of 25.7±4.9 years old, height 174.7±9.5 centimeters, body weight 82±17.8 kg and with varied levels of fitness, participated in the study. The plantar flexions were done with body weight only on one and both feet. The exercises we tested were done on a 3 second cycle: 3 seconds on the upwards movement and 3 seconds for the downwards one. The subjects performed a total of 10 repetitions for each exercise. Results. A significant statistical difference was found between the types of plantar flexion measured. This indicates that the analysis of time under tension plantar flexion should take into account the actual type of movement done. Conclusions. Time under tension method for calf muscle hypertrophy should take into consideration the movement characteristics for the focused muscle group. Our results showed that postural balance and body position can influence the force and power output of plantar flexion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting using an abrasive water jet is a complex process involving several physical phenomena. This research studies some of them, mostly the influence of selected variables on the measured forces and vibrations. The traverse speed represents one of the key parameters when cutting using the AWJ. In the presented research, a set of experiments was performed on twelve different metal samples, while the force sensor measured the exerted forces and accelerometers measured the vibrations. Ten different types of steel samples of the same dimensions were cut applying five different traverse speeds. The data obtained during these measurements show that an increase in the traverse speed leads to an increase in the measured forces and vibrations. An analogous experiment performed on bronze and duralumin samples of the same dimensions, having applied higher speeds to compensate for the difference in the material structure and properties, completes the presented data. The most important results of the research are that exerted forces in the z-axis are higher than those in the x-axis, whereas measured vibrations are higher in the x-axis. According to our research, the elemental structure, especially the carbide formation, affects the measured forces and vibrations substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-ergonomic execution of repetitive physical tasks represents a major cause of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). This study was focused on the pushing and pulling (P&P) of an industrial handcart (which is a generic physical task present across many industries), with the aim to investigate the dependence of P&P execution on the operators' psychological status and the presence of pain syndromes of the upper limbs and spine. The developed acquisition system integrated two three-axis force sensors (placed on the left and right arm) and six electromyography (EMG) electrodes (placed on the chest, back, and hand flexor muscles). The conducted experiment involved two groups of participants (with and without increased psychological scores and pain syndromes). Ten force parameters (for both left and right side), one EMG parameter (for three different muscles, both left and right side), and two time-domain parameters were extracted from the acquired signals. Data analysis showed intergroup differences in the examined parameters, especially in force integral values and EMG mean absolute values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the composite effects of pain syndromes, spine mobility, and psychological status of the participants on the execution of P&P tasks—concluding that they have a significant impact on the P&P task execution and potentially on the risk of WMSD. The future work will be directed towards the development of a personalized risk assessment system by considering more muscle groups, supplementary data derived from operators' poses (extracted with computer vision algorithms), and cognitive parameters (extracted with EEG sensors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine optimal forming parameters for Incremental Sheet Forming process Commercially Pure titanium Grade 2 sheets in terms of formability improvement, force reduction, and efficiency of forming. Based on the central composite design, data were collected during 20 runs and then variation analysis was performed. The experiments were performed on a 3 axis CNC milling machine equipped with a Kistler dynamometer plate. Subsequently, regression models have been developed to describe process responses by input factors. As crucial parameters, the relative velocity and step size of the tool that affect the forming force and the height of the fracture have been determined. Finally, the application of optimization algorithm has emerged optimal input factors in terms of selected multi-criteria goal. The results of this study suggest that there is a process window that allows the formation of 45° wall angle drawpieces of commercially pure titanium Grade 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]