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A través del análisis de algunos textos teóricos y literarios de J.M. Caballero Bonald, este trabajo destaca la centralidad del concepto de ‘deformación’ artística en la concepción poética del autor y, contemporáneamente, su repudio de todo arte mimético. Se trata de una ‘deformación’ que, a su juicio, al reelaborar artísticamente la realidad, permite al artista desvelar la cara oculta de lo real, propósito principal de la literatura según el escritor jerezano, y muy relacionada, en su caso, con la pintura (especialmente con el cubismo picassiano) y con la imaginación surrealista y la estética barroca, fundamentales también para su obra literaria. En el ensayo se tienen también en cuenta otros conceptos importantes en la poética bonaldiana, como laberinto, otredad o hermetismo.

The inner ear is the hub where hair cells (HCs) transduce sound, gravity, and head acceleration stimuli to the brain. Hearing and balance rely on mechanosensation, the fastest sensory signals transmitted to the brain. The mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channel is the entryway for the sound-balance-brain interface, but the channel-complex composition is not entirely known. Here, we report that the mouse utilizes Piezo1 (Pz1) and Piezo2 (Pz2) isoforms as MET-complex components. The Pz channels, expressed in HC stereocilia, and cell lines are co-localized and co-assembled with MET complex partners. Mice expressing non-functional Pz1 and Pz2 at the ROSA26 locus have impaired auditory and vestibular traits that can only be explained if the Pzs are integral to the MET complex. We suggest that Pz subunits constitute part of the MET complex and that interactions with other MET complex components yield functional MET units to generate HC MET currents.

Neste artigo discutimos o conceito de identidade profissional à luz da literatura internacional sobre esta temática e apresentamos alguns resultados de um estudo em curso que visa compreender o modo como os alunos veem o currículo da formação inicial, com especial destaque para o lugar da prática na configuração da sua identidade profissional, bem como as suas motivações, crenças e perspetivas futuras sobre a profissão docente e sobre ser professor. O texto termina com uma reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento da identidade profissional na formação inicial de professores, nomeadamente a partir da compreensão e questionamento de crenças, valores e imagens pessoais sobre o ensino e sobre o que significa tornar-se (e ser) professor, bem como sobre o próprio processo de formação e de (re)construção de saberes, através da reflexão e da indagação em articulação com a prática

Este texto explora as potencialidades do autoestudo e das abordagens narrativo-biográficas na formação de professores, com base nos trabalhos de Goodson, nomeadamente as histórias de vida, incluindo uma entrevista com o autor realizada em 2007 por uma das autoras (Maria Inês Marcondes) e de Kelchtermans. Relaciona aspectos comuns entre as duas metodologias nomeadamente: self e reflexividade, contexto, compromisso com a justiça social, transformação e colaboração. Defende a ideia de que combinar os dois enfoques pode oferecer aos investigadores e professores uma análise mais rica do trabalho docente e da realidade escolar, bem como dos processos de formação, sendo que esses enfoques podem ser vistos como complementares, cada um deles possibilitando superar algumas das limitações do outro

O artigo aborda a democratização da educação, a partir do conteúdo do atual Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE), enfocando o histórico recente de elaboração destes Planos no Brasil. O estudo resgata o processo de tramitação do Projeto de Lei 8035/10 referente ao atual PNE até sua aprovação na Lei 13. 005/14, evidenciando algumas contradições neste processo em relação aos objetivos e pressupostos da Conferência Nacional de Educação CONAE 2010. É realizada uma comparação entre algumas propostas desta CONAE e o texto da nova Lei em relação aos temas gestão democrática e relação entre o público e o privado na oferta educacional. Por fim, são destacados alguns elementos acerca das possibilidades que este atual PNE traz para a efetivação do direito à educação no país, ressaltando que a nova Lei apresenta alguns avanços em vários temas, mas pode significar retrocessos quanto à democratização da educação, considerando-se as diferentes formas de privatização presentes na política educacional

Neste artigo apresentamos um conjunto de reflexões sobre aquilo que consideramos como (alguns dos) aspectos essenciais na formação inicial de professores. Este exercício decorre dos trabalhos em que temos estado envolvidas ao longo dos últimos anos, quer na formação de professores, quer em projectos de investigação que temos vindo a realizar neste domínio. Mais concretamente, reflectimos sobre o processo de tornar-se professor, a natureza complexa e problemática do ensino, a teoria e a prática na formação inicial e o papel da investigação e da reflexão e ainda o papel e influência dos formadores de professores. Terminamos com algumas pistas que poderão ser objecto de maior investigação e reflexão no futuro

This paper examines preservice teachers' perspectives on assessment feedback developed in a teacher education course during the first lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As initially negotiated with students, feedback was learner-centred and involved a formative intervention approach applied iteratively by the teacher educator over the course of one semester. Although such feedback was initially face-to-face, it had to be given exclusively online following the unexpected closure of the university. Analysis of student teachers' perspectives, which were collected through an online questionnaire completed after their final assessment, reveals both positive and critical aspects regarding the feedback provided by the teacher educator. While reaffirming the significance of feedback as a crucial element for learning in online teacher education contexts, the findings also show that the clarity, affective bonding and multimodal meaning-making involved in face-to-face interaction are particularly challenging when the communication of feedback is digitally mediated. The implications and limitations of such findings are discussed.

Among the features of cisplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy are chronic pain and innocuous mechanical hypersensitivity. The complete etiology of the latter remains unknown. Here, we show that cisplatin targets a heterogeneous population of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) primary afferent dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) in mice, determined using single-cell transcriptome and electrophysiological analyses. TH+ DRGNs regulate innocuous mechanical sensation through C-low threshold mechanoreceptors. A differential assessment of wild-type and vitamin E deficient TH+ DRGNs revealed heterogeneity and specific functional phenotypes. The TH+ DRGNs comprise; fast-adapting eliciting one action potential (AP; 1-AP), moderately-adapting (≥2-APs), in responses to square-pulse current injection, and spontaneously active (SA). Cisplatin increased the input resistance and AP frequency but reduced the temporal coding feature of 1-AP and ≥2-APs neurons. By contrast, cisplatin has no measurable effect on the SA neurons. Vitamin E reduced the cisplatin-mediated increased excitability but did not improve the TH+ neuron temporal coding properties. Cisplatin mediates its effect by targeting outward K+ current, likely carried through K2P18.1 (Kcnk18), discovered through the differential transcriptome studies and heterologous expression. Studies show a potential new cellular target for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and implicate the possible neuroprotective effects of vitamin E in cisplatin chemotherapy.

Prestin (Slc26a5) is a motor protein previously considered to be expressed exclusively in outer hair cells (OHCs) of the inner ear. However, we recently identified the functional expression of prestin in the heart. Nonlinear capacitance (NLC) measurement in OHCs is used to evaluate the signature function of prestin, which exhibits membrane potential-dependent conformational changes. Here, we describe detailed recording techniques and quantification methods for NLC to evaluate the prestin function in mouse ventricular myocytes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al. (2021).

Cardiac cells generate and amplify force in the context of cardiac load, yet the membranous sheath enclosing the muscle fibers-the sarcolemma-does not experience displacement. That the sarcolemma sustains beat-to-beat pressure changes without experiencing significant distortion is a muscle-contraction paradox. Here, we report that an elastic element-the motor protein prestin (Slc26a5)-serves to amplify actin-myosin force generation in mouse and human cardiac myocytes, accounting partly for the nonlinear capacitance of cardiomyocytes. The functional significance of prestin is underpinned by significant alterations of cardiac contractility in Prestin-knockout mice. Prestin was previously considered exclusive to the inner ear's outer hair cells; however, our results show that prestin serves a broader cellular motor function.

The synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that contain site-specifically substituted backbone heteroatoms is one of the essential goals that must be achieved in order to control the electronic properties of these next generation organic materials. We have exploited our recently reported solid-state topochemical polymerization/cyclization-aromatization strategy to convert the simple 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)butadiynes 3a,b into the fjord-edge nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbon structures 1a,b (fjord-edge N2[8]GNRs). Structural assignments are confirmed by CP/MAS 13C NMR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopy. The fjord-edge N2[8]GNRs 1a,b are promising precursors for the novel backbone nitrogen-substituted N2[8]AGNRs 2a,b. Geometry and band calculations on N2[8]AGNR 2c indicate that this class of nanoribbons should have unusual bonding topology and metallicity.

The mammalian cochlea relies on active electromotility of outer hair cells (OHCs) to resolve sound frequencies. OHCs use ionic channels and somatic electromotility to achieve the process. It is unclear, though, how the kinetics of voltage-gated ionic channels operate to overcome extrinsic viscous drag on OHCs at high frequency. Here, we report ultrafast electromechanical gating of clustered Kv7.4 in OHCs. Increases in kinetics and sensitivity resulting from cooperativity among clustered-Kv7.4 were revealed, using optogenetics strategies. Upon clustering, the half-activation voltage shifted negative, and the speed of activation increased relative to solitary channels. Clustering also rendered Kv7.4 channels mechanically sensitive, confirmed in consolidated Kv7.4 channels at the base of OHCs. Kv7.4 clusters provide OHCs with ultrafast electromechanical channel gating, varying in magnitude and speed along the cochlea axis. Ultrafast Kv7.4 gating provides OHCs with a feedback mechanism that enables the cochlea to overcome viscous drag and resolve sounds at auditory frequencies.

Local and privileged expression of dendritic proteins allows segregation of distinct functions in a single neuron but may represent one of the underlying mechanisms for early and insidious presentation of sensory neuropathy. Tangible characteristics of early hearing loss (HL) are defined in correlation with nascent hidden hearing loss (HHL) in humans and animal models. Despite the plethora of causes of HL, only two prevailing mechanisms for HHL have been identified, and in both cases, common structural deficits are implicated in inner hair cell synapses, and demyelination of the auditory nerve (AN). We uncovered that Na+-activated K+ (KNa) mRNA and channel proteins are distinctly and locally expressed in dendritic projections of primary ANs and genetic deletion of KNa channels (Kcnt1 and Kcnt2) results in the loss of proper AN synaptic function, characterized as HHL, without structural synaptic alterations. We further demonstrate that the local functional synaptic alterations transition from HHL to increased hearing-threshold, which entails changes in global Ca2+ homeostasis, activation of caspases 3/9, impaired regulation of inositol triphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1), and apoptosis-mediated neurodegeneration. Thus, the present study demonstrates how local synaptic dysfunction results in an apparent latent pathological phenotype (HHL) and, if undetected, can lead to overt HL. It also highlights, for the first time, that HHL can precede structural synaptic dysfunction and AN demyelination. The stepwise cellular mechanisms from HHL to canonical HL are revealed, providing a platform for intervention to prevent lasting and irreversible age-related hearing loss (ARHL).

Ninety percent of Americans consume less than the estimated average requirements of dietary vitamin E (vitE). Severe vitE deficiency due to genetic mutations in the tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) in humans results in ataxia with vitE deficiency (AVED), with proprioceptive deficits and somatosensory degeneration arising from dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRGNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing of DRGNs was performed in Ttpa-/- mice, an established model of AVED. In stark contrast to expected changes in proprioceptive neurons, Ttpa-/- DRGNs showed marked upregulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ and K+ channels in mechanosensitive, tyrosine-hydroxylase positive (TH+) DRGNs. The ensuing significant conductance changes resulted in reduced excitability in mechanosensitive Ttpa-/- DRGNs. A highly supplemented vitE diet (600 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) prevented the cellular and molecular alterations and improved mechanosensation. VitE deficiency profoundly alters the molecular signature and functional properties of mechanosensitive TH+ DRGN, representing an intriguing shift of the prevailing paradigm from proprioception to mechanical sensation.

Presbycusis or age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory deficit in the human population. A substantial component of the etiology stems from pathological changes in sensory and non-sensory cells in the cochlea. Using a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, we have characterized changes in both hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons that may be relevant for early signs of age-related hearing loss (ARHL). We demonstrate that hair cell loss is preceded by, or in parallel with altered primary auditory neuron functions, and latent neurite retraction at the hair cell-auditory neuron synapse. The results were observed first in afferent inner hair cell synapse of type I neurites, followed by type II neuronal cell-body degeneration. Reduced membrane excitability and loss of postsynaptic densities were some of the inaugural events before any outward manifestation of hair bundle disarray and hair cell loss. We have identified profound alterations in type I neuronal membrane properties, including a reduction in membrane input resistance, prolonged action potential latency, and a decrease in membrane excitability. The resting membrane potential of aging type I neurons in the NOD, ARHL model, was significantly hyperpolarized, and analyses of the underlying membrane conductance showed a significant increase in K+ currents. We propose that attempts to alleviate some forms of ARHL should include early targeted primary latent neural degeneration for effective positive outcomes.

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This paper draws upon data from a broader piece of research aimed at examining pre-service teachers' views of their initial teacher education within the context of a master's degree programme in teaching. The data were collected through questionnaires and written narratives at the beginning and at the end of the programme. In this paper, the data arising from 47 narratives at the end of the programme are presented. Five categories emerged from the qualitative data: curriculum content, teaching practice, the role of teacher educators, teaching and learning methods, the organisational aspects and structure of the programme. Although the participants identified positive aspects of the initial teacher education programme, they also stress that there is room for improvement, especially with regard to a greater coherence of the curriculum and a better articulation of its different components. Implications of the findings for enhancing the quality of initial teacher education and the role of teachers' educators are discussed.

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)