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The main purpose of this study was to analyze the knowledge levels and fear levels of society regarding the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey and to test the structural relationship between knowledge level and fear level with structural equation modelling. The universe of the study consisted of people included in the population of Turkey, who aged 18 to 65 years. The data were collected by online questionnaire technique. The total number of questionnaires evaluated and used in data analysis is 790. SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 package programs were used in the analysis of the data. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, ANOVA test and structural equation modelling were applied. The community's level of knowledge regarding COVID‐19 outbreak was high. In addition, women's levels of fear related to the COVID-19 outbreak were found to be higher. Structural equation analysis revealed the direct effect positively of the COVID-19 knowledge level on COVID-19 fear level have an acceptable index of fit. However, no significant relationship was found between participants' age, education level, jobs, presence of chronic disease, and hospital visits after the COVID-19 outbreak. It has been observed that the COVID-19 knowledge level has a direct effect on the COVID-19 fear level and there is a positive relationship between them.

Introduction The risk of experiencing psychiatric symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic is high among healthcare workers whose occupations are in public health, emergency medicine, and intensive or critical care. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of fear of COVID-19 among 411 frontline Egyptian physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic; identify determinants and predictors for fear of COVID-19; determine the impact of fear of COVID-19 on job satisfaction; and detect the impact of fear of COVID-19 on turnover intention. Three standardized scales (fear of COVID-19, job satisfaction, and turnover intention scores) were used for data collection via online Google Form. Results Regarding fear relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, 16.5% of the study subjects were classified as experiencing a severe fear level, while 78.1% experienced a moderate degree. A significant association between the level of fear relating to COVID-19 and the work department. The highest degree of fear is in a general-educational-university facility. Regarding job satisfaction, 42% of those having a severe level of fear are dissatisfied. Fear of COVID-19 is negatively associated with job satisfaction while positively significant correlated with turnover scores, a positive significant predictor of turnover intention. Job satisfaction is negatively associated with turnover intention; a negative significant predictor of turnover intention. Conclusions Frontline Egyptian physicians reported higher levels of fear relating to the COVID-19 pandemic (moderate to severe). Increased fear levels relating to COVID-19 have a relationship with lower levels of job satisfaction and higher levels of job turnover.

The aim of our research is to examine the fear levels of female and male athletes about the new type of corona virus (Covid-19). The survey method, one of the quantitative research models, was used in the study. The sample of the research consists of volunteers (n=139) who actively do sports in various sports clubs and in different branches in the districts of Istanbul, on the European side (Küçükçekmece, Bakırköy, Zeytinburnu). The data were collected online by applying the questionnaire technique. The COVID-19 Fear Scale of the athletes was used as a data collection tool. T-test and one-way ANOVA analyzes were used, which were determined to have a normal distribution of the data as a statistical procedure.It is seen that there is no difference between the levels of fear of Covid-19 according to the gender, age, education level, chronic disease level, training status, financial level of their families, sports branch, and years of playing sports. A significant difference was found between the levels of fear of Covid-19 according to the levels of how many days a week the athlete’s train. The change in the frequency of weekly training in covid-19 fear levels, for example, less fear in those who train 5 or more a week may be due to the decrease in their anxiety as they are more exposed to covid-19 as they go out. At the same time, people who keep their routine may be less afraid of the corona than those who are less socialized because they go out 5 days a week or more and maintain their routine and socialize at the same time, which can adversely affect their fear levels and cause them to be less afraid., Araştırmamızın amacı, kadın ve erkek sporcuların yeni tip korona virüs (Covid-19) korku düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma modellerinden tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, İstanbul ili, Avrupa yakasında (Küçükçekmece, Bakırköy, Zeytinburnu) ilçelerinde bulunan çeşitli spor kulüplerinde ve farklı branşlarda aktif olarak spor yapan (n=139) gönüllü bireylerden oluşmaktadır. Veriler anket tekniği uygulanarak online ortamda toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak sporcuların COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. İstatistiki işlem olarak verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği tespit edilmiş T-test ve tek yönlü ANOVA analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır.Sporcuların cinsiyetlerine, yaş, eğitim düzeylerine, kronik hastalık düzeyine, antrenman yapma durumlarına, ailelerinin maddi düzeylerine, spor branşı ve spor yapma yılları durumuna göre Covid-19 korkusu düzeyleri arasında farklılık olmadığı görülmektedir. Sporcuların haftada kaç gün antrenman yaptığı düzeylerine göre Covid-19 korkusu düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Haftalık antrenman sıklığının covid-19 korku düzeylerinde değişmesi örneğin haftada 5 ve üzeri antrenman yapanlarda daha az korku düzeyi görülmesi dışarı çıktıkça covid-19’a daha çok maruz kaldıkları için kaygılarında azalmasından kaynaklı olabilir. Aynı zamanda rutinini koruyan insanlar, daha az sosyalleşenlere kıyasla koranadan daha az korkuyor olabilir çünkü haftada 5 gün ve üzeri dışarı çıkıp rutinlerini koruyup aynı zamanda sosyalleşiyorlar bunlar da korku düzeylerini ters yönde etkileyip daha az korku duymalarına neden olabilir.

Актуальність. Узагальнення наукової інформації дає підстави для виокремлення чітких пріоритетів, покладених в основу фізичного виховання студентської молоді. У межах перспектив та підвищення практичної значущості роботи потрібно розробляти певні методичні положення програм навчання плавання студенів закладів вищої освіти в процесі фізичного виховання та проводити їх експериментальну перевірку. Мета – охаракте- ризувати комплекс взаємообумовлених і послідовних програм навчання з плавання студентів закладів вищої освіти в навчально-виховному процесі з фізичного виховання. Матеріал і методи дослідження – теоретичний аналіз та узагальнення, вивчення документальних матеріалів, системний аналіз, історико-логічні методи. Резуль- тати. Програмування навчання плавання в межах фізичного виховання студентів ЗВО передбачає створення й реалізацію програм (алгоритмів) освітнього процесу, які послідовно розв’язують специфічні завдання наростаючої складності, а також базові завдання фізичного виховання ЗВО. Програмування навчання плавання та врахування індивідуальної траєкторії постановки й досягнення цілей розв’язують завдання та забезпечують оптимальний шлях від одного до наступного рівня плавальної підготовленості студентської молоді. Визначені чотири взаємопов’язаних індивідуально-мотиваційних рівнів, що передбачають послідовну (самостійну) реалізацію програм навчання плавання студентів ЗВО в межах навчально-виховного процесу з фізичного виховання. До занять на першому передбачено залучення студентів мають великий рівень страху щодо перебування у воді та без наявних умінь плавання; другому – мають незначний рівень страху щодо перебування у воді та не вміють плавати; третього – мають певні вміння/навики триматися на воді та плавають довільним способом і четвертого − володіють вміннями та навичками з плавання й мають бажання займатися та вдосконалювати техніку надалі. Висновки. Уперше крізь призму програмування освітнього процесу з фізичного виховання та врахування теоре- тичних і методичних основ навчання плавання студентів ЗВО охарактеризовано комплекс взаємообумовлених та послідовних програм, що дають можливість логічно поєднати завдання для різних індивідуально-мотиваційних рівнів занять.

Background: Children who are faced with surgical operations may experience anxiety, panic and fear before surgery and they are needed to both physical and psychological preparation. Aim of the study: Evaluate the effect of storytelling on preoperative anxiety and fear among children undergoing surgery. Design: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized in the current study. Subjects: 100 children from 4-8 years were equally and randomly assigned into two groups, the first was the control group and the second was storytelling intervention group. Setting: The current study was conducted at the General Pediatric Surgical Unit at Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital (CUSPH). Tools: an Interview Structured Questionnaire was developed by the researchers, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and Children's Fear Scale was utilized for collecting the data. Results: Preoperative anxiety scores and fear were lower among children after storytelling intervention than before. Highly statistically significant differences were detected between the total mean score of anxiety scores and fear in the pretest and posttest before surgery (P=0.000). Conclusion: Storytelling method is an effective distraction technique for reducing preoperative anxiety and fear among children undergoing surgery compared to children in the control group who received routine hospital care. Recommendations: Application of the storytelling technique as non- pharmacological management beside routine hospital programs for children undergoing surgery is recommended among nurses who care children in order to reduce preoperative anxiety, panic and fear level.

Objective: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) causes fear and anxiety due to its high mortality rates and high spreading rate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the level of fear of COVID-19 disease on the frequency of hospital admissions of cancer patients. Material and Methods: Fear of Coronavirus-19 Scale questionnaire was used to evaluate the fear of COVID-19 in cancer patients who were followed up and treated at Gaziantep University Department of Medical Oncology during September 1-30. The changes made by the patients in the frequency of hospital admissions were questioned. Results: It was observed that 36 of 107 patients included in the study changed the frequency of hospital admissions. However, no statistical relationship was found between the COVID-19 fear level and the change in the frequency of hospital admissions. When the factors affecting the frequency of hospital admissions were evaluated, it was observed that there was less change in the frequency of admission to hospital in patients without symptoms, with a history of surgery, receiving parenteral therapy, and with advanced disease. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, oral treatment and being a patient under fol-low-up, having surgery, being a patient without symptoms negatively affected hospital admissions. Future studies will determine how the survival of these patients will be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2021 by Turkish Society of Medical Oncology.

Introduction Intravenous insertion is the most common invasive procedure made for administering intravascular fluid and medicine. Peripheral venous catheterization may cause pain, fear, and stress in children. This study aimed to compare the effects of watching a cartoon and an information video about intravenous insertion on the pain and fear levels of children aged 6-12 years. Methods The study was an experimental, randomized controlled clinical trial. It was conducted with 477 children aged 6-12 years randomized into 3 groups: the informative animated video group, the cartoon group, and the control group. Fear and pain perception were evaluated on the basis of the feedback from the child, observer nurse, and parents. The Children’s Fear Scale was used to evaluate the fear level and the Wong-Baker FACES Scale was used to assess pain levels. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, the chi-square test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient test. Results The children who watched the information video before the intravenous insertion procedure and those who watched a cartoon during the procedure had lower mean pain and fear scores as evaluated by the child (pain: F = 278.67, P = 0.001; fear: F = 294.88, P = 0.001), parent (pain: F = 279.53, P = 0.001; fear: F = 294.47, P = 0.001), and nurse (pain: F = 286.88, P = 0.001; fear: F = 300.81, P = 0.001) than children in the control group. Discussion This study showed that watching an animation video or a cartoon was effective in lowering children’s perceived level of pain and fear during an intravenous insertion intervention.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the anxiety levels demonstrated by children during cast removal procedure between oscillating saw vs cast shear methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomised prospective study of 102 children (mean age 8.3 ± 3.5 years) with fractures involving upper or lower limbs. Children undergoing removal of cast were divided into 2 groups; either by an oscillating saw or a cast cutting shear. The level of anxiety was assessed by recording the heart rate with a portable fingertip pulse oximeter before, during and after removal of the cast. Objective assessment was performed by documenting the fear level on Children’s Fear Scale (CFS). RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the heart rate of children during cast removal while using the oscillating saw compared to cast shear (p

Glass ceiling is the organizational problem for the women that effected their career development. In our society, there are clearly discriminations about social roles between men and women. These disriminations were writtien peoples’ mind from childhood period. Then in future we see these discriminations as stereotype judgements. On the other hand fear is a feeling that affected our whole life. In literature a lot of different fear types were have been holeded from different perspectives. But generally it was accepted as 5 different fear types. These are, work / stres fear, critism / failure fear, unknown fear, death / danger fear and not enough having fear. This result will be stated that Glass ceiling is happened in a different way of fear. This study is planned to clarify that. In this study we apply the experiment on126 women teacher who work in public and this study is stated that for learning what kinds of fear that feels Turkish women teacher for prejudgement in education sector and showing of the results of affects of this problem in our community. The most important result of this study, streotypes is effecting almost all fear types. Since this is a new topic, all this results make important contribution on literature.

Hatching on-farm is an alternative to traditional hatching in the hatchery where incubated eggs are placed on the farm on embryonic day 18 for hatching to take place. Thus, several hatchery procedures and transport of newly hatched chicks are avoided, and chicks have access to feed and water immediately after hatching. In the present study, the aim was to examine the behaviour, first week performance, fear level and range use of hatching slower-growing organic broilers on-farm (OF). Chicks hatched in the hatchery (HC) and transported to the farm were used for comparison. The study included six flocks of both treatments, each consisting of approximately 3600 mixed-sex Hubbard JA57 ColorYield broilers, housed with veranda and range access. Compared to HC, the body weight was consistently higher for OF chicks at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and D7 relative to arrival of HC chicks (P < 0.001). Feeding was more frequently observed in OF than HC chicks at 11 h and 35 h (P < 0.024). Generally, more HC than OF chicks were drinking (P < 0.001), and more OF than HC chicks were resting during the first 23 h (P < 0.016). The crop content differed between treatments at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h, but not at 48 h: At 6 h, OF chicks had higher odds of having water (odds ratio (OR) = 2.45; P < 0.001) and lower odds of having feed in the crop (OR = 0.16; P < 0.001). In addition, they had higher odds of having an empty crop at 6 h (OR = 3.01; P < 0.001), 12 h (OR: = 1.56; P = 0.018) and 36 h (OR = 2.56; P < 0.001). Reduced fear of humans was found during the first week for OF chickens when assessed in a stationary person test (P < 0.030). OF chickens also tended to express less general fear than HC chickens in a novel object test (D7, D28, D53 and D60; P = 0.052). However, contrary to expected, the reduced general fearfulness expressed by OF chicks in the novel object test did not result in increased veranda and range use (P = 0.92 and P = 0.45, respectively). To conclude, on-farm hatching of slower-growing broilers appears to benefit animal welfare as, during early age, it reduces fearfulness and allows for more resting and feeding, likely being the cause of increased body weight.

Introduction: Nurses provide long-term care to patients diagnosed or suspected of COVID-19 during the epidemic. This situation may cause nurses to experience more fear and death anxiety and increase the fear levels of their children. This study was conducted to determine the effect of death anxiety levels of nurses on the fear level of their children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out online with 362 nurses. Data were collected using an introductory information form, the Death Anxiety Scale, and the Children’s Fear Scale. Results: It was found that the death anxiety levels of nurses and fear levels of their children were high. It was determined that the children of nurses who had high death anxiety had higher fear levels. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of screening nurses’ death anxiety and children’s fear levels during the pandemic period and providing psychological support when necessary. Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Nurse, Child.

Purpose Nurses who care for COVID-19 patients are more likely to be affected psychologically than nurses who do not, and reactions such as increased fear may lead to psychological problems among nurses. The aim of this study was to determine the COVID-19 fear level of surgical nurses by using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Design A descriptive and cross-sectional study. Methods Totally, 202 surgical nurses who take care of suspected or infected COVID-19 patients working in pandemic and surgical units of a university hospital were included in the study. For data collection, “Nurse Characteristics Form” and “Fear of COVID-19 Scale” were used. Study data was analyzed with the descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman Correlation test. Findings The mean total COVID-19 fear score of the nurses was 25.09 ± 7.29 (min: 7, max: 35) and nurses who received training related to COVID-19 had statistically lower fear than those who did not (U = 3773.500; P= .027). Losing a patient because of COVID-19, being older and experienced in nursing significantly affected the total fear score of nurses (respectively, U = 3899.000; P= .004; rs = 0.152; P = .031, rs = 0.205; P = .003). Conclusions Surgical nurses have a moderate level of COVID-19 fear and it is recommended to conduct appropriate on-line training programs to develop psychological support strategies.

Abnormalities in bone development in humans and nonhumans can lead to impaired physical and psychological health, however, evidence is lacking regarding the role of individual psychosocial factors in the development of poor bone conditions. Addressing this lack of knowledge, we used low-productive laying hens (n = 93) and assessed behavioral responses to an open-field test (at 17, 18, 29, 33 weeks of age; wa), an aerial predator test (at 39 wa), and a social reinstatement test (at 42 wa). Bone condition was assessed using a palpation technique on five occasions (at 16, 29, 33, 45, 58 wa), with the half of the hens experiencing damage (deviations, fractures or both) at 29 wa and all hens by 58 wa. Stress-induced corticosterone concentration in feathers (at 16, 33, 58 wa) and body weight (at 23, 47, 58 wa) were also investigated. We hypothesized that lighter birds (at 23 wa) with the higher corticosterone (at 16 wa) and open-field-induced fear collected before the onset of lay (at 17 and 18 wa) are associated with a worse bone condition when in lay. We also hypothesized that those birds with more damage at the peak of laying (at 29 wa) would be lighter at 47 and 58 wa and more fearful by showing higher open-field (at 29 and 33 wa) and predator-induced fear responses, however, acting less socially towards conspecifics. These hens were also expected to have the higher corticosterone (at 33 and 58 wa). Our results show no association between fear level and open-field fear behavior, corticosterone concentration or body weight on the one hand (all measured before starting to lay) and bone damage at 29 wa on the other. When in lay, bone damage was associated with more pecking and less crossing zones when faced with an open field situation at 29 wa and improved sociality at 42 wa. This study provides the first evidence of a relationship of bone health with fear, sociality, and stress response. When in poor bone condition, our hens had enhanced psychological stress measured by fear behavior reactivity but not physiological stress measured as feather corticosterone concentration.

Here we present the first welfare assessment of commercial layers conducted in Slovenia. Hens were assessed in four systems at the beginning of the laying period at 22 to 24 weeks and at 50 to 55 weeks of age. These systems were an enriched battery cage system, an aviary, and a litter system with or without outdoor access. Clinical inspections of flocks were performed, and animal-based welfare indicators were scored (e.g., keel bone damage, feather condition, foot pad lesions, beak deformities, and comb and skin wounds). Hens’ fear level was scored using the novel object test and avoidance distance test. Among resource-based measures, selected micro-climate parameters were measured. The results showed no obvious clinical signs related to infectious diseases and suggest that the selected climate conditions were satisfying in all systems. Among animal-based welfare indicators, keel bone damage was shown to be the most serious problem connected with hens’ age and housing systems ( p < 0.05). Enriched cages and aviary system were associated with significantly more keel deformities compared to the litter systems ( p < 0.05). In addition, the least prevalence of foot pad dermatitis together with better feather condition was observed in the litter systems. In the family-owned aviary facility, hens were found to be the most motivated to approach a novel object or a human, and as such were recognized as the least fearful birds, with better human–animal interaction compared to other intensive housing systems. Key words: laying hens; welfare; health; housing system OCENA DOBROBITI V INTENZIVNIH REJAH KOKOA I NESNIC V SLOVENIJI Povzetek: Opravili smo prvo celovito oceno dobrobiti kokoAii nesnic v Sloveniji. V raziskavo smo vkljuAili nesnice iz Aitirih razliAnih sistemov reje in raven dobrobiti ocenili v dveh starostnih obdobjih; na zaAetku nesnosti, v starosti od 22 do 24 tednov in pri 50 do 55 tednih. Nesnice so bile rejene v obogatenih kletkah, v voljerah, v talni reji brez moA¾nosti izpusta in v talni reji z moA¾nostjo izpusta. Ob vsakem ocenjevanju smo jate kliniAno pregledali in s pregledom posameznih A¾ivali ocenili specifiAne indikatorje dobrega poAutja (poAikodbe prsnice, operjenost, poAikodbe podplatnih blazinic, deformacije kljuna in poAikodbe grebena ter koA¾e). PlaAinost kot indikator socialnega obnaAianja smo ocenili s testom novega predmeta in s testom odmika od Aloveka. Spremljali smo tudi mikro-klimatske pogoje reje. Ves Aas spremljanja nismo ugotovili vidnih kliniAnih znakov kuA¾nih obolenj. Rezultati meritev mikro-klimatskih parametrov nakazujejo, da so bili pogoji v rejah dobri. PoAikodba prsnice se je izmed specifiAnih kazalnikov izkazala za najresnejAii problem, na katerega vplivata tako starost kot sistem reje ( p < 0,05). PoAikodbe prsnice so bile znaAilno bolj izraA¾ene pri kokoAiih iz obogatenih kletk in voljer ( p < 0,05) v primerjavi z nesnicami iz talnih rej. KokoAii iz talnih sistemov so bile tudi boljAie operjene in so imele niA¾jo prevalenco poAikodb na podplatnih blazinicah. Nesnice, ki so bile rejene v voljerah na druA¾inski kmetiji, so kazale najveA zanimanja za nove predmete in Aloveka. Te kokoAii so bile ocenjene kot najmanj plaAine in so izraA¾ale boljAio interakcijo Alovek–A¾ival kot kokoAii iz drugih primerjanih sistemov. KljuAne besede: kokoAii nesnice; dobrobit; zdravje; sistem reje

Sigara tüketimi pek çok rahatsızlığı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, sigaranın yol açtığı sağlık sorunları ve bu sorunların önlenmesine ilişkin çok sayıda çalışmanın literatürde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Gerek sigaranın yol açtığı sağlık sorunları gerekse de sigaraya başlama yaşının gün geçtikçe düşmesi sigara tüketimini azaltmak amacıyla yapılan çalışmaların önemini arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sigara paketlerinde kullanılan resimlerin korku düzeylerinin sigara bırakma davranışı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Korku düzeyleri farklı olan resimlerin sigara bırakma davranışı üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesinde planlı davranış teorisinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda iki farklı korku düzeyine ait resimlerin (yüksek korku ve düşük korku) yer aldığı iki farklı anket formu kullanılmıştır. Online olarak hazırlanan anket formları katılımcılara sosyal medya platformlarından ulaştırılmıştır. Bu şekilde katılımcılar tarafından 440 anket formu doldurulmuştur. İlk olarak, anketlerden elde edilen verilere SPSS programı aracılığıyla güvenilirlik analizleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma modelinde yer alan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin test edilmesi için AMOS 21 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Aynı paket program aracılığıyla yapısal eşitlik modeli kurulmuştur. Bu aşamadan sonra doğrulayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. v Analiz sonuçlarına göre, öznel norm ve algılanan davranışsal kontrolün niyet üzerindeki etkisinin korku düzeyi yüksek olan resimlerin gösterildiği durumlarda, korku düzeyi düşük olan resimlerin gösterildiği durumlara göre daha güçlü olduğuna işaret eden sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Tutumun, her iki korku düzeyindeki resmin gösterildiği durumda da niyet üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Sigara içme niyetinin davranış üzerindeki etkisinin ise her iki korku düzeyindeki resmin gösterildiği durumda anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir Cigarette consumption brings with it many ailments. In this context, it is seen that many studies related to health problems caused by cigarette and prevention of these problems are included in the literature. Both the health problems caused by cigarette and the age of starting smoking decreases day by day, increase the importance of the studies carried out to reduce cigarette consumption. In this study, the effects of fear levels of pictures used in cigarette packages on smoking cessation behavior are examined. Planned behavior theory was used to analyze the effects of pictures with different fear levels on smoking cessation behavior. For the purpose of the study, two different questionnaires with pictures of two different levels of fear (high fear and low fear) were used. The questionnaire forms prepared online were delivered to the participants via social media platforms. In this way, 440 questionnaires were filled out by the participants. Firstly, reliability analyzes were applied to the data obtained from the questionnaires through the SPSS program. AMOS 21 package program was used to test the relationships between the variables in the research model. A structural equation model has been established through the same package program. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed after this stage. According to the results of the analysis, the results indicating that the effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on intention are stronger when the pictures with high fear levels are shown compared to the pictures with low fear levels are shown. There was no significant effect of attitude on intention when the picture at both levels of fear are shown. It is seen that the effect of smoking intention on behavior has a significant effect in the case that the picture in both levels of fear are shown

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of graded levels of betaine supplementation to the normal and low energy diets of broiler chickens during summer season on growth performance, tonic immobility (TI), economic value and some blood biochemical parameters. Three hundred one days-old broiler chicks were used. The chicks were divided into 6 groups (each of 50 chicks) and each group was 5 replicated (2x3 factorial design). The first, second and third groups were fed normal energy diet (NED) with 0, 1 and 2g betaine/kg diet (air dry basis) for 35 days, respectively. While, the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were fed low energy diet (LED) with 0, 1 and 2g betaine/kg diet (air dry basis) for 35 days, respectively. The experiment was carried out during summer season. Birds freely access to water and feed. Results showed no significant difference of growth performance between NED and LED groups. Betaine supplementation (2g/kg diet) to both NED and LED increased significantly (p Betaine supplementation 2g/kg diet to NED increased the total cost, total return, net profit, economic efficiency and performance index%, moreover improved the pancreatic and thyroid function and return the lipids indices of LED-fed birds to the normal level as in the NED-fed birds. No mortalities occur between the different groups. Therefore, betaine can be included in normal energy diets of broiler chickens by level of 2g/kg diet for improving the growth performance, economic value and welfare during the summer season.

Predators and responsive prey might be engaged in a behavioral game in which predators manage responsiveness or fear level in their prey, but the supporting evidence is limited. I investigate a potential case between a predator, the peregrine falcon, and a prey species, the semipalmated sandpiper, during fall staging by sandpipers. For the falcons, attacking vulnerable sandpipers roosting on the shore too early would discourage roosting, but waiting too long might be problematic as well since the roost could disband. Sandpipers are expected to be responsive against potential attacks, but being responsive too long comes at the cost of curtailing rest. The evolutionary stable solution in this game suggests that falcons should attack at all possible times, but concentrate their attacks in the early phases of roosting. Responsiveness by sandpipers, which I measured using the rate of false alarms during roosting, should decrease with time spent roosting. I provide evidence in support of these two predictions, suggesting that falcons and sandpipers are engaged in a war of attrition.

Public attitudes are vital for the successful implementation of management strategies and conservation programs. However, contradictory interests among different stakeholders can create important setbacks, creating barriers to achieve conservation goals. The endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) occupies now only 20 % of its historical distribution area, in Portugal, and its reduction was mostly due to direct human persecution. Here, we assessed locals’ attitudes towards the Iberian wolf in northeast Portugal, in a region where humans and wolves coexist for centuries. A total of 323 questionnaires from three different interest groups (general public, livestock owners and hunters) were analysed. We tested the differences in attitude and fear level patterns between the different groups and assessed what socio-demographic factors could be influencing the detected patterns. We found that general attitude towards this carnivore was neutral to positive, probably owing to the low levels of livestock predation and long coexistence with local populations. However, most drivers differed among stakeholders groups. Education, knowledge, and level of fear were strong predictors explaining attitudes towards this endangered species. We stress the importance of assessing attitudes patterns and identifying the socio-psychological factors as necessary tools to facilitate the development of targeted tolerance-promoting strategies. Among other instruments, increasing locals’ tolerance toward the Iberian wolf can be achieved by target education interventions, where the stakeholders can actively take part in discussions to accommodate their needs and expectation, rather than be listeners of the implemented programs.

avci, ilknur Aydin/0000-0002-5379-3038 WOS: 000450707300002 PubMed: 30515372 Introduction: Breast cancer is a common problem and it is important to understand the beliefs that increase awareness of breast cancer and guide early diagnosis behaviors. This research is planned to examine the knowledge and fear levels of breast cancer along with the spiritual characteristics of nurses. Methods: This is a descriptive type research. The domain of the research consists of women nurses working in Health Sciences University Samsun Education and Research Hospital. Sampling was not undertaken, rather 327 nurses who were on duty between January and May of 2016 and were willing to cooperate were incorporated into the study. Data was collected by use of the survey forms, "Breast Cancer Fear Scale" and "Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test (GKMBT)." Data were analyzed with SPSS 21 Software. Results: Nurses who participated in the research had an average of age of 32.27 +/- 1.04 years, 60.6% of whom were married, and had an average duration of nursing practice of 12.49 +/- 9.92. The nurses' breast cancer fear level point average was 26.11 +/- 6.58, the GMKBT scale general information sub-dimension point average was 7.20 +/- 2.81, the treatability sub-dimension point average was 5.80 +/- 1.68, and the total point average was found out to be 12.87 +/- 2.81. It was determined that nurses' knowledge levels of breast cancer were not related to fear levels. Conclusion: It was concluded that the nurses' breast cancer fear level was high and their knowledge level was moderate. In line with the results obtained, it might be recommended that studies should be made to increase the nurses' knowledge and awareness on breast cancer.

Purpose This study determines the effect of a nursing coping kit and a nursing coping bouncy castle on the self-reported medical fear levels of Uzbek refugee children. Design and Methods The study was conducted with Uzbek refugee children (n = 70) aged 6 to 18 years from Hatay province of Turkey. The children were randomly assigned into 2 groups; an experimental group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 35). Two coping interventions were tested; a nursing coping kit and a nursing coping bouncy castle. These were designed to present medical implements, depictions of healthcare staff, and medical procedures to the children in a fun and playful way. A socio-demographic questionnaire was completed by all participants prior to the experiment. Also, a Fear for Medical Procedures Scale (FMPS) questionnaire was completed by each participant both prior to and after the intervention sessions with both the coping interventions. Results The FMPS post-test scores decreased significantly in the experimental group after exposure to the two interventions when compared with the control group (11.77 and 22.14, respectively). Thus, the results support the notion that two coping interventions appear to reduce children’s medical fear level and make healthcare procedures easier to deal with. Conclusion The participation of children in creative activities such as making toys or playing with items from the nursing coping kit, and the opportunity for having fun represented by the nursing coping bouncy castle have potential benefits for them in terms of developing strategies to cope with their medical fears. Practical Implications Using interventions to cope with medical fears of children might be recommended when the normal development process is considered significantly. Nursing researches should attach more importance and perform further studies about the subject.

This study investigated whether close friends affect each other’s fear responses (fear beliefs and avoidance) when they discuss fear-related issues together. Children (N = 242) aged 7 to 10 years were first presented with ambiguous and threatening information about two novel animals respectively, after which their fear responses towards each animal were assessed (T1). Next, dyads of close friends had a discussion about their feelings regarding the animals, and their fear responses were measured again (T2). Results showed that children influenced each other’s cognitions following the discussion; from T1 to T2 their fear responses became more similar and close friends’ fear responses at T1 significantly predicted children’s fear responses at T2. Gender pair type predicted change in children’s fear responses over time. Children in boy-boy pairs showed a significant increase in fear responses following the discussion; their fear level became more in line with that of other gender pairs at T2, while those in girl-girl pairs showed a significant decrease in their fear beliefs, at least when threatening information was given. Differences in anxiety level between close friends did not affect change in fear responses over time. Altogether, the results indicate that children may affect each other’s fears.

Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) hens kept in different housing systems during laying period were exposed to a tonic immobility test. At the end of the laying period, the shortest duration of the tonic immobility, and thus the lowest fear level, was found in birds kept in enriched cages, i.e. cages equipped with 2 perches and a hiding place. The duration of the tonic immobility in hens kept in enriched cages was significantly lower (P

We investigated whether amygdala activation, autonomic responses, respiratory responses, and facial muscle activity (measured over the brow and cheek [fear grin] regions) are all sensitive to phobic versus nonphobic fear and, more importantly, whether effects in these variables vary as a function of both phobic and nonphobic fear intensity. Spider-phobic and comparably low spider-fearful control participants imagined encountering different animals and rated their subjective fear while their central and peripheral nervous system activity was measured. All measures included in our study were sensitive to variations in subjective fear, but were related to different ranges and positions on the subjective fear level continuum. Left amygdala activation, heart rate, and facial muscle activity over the cheek region captured fear intensity variations even within narrowly described regions on the fear level continuum (here within extremely low levels of fear and within considerable phobic fear). Skin conductance and facial muscle activity over the brow region did not capture fear intensity variations within low levels of fear: skin conductance mirrored only extreme levels of fear, and activity over the brow region distinguished phobic from nonphobic fear but also low-to-moderate and high phobic fear. Finally, respiratory measures distinguished phobic from nonphobic fear with no further differentiation within phobic and nonphobic fear. We conclude that a careful consideration of the measures to be used in an investigation and the population to be examined can be critical in order to obtain significant results.

Background: Fear can harm the welfare and productive performance of intensively housed chicks and resulted in lowered fear adaptability to automation and human contact. The purpose: This study was designated to measure fear levels to co-workers and its relation to productive performance in the most commonly reared commercial broiler strains (Avian 43, Hubbard, Ross and Cobb) in Upper Egypt when they were kept under intensive rearing conditions. Methods: In this study, measurement of fear levels in broiler strains was investigated according to various test situations. Firstly, using acute fear tests on individual and farm levels to differentiate between strains behaviors, Secondly the productive traits such as growth rate, mortality rate and feed conversion efficiency were measured at farm level during 7 weeks periods. Results: There were significant differences between strains in terms of fear and productive performance (P

The design of the public transport as to meet working women’s travelling needs is still lacking in Malaysian urban scenarios. Having that in mind, the increasing crime rate among these vulnerable group in urban area had further increase their level of fear while commuting to work. This is especially true for many working women who have no choice but to travel using public transport to their work place on a routine basis. To further investigate the factors of women travel pattern that affect the fear level among these vulnerable group of commuters, time and age were considered in this study. Keywords: Travelling pattern; Age of travellers; Time of travelling; Women Commuters;Fear of Crime eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

All end-of-lay hens must be transported from the production site to the site for slaughter, usually by road. The acts of being crated and transported are likely to be novel and potentially frightening. Frightened birds can be put into tonic immobility (TI), an unlearned, catatonic state, the duration of which is positively related to the fear level of the birds. Ninety ISA Brown free-range birds (in three groups of 30) and 90 caged ISA Brown birds (in similar groups) were transported (one group from cages and free-range per day) on a journey of 68 km (74 min approximately). On their return, each of the birds was subjected to TI. Although no significant differences were recorded between free-range and caged birds after they were transported (P = 0.087), in the comparison between the same birds after 7 wk, without transport, a significant difference in fear levels was observed (P < 0.001). The free-range birds were less frightened than the caged birds. No significant difference was ever found in fear levels for caged birds from different tiers. Handling and transport on this relatively short journey was apparently equally frightening for caged and free-range birds. It cannot be assumed that just because fear levels differ between free-range and caged birds, this difference will be apparent for all novel stimuli. If all birds, at all tiers, receive the same amount of human contact during the production period, there is no reason to expect differences to occur in fear levels of birds from different tiers.

During growth (27 to 75 days of age), a total of 384 rabbits were kept in 72 individual cages, 48 bicellular cages (2 rabbits/cage) and 24 collective cages (9 rabbits/cage). To evaluate the effects of the housing system on the fear level and behavioural patterns of rabbits at the two ages (39 to 45 days and 66 to 73 days), a tonic immobility test and an open-field test were conducted and their behaviour was video recorded. In the tonic immobility test, the number of attempts to induce immobility (1.38) was lower, and the duration of immobility (47.8 s) was higher (0.05 < P < 0.01) in the rabbits housed in individual cages than in those kept in bicellular (1.72 attempts and 25.0 s of immobility) and collective cages (1.99 attempts and 25.0 s of immobility). During the open-field test, the rabbits from individual and bicellular cages showed higher latency (38.8 and 40.3 v. 27.0 s), a lower number of total (73.3 and 81.7 v. 91.9) and central displacements (3.6 and 2.8 v. 5.4) and a shorter running time (11.8 and 13.6 s v. 17.7 s) and the time biting the pen (5.5 and 9.1 s v. 28.2 s) compared with the rabbits kept in collective cages (0.05 < P < 0.001). During the 24-h video recording, the rabbits in individual and bicellular cages spent less time allogrooming (0.34% and 0.19% v. 1.44%), moving (0.74% and 0.60% v. 1.32%) and running (0.08% and 0.03% v. 0.21%) than the rabbits in the collective cages (0.01 < P < 0.001). The lowest numbers of alerts and hops were observed in the rabbits kept in bicellular cages. With increasing age, a lower number of rabbits were sensitive to the immobility test and more rabbits entered the pen spontaneously during the open-field test (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the rabbits in individual cages exhibited the highest fear level and incomplete behavioural patterns; the rabbits housed in collective cages showed the lowest fear levels and had the possibility of expressing a wider range of behaviour; and the rabbits in bicellular cages exhibited an inconsistent pattern of fear in the tonic immobility and open-field tests. Probably, these rabbits were in a less stressful condition compared with animals in individual cages because social contacts were allowed, even if freedom of movement was more limited.

Objectives: This study tries to assess the effectiveness of the DFSS-SF in measuring treatment outcome in children managed using psychological techniques. Methods: Seventy four children aged 8-13 years who were attending the dental clinic for the first time were recruited into the study. The Short Form of the Dental Subscale of the Child Fear Survey Schedule was administered to them before and after dental treatment. During the treatment procedure the children were managed with various forms of psychological management strategies. Results: Fear level in these children decreased significantly post treatment (p Conclusion: The DFSS-SF may be a good epidemiological tool but may not be effective in diagnosing and measuring treatment outcomes of dental fear in children. The same observation may be generalized to psychometric schedules which measure dental fear using summation of score results. Key Words: Dental fear, Children, Treatment, Schedules

40 male and 40 female Wistar-Imamichi rats were observed for their defensive burying and related behaviors in a novel or a living situation. In the novel situation, each rat was preexposed to a novel test chamber for 30-min on four consecutive days. In the living situation, each rat lived in the same chamber for nine days. On the next day of these preexposures, a shock prod was inserted into the chamber. Rats in the novel situation engaged in prod burying more than rats in the living situation, which showed less burying, more prod exploring, and more grooming. Female rats more engaged in burying than male rats in both situations. It is suggested that lower fear level of the rats due to full habituation to the living chamber may suppress the fear to the shock prod and burying behavior.

We evaluated the effectiveness of a manual to teach parents how to help their children overcome fear of the dark. The primary components of the package included desensitization, reinforcement, and verbal self-control statements. Six fearful children ages 3-11 and their parents participated. A multiple-baseline design across three pairs of matched subjects was used. Outcome measures consisted of the level of nighttime illumination voluntarily set by the child on a rheostat installed in the bedroom and the child's subjective rating of his or her fear level during the night. The data indicated that all children were sleeping all night with the rheostat set at criterion level or lower within 2 weeks after initiation of treatment, without any report of fear. Follow-up measures at 3, 6, and 12 months showed that all children maintained or improved on the reduced fear behaviors achieved during the treatment.

Montgomery (1955) allowed rats to explore elevated and enclosed Y -mazes and found that rats in elevated mazes made fewer arm entries than rats in enclosed mazes. The type of maze had no effect on the order­ liness of the exploration. Lester (1967b) suggested that this latter result is misleading. Given that rats in elevated mazes have higher fear levels than rats in enclosed mazes, then rats in elevated mazes should show more repetition than rats in enclosed mazes. Con­ sider a rat in Arm A who enters Arm B and then turns around to face the choice point again. The higher the rat's fear level the more likely it should be to enter the most recently visited arm, Arm A, since that arm should arouse less fear than the arm not recently visited, Arm C. Lester suggested that Montgomery's failure to find this result might have arisen from his consideration of the total exploration period rather than the first choice. After the initial choices, all arms have been visited and so may not differ in the fear that they give rise to. Mowrer (1960) has suggested that a hungry rat is a scared rat. Mowrer talks of rats developing thirst fear and hunger fear (1960, pp. 147-148). Thus, it might be expected that deprivation versus satiation should have a similar effect on exploratory behavior as does elevating or enclosing the maze. The present experiment sought to test these ideas. Method The Ss were 80 naive male albino rats of the Charles River Breeding Laboratories strain CD with minimal experience of handling. They were 120-124 days old. The apparatus consisted of two Y -mazes made of wood. Both had arms 22 in. long and 6 in. wide. One was enclosed, with arms 6 in. high covered with hard­ ware cloth. The other was elevated 25 in. An observer was seated behind a screen equipped with an observation hole. The rats were run either in elevated mazes (El) or enclosed mazes (En) and either with 0 h or 24 h of food deprivation. There were four groups each with 20 rats: El-O, El-24, En-O, and En-24. Each rat was placed in the Y -maze for one 20 min exploration period and the sequence of arms entered was noted. An entry into an arm was defined as made when all

Two tests were made of Lester’s suggestion that rats’ open-field activity is an inverted U-shaped function of fear level. The first examined the relation between activity and defecation. The second test examined the relation between a possible low-level fear manipulation (estrus phase) and activity level. Both tests failed to support the suggestion.

It was predicted from a fear-motivated theory of exploration that defecating rats should show extremes of activity in an open-field test This prediction was supported. An explanation of a reported sex difference in exploratory behavior that was based on this fear-motivated theory of exploration was not supported.

Rats were exposed to an arm of a maze. As the arm was made less enclosed, the rats approached the arm more. Eventually, as the arm was made even less enclosed, the rats approached the arm less. These results support the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between the fear level of rats and the extent of their exploratory behavior.