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The paper presents the measurement strategy and data set collected during the COTUR (COherence of TURbulence with lidars) campaign. This field experiment took place from February 2019 to April 2020 on the southwestern coast of Norway. The coherence quantifies the spatial correlation of eddies and is little known in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The study was motivated by the need to better characterize the lateral coherence, which partly governs the dynamic wind load on multi-megawatt offshore wind turbines. During the COTUR campaign, the coherence was studied using land-based remote sensing technology. The instrument setup consisted of three long-range scanning Doppler wind lidars, one Doppler wind lidar profiler and one passive microwave radiometer. Both the WindScanner software and LidarPlanner software were used jointly to simultaneously orient the three scanner heads into the mean wind direction, which was provided by the lidar wind profiler. The radiometer instrument complemented these measurements by providing temperature and humidity profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer. The scanning beams were pointed slightly upwards to record turbulence characteristics both within and above the surface layer, providing further insight on the applicability of surface-layer scaling to model the turbulent wind load on offshore wind turbines. The preliminary results show limited variations of the lateral coherence with the scanning distance. A slight increase in the identified Davenport decay coefficient with the height is partly due to the limited pointing accuracy of the instruments. These results underline the importance of achieving pointing errors under 0.1∘ to study properly the lateral coherence of turbulence at scanning distances of several kilometres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the measurement strategy and dataset collected during the COTUR (COherence of TURbulence with lidars) campaign. This field experiment took place from February 2019 to April 2020 on the southwestern coast of Norway. The coherence quantifies the spatial correlation of eddies and is little known in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The study was motivated by the need to better characterize the lateral coherence, which partly governs the dynamic wind load on multi-megawatt offshore wind turbines. During the COTUR campaign, the coherence was studied using land-based remote sensing technology. The instrument setup consisted of three long-range scanning Doppler wind lidars, one Doppler wind lidar profiler and one passive microwave radiometer. Both the WindScanner software and Lidar Planner software were used jointly to simultaneously orient the three scanner heads into the mean wind direction, which was provided by the lidar wind profiler. The radiometer instrument complemented these measurements by providing temperature and humidity profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer. The preliminary results show an undocumented variation of the lateral coherence with the distance from the coast. The scanning beams were pointed slightly upwards to record turbulence characteristics both within and above the surface layer, providing further insight on the applicability of surface-layer scaling to model the turbulent wind load on offshore wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct covariance flux (DCF) measurements taken from floating platforms are contaminated by wave-induced platform motions that need to be removed before computation of the turbulent fluxes. Several correction algorithms have been developed and successfully applied in earlier studies from research vessels and, most recently, by the use of moored buoys. The validation of those correction algorithms has so far been limited to short-duration comparisons against other floating platforms. Although these comparisons show in general a good agreement, there is still a lack of a rigorous validation of the method, required to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the existing motion-correction algorithms. This paper attempts to provide such a validation by a comparison of flux estimates from two DCF systems, one mounted on a moored buoy and one on the Air-Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT) at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, Massachusetts. The ASIT was specifically designed to minimize flow distortion over a wide range of wind directions from the open ocean for flux measurements. The flow measurements from the buoy system are corrected for wave-induced platform motions before computation of the turbulent heat and momentum fluxes. Flux estimates and cospectra of the corrected buoy data are found to be in very good agreement with those obtained from the ASIT. The comparison is also used to optimize the filter constants used in the motion-correction algorithm. The quantitative agreement between the buoy data and the ASIT demonstrates that the DCF method is applicable for turbulence measurements from small moving platforms, such as buoys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have analysed the atmospheric response to sea-ice changes in the Arctic region, but only few have considered the Antarctic. Here, the atmospheric response to sea-ice variability in the Southern Hemisphere is investigated with the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. The model is forced by the present and a projected future seasonal cycle of Antarctic sea ice. In September, the mean atmospheric response exhibits distinct similarities to the structure of the negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode, the leading mode of Southern Hemisphere variability. In the reduced Antarctic sea-ice integration, there is an equatorward shift of the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude jet and the storm tracks. In contrast to a recent previous study, our findings indicate that a substantial impact of Southern Hemispheric future sea-ice reduction on the mid-latitude circulation cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have focused on the investigation of the wind stress in open ocean conditions where coastal processes were negligible. However, the direction and magnitude of the wind stress vector in coastal areas are still not fully known due to the low number of available measurement datasets. Here, we present new observations of the wind stress magnitude and its deviation from the mean wind direction. The data were recorded from a surface buoy during a five-day measurement campaign in southwestern Norway and cover wind speeds up to 10 m s−1 and significant wave heights up to 3.5 m in a coastal area with a steeply sloping sea floor. The adjustment of the wind stress vector due to changes in the wind and the wave conditions is illustrated and discussed by means of seven sample cases associated with both wind-following swell, cross-swell and counter-swell conditions. For this purpose, the stress vector computed in the sonic anemometer's orthogonal coordinate system is projected into a non-orthogonal wind-swell coordinate system with its components aligned with: (1) the local wind-generated waves propagating in the wind direction; and (2) the swell wave direction. The wind stress direction was found to deviate from the wind direction by more than 20° for 46% of the recorded wind-following swell and cross-swell cases and for 54% of the counter-swell cases. The wind stress magnitude was observed to approach zero during the counter-swell period, which suggest a decoupling between the sea surface and the atmospheric surface layer. This was further investigated by means of an idealized Large Eddy Simulation results. The results in this study provide additional experimental evidence that the wind stress direction in coastal areas with a steeply sloping sea floor is influenced by the swell waves, the wave age and the wave steepness when the wind blows from undisturbed open ocean directions. For landward wind directions, the influence of the land boundary layer can, possibly in combination with atmospheric stability, adjust the magnitude and direction of the wind stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]