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Agropastoral societies settled in Corsica in the mid-6th millennium BC. They mainly settled along the coastal areas but their presence is also attested in the high mountains of the island's interior from the Neolithic period. The occupation of both coastal plains and mountainous areas could be linked to pastoral activity involving herds mobility. Nowadays, traditional sheep and goat breeding systems in Corsica mainly consist of dairy farming of flocks. Demographic management is mostly based on autumnal lambing, while the management of forage resources is based on seasonal grazing in a double transhumance system. The herds spend the winter on the low elevation plains, go up to mid-height elevation in the spring, and summer in high mountains. Then they make a stopover (a capicursura) in the middle mountains in the autumn, before returning to the plains for winter (impiaghjera). However, land use patterns in mountainous areas are not immutable. They may have been very different in the past and must be investigated directly from archaeological evidence. This presentation will sum up the results from ongoing research on pastoral mobility in the Neolithic and the Middle Ages in Corsica, involving sequential analysis of oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope ratios in caprine dental enamel from two Neolithic sites: Montlaur (4050-3500 BC) and Araguina Sennola (5th-3rd millennium BC), and two medieval sites: Litala and Rostino (14th century AD). We have observed variations in feeding over the course of the annual cycle. Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) showed diverse patterns of seasonal changes, involving forest resources in winter as well as intriguing high-δ13C plant resources in summer (C4 plants?). Seasonal mobility of the herds was confirmed from intra-tooth variations in 87Sr/86Sr values. The results showed large intra-tooth variations, concomitant to seasonal changes in δ18O values. In addition, high inter-individual variability can be interpreted as reflecting the diversity in management and grazing patterns that characterizes these systems., Agropastoral societies settled in Corsica in the mid-6th millennium BC. They mainly settled along the coastal areas but their presence is also attested in the high mountains of the island's interior from the Neolithic period. The occupation of both coastal plains and mountainous areas could be linked to pastoral activity involving herds mobility. Nowadays, traditional sheep and goat breeding systems in Corsica mainly consist of dairy farming of flocks. Demographic management is mostly based on autumnal lambing, while the management of forage resources is based on seasonal grazing in a double transhumance system. The herds spend the winter on the low elevation plains, go up to mid-height elevation in the spring, and summer in high mountains. Then they make a stopover (a capicursura) in the middle mountains in the autumn, before returning to the plains for winter (impiaghjera). However, land use patterns in mountainous areas are not immutable. They may have been very different in the past and must be investigated directly from archaeological evidence. This presentation will sum up the results from ongoing research on pastoral mobility in the Neolithic and the Middle Ages in Corsica, involving sequential analysis of oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope ratios in caprine dental enamel from two Neolithic sites: Montlaur (4050-3500 BC) and Araguina Sennola (5th-3rd millennium BC), and two medieval sites: Litala and Rostino (14th century AD). We have observed variations in feeding over the course of the annual cycle. Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) showed diverse patterns of seasonal changes, involving forest resources in winter as well as intriguing high-δ13C plant resources in summer (C4 plants?). Seasonal mobility of the herds was confirmed from intra-tooth variations in 87Sr/86Sr values. The results showed large intra-tooth variations, concomitant to seasonal changes in δ18O values. In addition, high inter-individual variability can be interpreted as reflecting the diversity in management andgrazing patterns that characterizes these systems.

Ce livre intitulé Pionnières de l’éducation des adultes brosse en neuf chapitres onze portraits de femmes engagées au xixe et au xxe siècle. Leur grande diversité à la fois en ce qui concerne leur nationalité, leur milieu social d’origine, leur formation intellectuelle, leur culture politique et la forme concrète que prennent leurs actions en faveur de l’éducation des adultes est à la source des forces et de quelques faiblesses de cette étude. C’est une des forces de l’ouvrage, car dans son ...

This text analyses the first two decades of the École normale supérieure d’institutrices situated in Fontenay-aux-Roses since its foundation in 1880. Created to train elite female primary teaching staff (headmistresses and teachers in teacher training colleges, female inspectors of primary schools, etc.), the school of Fontenay was deeply influenced by its director of studies: Félix Pécaut (1828-1898). A supporter of an ambitious programme of instruction for women and an advocate of a model of laïcité (secularity) derived from his own belonging to the protestant religion, Félix Pécaut encouraged the “fontenaysiennes” to develop their critical thinking and apply it to every subject. This research analyses the youth of the Fontenay school through the mark that Pécaut made on a dozen of his students. This research is based on texts written by several of his former pupils who spoke up at the turn of the century when attacks against the school were proliferating in the context of the “War between the two Frances” (“Guerre des deux France”). Pécaut being a Dreyfus supporter, he converted Ferdinand Buisson to his cause and led his former pupils to keep a vigilant eye on the situation of the country in this context of political and social crisis. During this chaotic period, the school of Fontenay was frequently attacked in the press. Several “fontenaysiennes” stayed faithful to the legacy of Pécaut in their own teacher training colleges during the Belle Époque. They applied a liberal discipline based on self-government, replicating the traditional morning conferences and keeping in mind Pécaut’s aphorism addressed to “his daughters”: “Dare to be!”.‪, Cet article revient sur les deux premières décennies d’existence de l’École normale supérieure d’institutrices de Fontenay-aux-Roses à partir de sa fondation en 1880. Créée pour former l’élite du corps enseignant primaire féminin (les directrices et professeures d’écoles normales, d’écoles primaires supérieures et les inspectrices), l’école de Fontenay est marquée pendant cette période par l’aura de son directeur des études : Félix Pécaut (1828-1898). Défenseur d’une instruction ambitieuse pour les filles et partisan d’une conception de la laïcité scolaire maintenant une aspiration à la transcendance, cet ancien pasteur protestant encourage les fontenaysiennes à développer leur esprit critique et le principe du libre examen en tout domaine. C’est à travers l’empreinte que Pécaut a laissée sur une dizaine de fontenaysiennes que cet article aborde la jeunesse de l’école de Fontenay. Cette recherche repose sur les textes produits par plusieurs anciennes élèves de « Monsieur l’Inspecteur », qui s’expriment, pour beaucoup d’entre elles, au tournant du XIXᵉ et du XXᵉ siècle, alors que les attaques se multiplient contre Fontenay dans le contexte de la « Guerre des deux France ». L’engagement dreyfusard de Félix Pécaut, qui entraîne avec lui Ferdinand Buisson et qui appelle la communauté des fontenaysiennes à la vigilance, attire en effet sur l’école de Fontenay les foudres de l’opinion conservatrice. La fin du siècle est l’occasion de batailles de plumes dans la presse autour de l’École normale supérieure d’institutrices. De nombreuses fontenaysiennes font malgré tout fructifier l’héritage de Pécaut dans leurs écoles normales pendant toute la Belle Époque, appliquant une discipline libérale fondée sur le self-government, reprenant la tradition des conférences du matin et gardant en tête la maxime pécaldienne adressée à « ses filles » : « Osez être ! ».