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El objetivo fue conocer la exposición y desensibilización a la violencia en jóvenes de cinco contextos en distintas instituciones educativas y de readaptación social de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal comparativo de 25 instituciones de educación media superior, ubicados en Zonas Rurales (ZR), en Polígonos de Violencia (PV), Cercanas a Polígonos de Violencia (CPV), en Zonas Alejadas de los Polígonos de Violencia (ZAPV), y en un Centro de Internamiento Juvenil (CIJ) con un total de 1720 participantes; 851 (49.5 %) hombres y 869 (50.5%) mujeres. Resultados: Se encontraron medias significativamente más altas en desensibilización a la violencia en participantes del CIJ, seguidos por participantes de las ZAPV, y al final el ZR. Referente a la exposición a la violencia fue mayor en aquellos provenientes de las ZAPV después en jóvenes del CIJ y finalmente los de ZR. Conclusiones: La desensibilización a la violencia se presenta como consecuencia a la exposición de la violencia y las conductas que atentan contra la seguridad social. Finalmente, se encontró que las actividades artísticas y los padres unidos funcionan como factores de protección contra la desensibilización a la violencia.

The study investigated seasonal variations in mating behavior by analyzing the search for sex during the COVID-19 quarantine in Google trends. Causal impact analyses were used to examine the trends of Google keyword searches during the period in which the quarantine and post-quarantine period lasted in Chile, for topics related to mate preferences. Results indicated a consistent difference during the post-quarantine peaks of Google trends related to short-term and long-term mating behaviors. Such results complement research about the change in mating strategies from an evolutionary approach which predicted decreased a long-term investment during periods of uncertainty caused by the pandemic. We discuss the implications of this method to advance the comprehension the effects of pandemic on mating preferences.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer el efecto de la virtualidad en la dinámica y características de las parejas durante la pandemia, con énfasis especifico en las diferencias entre las parejas exclusivamente virtuales y aquellas con relación física. Se partió de la hipótesis de que los componentes de la escala de compromiso, intimidad, romance y amor (ECIRA), y la satisfacción en la pareja serían más altos en parejas virtuales. Se trabajó con diseño analítico transversal con una muestra de 353 participantes con media de 29.8 años (DE 7.1), se realizó una encuesta aplicando los instrumentos de componentes del amor de pareja y la escala de satisfacción en la pareja. Los resultados arrojaron que solo existen diferencias significativas en el compromiso con mayor puntaje en parejas físicas. También, los hombres puntúan más bajo en el componente de amor en pareja. Se concluye que la hipótesis inicial se desecha, si bien la intimidad, romance, amor y satisfacción no obedecen a la presencia de la pareja, el compromiso se presenta distinto y se erige como un elemento clave para futuros análisis de relaciones en pareja.

La Incidencia Lesional (IL) se define como el número de lesiones por 1.000 horas de exposición. El objetivo fue determinar la IL y los posibles factores que pudieran tener alguna influencia en las lesiones en los jugadores de la selección española de fútbol masculina absoluta de 2008 a 2015. Durante este periodo se convocaron 85 jugadores. El tiempo de exposición fue de 10.450 horas de las que 8.800 correspondían a entrenamiento y 1.650 horas a competición. El IL fue 7,46 lesiones por 1.000 horas de exposición correspondiendo el 76,9% a partidos de competición y el resto a entrenamientos. Las lesiones musculares fueron las más frecuentes (52,4%). La severidad de la lesión estaba relacionada con la posición del jugador y con el mecanismo lesional. En conclusión, la selección española absoluta de fútbol presentó un IL en la media de otros equipos de la élite del fútbol mundial.

The aim of this study was to show the migration process, due to the covid-19 pandemic, of the psychotherapist training program provided by a psychological care center from a real Gesell chamber to a digital version. The method used was action-research with self-study from the practitioners and supervisor whom reported their experiences with this new mode of working. An informed consent was given to students and participants explaining the implications of the process and its limitations, as well as the intention to publish findings. As results: the digital Gesell chamber presented some technical difficulties; however, it was a useful and ethical response to continue with the training program, with broad benefit for users. What is more, it presented communication advantages that allowed the reflective group to intervene without interruption. In conclusion: the use of the digital chamber was an alternative that eased the supervision of practitioners as well as the optimal performance of psychological care during social isolation.

El objetivo de este estudio fue mostrar el proceso de migración de las prácticas profesionales de una cámara de Gesell, en donde los participantes interactuaban de forma presencial, a un modelo digital en un centro de prácticas que brindaba atención psicológica durante el inicio de la pandemia originada por la covid-19. El método empleado fue investigación-acción con autoestudio tanto de las practicantes como del supervisor, quienes reportaron sus experiencias con esa nueva modalidad. Se otorgó un consentimiento al personal y a los participantes sobre las implicaciones y limitaciones del proceso, así como la intención de publicar los hallazgos. Como resultado, se obtuvo la experiencia de la cámara de Gesell digital, la cual presentó dificultades técnicas; sin embargo, fue una respuesta ética útil para proseguir con prácticas profesionales que tuvo con amplios beneficios para los usuarios, como ventajas de comunicación que permitieron intervenciones sin interrupción por parte del grupo reflexivo. En conclusión, el uso de la cámara digital resultó una alternativa que facilitó la supervisión y el desempeño óptimo de la atención psicológica durante el distanciamiento social.

The evacuation problem is usually addressed by assuming homogeneous media where pedestrians move freely in the presence of several exits and obstacles. From a more general perspective, this work co...

El autoerotismo como posibilidad autogestionada de placer individual, no se limita a la masturbación, sino que comprende también fantasías, sueños, exploraciones, excitaciones y deseos. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer las implicaciones del autoerotismo con los mandatos de género, las identidades y sexos; así como indagar su relación con el machismo sexual y la posibilidad de disfrute. En el método se empleó un diseño cuantitativo transversal, correlacional y comparativo. La muestra contempló a 277 participantes, 62% fueron mujeres, 37.1% hombres y 0.72% intersexuales con una media de edad de 25 D.E. 7.23. Los resultados obtenidos permiten inferir que el autoerotismo y el disfrute (Gaudibilidad) se encuentran asociados con la identificación con el feminismo. A su vez, menor autoerotismo y Gaudibilidad en mujeres, diferencias significativas entre personas binarias y no binarias en capacidad de disfrute, correlaciones significativas entre cuidado del cuerpo, el sentido de propiedad y su relación negativa con tener relaciones no deseadas. El autoerotismo como apropiación del cuerpo y liberación de los mandatos de género patriarcales.

Key points The functional neuroanatomy of the mammalian respiratory network is far from being understood since experimental tools that measure neural activity across this brainstem-wide circuit are lacking. Here, we use silicon multi-electrode arrays to record respiratory local field potentials (rLFPs) from 196-364 electrode sites within 8-10 mm3 of brainstem tissue in single arterially perfused brainstem preparations with respect to the ongoing respiratory motor pattern of inspiration (I), post-inspiration (PI) and late-expiration (E2). rLFPs peaked specifically at the three respiratory phase transitions, E2-I, I-PI and PI-E2. We show, for the first time, that only the I-PI transition engages a brainstem-wide network, and that rLFPs during the PI-E2 transition identify a hitherto unknown role for the dorsal respiratory group. Volumetric mapping of pontomedullary rLFPs in single preparations could become a reliable tool for assessing the functional neuroanatomy of the respiratory network in health and disease. Abstract While it is widely accepted that inspiratory rhythm generation depends on the pre-Botzinger complex, the functional neuroanatomy of the neural circuits that generate expiration is debated. We hypothesized that the compartmental organization of the brainstem respiratory network is sufficient to generate macroscopic local field potentials (LFPs), and if so, respiratory (r) LFPs could be used to map the functional neuroanatomy of the respiratory network. We developed an approach using silicon multi-electrode arrays to record spontaneous LFPs from hundreds of electrode sites in a volume of brainstem tissue while monitoring the respiratory motor pattern on phrenic and vagal nerves in the perfused brainstem preparation. Our results revealed the expression of rLFPs across the pontomedullary brainstem. rLFPs occurred specifically at the three transitions between respiratory phases: (1) from late expiration (E2) to inspiration (I), (2) from I to post-inspiration (PI), and (3) from PI to E2. Thus, respiratory network activity was maximal at respiratory phase transitions. Spatially, the E2-I, and PI-E2 transitions were anatomically localized to the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups, respectively. In contrast, our data show, for the first time, that the generation of controlled expiration during the post-inspiratory phase engages a distributed neuronal population within ventral, dorsal and pontine network compartments. A group-wise independent component analysis demonstrated that all preparations exhibited rLFPs with a similar temporal structure and thus share a similar functional neuroanatomy. Thus, volumetric mapping of rLFPs could allow for the physiological assessment of global respiratory network organization in health and disease.

Representações dos professores de ensino fundamental rural e urbano-marginalizado sobre o desempenho acadêmico no decorrer do confinamento pela COVID-19 O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as representações dos professores de escolas primárias rurais e urbanas marginalizadas no decorrer da pandemia pela COVID-19 no início do ano letivo 2020-2021. O referencial teórico que orienta esta pesquisa é a concepção do trabalho docente do interacionismo sociodiscursivo, em particular as dimensões do trabalho representado e prescrito. Como parte da metodologia, aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e de múltipla escolha a 24 professores de dois estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí e Veracruz. Os resultados mostram que os professores consideram que a modalidade de ensino remoto aumenta a defasagem educacional ou dificulta a aprendizagem. Além disso, possibilitam identificar as dificuldades previstas para o novo ano letivo (conexão à internet, explicação dos conteúdos e a comunicação com as famílias) e reconhecer que o WhatsApp tornou-se a principal alternativa para o desenvolvimento das aulas síncronas, o envio das atividades de ensino e para manter a comunicação com os alunos e suas famílias. Palavras-chave: representação dos professores, práticas de docentes, ensino remoto. Representaciones de los profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las representaciones de profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el inicio del ciclo escolar 2020-2021. El referente teórico que orienta el estudio es la concepción de trabajo docente del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo, particularmente las dimensiones de trabajo representado y prescrito. Como parte de la metodología se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y de opción múltiple a 24 profesores de dos estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí y Veracruz. Los resultados muestran que, para los profesores participantes, la educación a distancia aumenta el rezago educativo o dificulta el aprendizaje. Además, permiten identificar las dificultades previstas para el nuevo ciclo escolar (conexión a internet, explicación de contenidos y la comunicación con las familias) y reconocer que WhatsApp se convirtió en la principal alternativa para el desarrollo de las clases síncronas, el envío de tareas y la comunicación con los estudiantes y sus familias. Palabras clave: trabajo representado, prácticas docentes, enseñanza a distancia. The work represented of rural and urban-marginated elementary teachers during confinement by COVID-19 ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to analyze the representations of rural and urban-marginalized elementary school teachers about their work during the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of the 2020-2021. The theoretical framework that guides the study is the sociodiscursive interactionism applied to the conception of teaching work, particularly the dimensions of represented and prescribed work. Part of the method was to apply a questionnaire with open and multiple-choice items that was supplied to 24 teachers from two Mexican states: San Luis Potosí and Veracruz. The results exibit that distance learning increases educational backwardness or hinders learning. Furthermore, they allow to identify the difficulties foreseen for the new school year (Internet connection, explanation of content and communication with families) and recognize that WhatsApp became the main alternative for the development of synchronous classes, sending assignments and communication with students and their families. Keywords: represented work, Docents practices, distance learning. Representações dos professores de ensino fundamental rural e urbano-marginalizado sobre o desempenho acadêmico no decorrer do confinamento pela COVID-19 O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as representações dos professores de escolas primárias rurais e urbanas marginalizadas no decorrer da pandemia pela COVID-19 no início do ano letivo 2020-2021. O referencial teórico que orienta esta pesquisa é a concepção do trabalho docente do interacionismo sociodiscursivo, em particular as dimensões do trabalho representado e prescrito. Como parte da metodologia, aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e de múltipla escolha a 24 professores de dois estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí e Veracruz. Os resultados mostram que os professores consideram que a modalidade de ensino remoto aumenta a defasagem educacional ou dificulta a aprendizagem. Além disso, possibilitam identificar as dificuldades previstas para o novo ano letivo (conexão à internet, explicação dos conteúdos e a comunicação com as famílias) e reconhecer que o WhatsApp tornou-se a principal alternativa para o desenvolvimento das aulas síncronas, o envio das atividades de ensino e para manter a comunicação com os alunos e suas famílias. Palavras-chave: representação dos professores, práticas de docentes, ensino remoto. Representaciones de los profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las representaciones de profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el inicio del ciclo escolar 2020-2021. El referente teórico que orienta el estudio es la concepción de trabajo docente del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo, particularmente las dimensiones de trabajo representado y prescrito. Como parte de la metodología se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y de opción múltiple a 24 profesores de dos estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí y Veracruz. Los resultados muestran que, para los profesores participantes, la educación a distancia aumenta el rezago educativo o dificulta el aprendizaje. Además, permiten identificar las dificultades previstas para el nuevo ciclo escolar (conexión a internet, explicación de contenidos y la comunicación con las familias) y reconocer que WhatsApp se convirtió en la principal alternativa para el desarrollo de las clases síncronas, el envío de tareas y la comunicación con los estudiantes y sus familias. Palabras clave: trabajo representado, prácticas docentes, enseñanza a distancia. The work represented of rural and urban-marginated elementary teachers during confinement by COVID-19 ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to analyze the representations of rural and urban-marginalized elementary school teachers about their work during the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of the 2020-2021. The theoretical framework that guides the study is the sociodiscursive interactionism applied to the conception of teaching work, particularly the dimensions of represented and prescribed work. Part of the method was to apply a questionnaire with open and multiple-choice items that was supplied to 24 teachers from two Mexican states: San Luis Potosí and Veracruz. The results exibit that distance learning increases educational backwardness or hinders learning. Furthermore, they allow to identify the difficulties foreseen for the new school year (Internet connection, explanation of content and communication with families) and recognize that WhatsApp became the main alternative for the development of synchronous classes, sending assignments and communication with students and their families. Keywords: represented work, Docents practices, distance learning. Representações dos professores de ensino fundamental rural e urbano-marginalizado sobre o desempenho acadêmico no decorrer do confinamento pela COVID-19 O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as representações dos professores de escolas primárias rurais e urbanas marginalizadas no decorrer da pandemia pela COVID-19 no início do ano letivo 2020-2021. O referencial teórico que orienta esta pesquisa é a concepção do trabalho docente do interacionismo sociodiscursivo, em particular as dimensões do trabalho representado e prescrito. Como parte da metodologia, aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e de múltipla escolha a 24 professores de dois estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí e Veracruz. Os resultados mostram que os professores consideram que a modalidade de ensino remoto aumenta a defasagem educacional ou dificulta a aprendizagem. Além disso, possibilitam identificar as dificuldades previstas para o novo ano letivo (conexão à internet, explicação dos conteúdos e a comunicação com as famílias) e reconhecer que o WhatsApp tornou-se a principal alternativa para o desenvolvimento das aulas síncronas, o envio das atividades de ensino e para manter a comunicação com os alunos e suas famílias. Palavras-chave: representação dos professores, práticas de docentes, ensino remoto. Representaciones de los profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las representaciones de profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el inicio del ciclo escolar 2020-2021. El referente teórico que orienta el estudio es la concepción de trabajo docente del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo, particularmente las dimensiones de trabajo representado y prescrito. Como parte de la metodología se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y de opción múltiple a 24 profesores de dos estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí y Veracruz. Los resultados muestran que, para los profesores participantes, la educación a distancia aumenta el rezago educativo o dificulta el aprendizaje. Además, permiten identificar las dificultades previstas para el nuevo ciclo escolar (conexión a internet, explicación de contenidos y la comunicación con las familias) y reconocer que WhatsApp se convirtió en la principal alternativa para el desarrollo de las clases síncronas, el envío de tareas y la comunicación con los estudiantes y sus familias. Palabras clave: trabajo representado, prácticas docentes, enseñanza a distancia. The work represented of rural and urban-marginated elementary teachers during confinement by COVID-19 ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to analyze the representations of rural and urban-marginalized elementary school teachers about their work during the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of the 2020-2021. The theoretical framework that guides the study is the sociodiscursive interactionism applied to the conception of teaching work, particularly the dimensions of represented and prescribed work. Part of the method was to apply a questionnaire with open and multiple-choice items that was supplied to 24 teachers from two Mexican states: San Luis Potosí and Veracruz. The results exibit that distance learning increases educational backwardness or hinders learning. Furthermore, they allow to identify the difficulties foreseen for the new school year (Internet connection, explanation of content and communication with families) and recognize that WhatsApp became the main alternative for the development of synchronous classes, sending assignments and communication with students and their families. Keywords: represented work, Docents practices, distance learning. Representações dos professores de ensino fundamental rural e urbano-marginalizado sobre o desempenho acadêmico no decorrer do confinamento pela COVID-19 O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as representações dos professores de escolas primárias rurais e urbanas marginalizadas no decorrer da pandemia pela COVID-19 no início do ano letivo 2020-2021. O referencial teórico que orienta esta pesquisa é a concepção do trabalho docente do interacionismo sociodiscursivo, em particular as dimensões do trabalho representado e prescrito. Como parte da metodologia, aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e de múltipla escolha a 24 professores de dois estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí e Veracruz. Os resultados mostram que os professores consideram que a modalidade de ensino remoto aumenta a defasagem educacional ou dificulta a aprendizagem. Além disso, possibilitam identificar as dificuldades previstas para o novo ano letivo (conexão à internet, explicação dos conteúdos e a comunicação com as famílias) e reconhecer que o WhatsApp tornou-se a principal alternativa para o desenvolvimento das aulas síncronas, o envio das atividades de ensino e para manter a comunicação com os alunos e suas famílias. Palavras-chave: representação dos professores, práticas de docentes, ensino remoto. Representaciones de los profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las representaciones de profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el inicio del ciclo escolar 2020-2021. El referente teórico que orienta el estudio es la concepción de trabajo docente del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo, particularmente las dimensiones de trabajo representado y prescrito. Como parte de la metodología se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y de opción múltiple a 24 profesores de dos estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí y Veracruz. Los resultados muestran que, para los profesores participantes, la educación a distancia aumenta el rezago educativo o dificulta el aprendizaje. Además, permiten identificar las dificultades previstas para el nuevo ciclo escolar (conexión a internet, explicación de contenidos y la comunicación con las familias) y reconocer que WhatsApp se convirtió en la principal alternativa para el desarrollo de las clases síncronas, el envío de tareas y la comunicación con los estudiantes y sus familias. Palabras clave: trabajo representado, prácticas docentes, enseñanza a distancia. The work represented of rural and urban-marginated elementary teachers during confinement by COVID-19 ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to analyze the representations of rural and urban-marginalized elementary school teachers about their work during the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of the 2020-2021. The theoretical framework that guides the study is the sociodiscursive interactionism applied to the conception of teaching work, particularly the dimensions of represented and prescribed work. Part of the method was to apply a questionnaire with open and multiple-choice items that was supplied to 24 teachers from two Mexican states: San Luis Potosí and Veracruz. The results exibit that distance learning increases educational backwardness or hinders learning. Furthermore, they allow to identify the difficulties foreseen for the new school year (Internet connection, explanation of content and communication with families) and recognize that WhatsApp became the main alternative for the development of synchronous classes, sending assignments and communication with students and their families. Keywords: represented work, Docents practices, distance learning. Representações dos professores de ensino fundamental rural e urbano-marginalizado sobre o desempenho acadêmico no decorrer do confinamento pela COVID-19 O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as representações dos professores de escolas primárias rurais e urbanas marginalizadas no decorrer da pandemia pela COVID-19 no início do ano letivo 2020-2021. O referencial teórico que orienta esta pesquisa é a concepção do trabalho docente do interacionismo sociodiscursivo, em particular as dimensões do trabalho representado e prescrito. Como parte da metodologia, aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e de múltipla escolha a 24 professores de dois estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí e Veracruz. Os resultados mostram que os professores consideram que a modalidade de ensino remoto aumenta a defasagem educacional ou dificulta a aprendizagem. Além disso, possibilitam identificar as dificuldades previstas para o novo ano letivo (conexão à internet, explicação dos conteúdos e a comunicação com as famílias) e reconhecer que o WhatsApp tornou-se a principal alternativa para o desenvolvimento das aulas síncronas, o envio das atividades de ensino e para manter a comunicação com os alunos e suas famílias. Palavras-chave: representação dos professores, práticas de docentes, ensino remoto. Representaciones de los profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las representaciones de profesores de primarias rurales y urbano-marginadas sobre su trabajo durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el inicio del ciclo escolar 2020-2021. El referente teórico que orienta el estudio es la concepción de trabajo docente del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo, particularmente las dimensiones de trabajo representado y prescrito. Como parte de la metodología se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y de opción múltiple a 24 profesores de dos estados mexicanos: San Luis Potosí y Veracruz. Los resultados muestran que, para los profesores participantes, la educación a distancia aumenta el rezago educativo o dificulta el aprendizaje. Además, permiten identificar las dificultades previstas para el nuevo ciclo escolar (conexión a internet, explicación de contenidos y la comunicación con las familias) y reconocer que WhatsApp se convirtió en la principal alternativa para el desarrollo de las clases síncronas, el envío de tareas y la comunicación con los estudiantes y sus familias. Palabras clave: trabajo representado, prácticas docentes, enseñanza a distancia. The work represented of rural and urban-marginated elementary teachers during confinement by COVID-19 ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to analyze the representations of rural and urban-marginalized elementary school teachers about their work during the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of the 2020-2021. The theoretical framework that guides the study is the sociodiscursive interactionism applied to the conception of teaching work, particularly the dimensions of represented and prescribed work. Part of the method was to apply a questionnaire with open and multiple-choice items that was supplied to 24 teachers from two Mexican states: San Luis Potosí and Veracruz. The results exibit that distance learning increases educational backwardness or hinders learning. Furthermore, they allow to identify the difficulties foreseen for the new school year (Internet connection, explanation of content and communication with families) and recognize that WhatsApp became the main alternative for the development of synchronous classes, sending assignments and communication with students and their families. Keywords: represented work, Docents practices, distance learning.

espanolEn Mexico hay 30.6 millones de jovenes de 15 a 29 anos (25.7% de la poblacion total). El 49.4% de las mujeres no empleo anticonceptivo o condon en su primera relacion sexual. Las conformaciones de genero y las formas de socializacion se transforman en los mandatos de genero. Estos, como categorias psicosociales, pueden ser entendidos como estereotipos prescriptivos que condicionan los procesos de socializacion: nociones que determinan la masculinidad o feminidad desde una postura heteronormativa. Metodo: Se realizo un diseno no experimental analitico transeccional para obtener las propiedades psicometricas del instrumento mediante el analisis factorial confirmatorio. Con 446 jovenes con una media de edad de 25.68 anos (DE 16.8). Se aplico la escala de mandatos de genero a una muestra que presentara similar cantidad en hombres y mujeres. Se logro obtener una escala de cuatro factores, dos de mandatos clasificados como femeninos y dos masculinos. El instrumento logra un modelo factorial confirmatorio con los elementos psicometricos apropiados. Si bien uno de los factores aparece ligeramente bajo en confiabilidad, la escala resulta idonea para aproximaciones a las sexualidades heteronormativas. EnglishIn Mexico, there are 30.6 million young people aged 15 to 29 years (25.7% of the total population). Of the women, 49.4% did not use contraceptives or condoms during their first sexual intercourse. Socialization and gender conformation are prone to evolve into gender mandates, which understood as psychosocial categories are prescriptive stereotypes that condition socialization processes: notions that determine masculinity or femininity from a heteronormative posture. Method: A non-experimental, transectional analytical design was performed to obtain the psychometric properties of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis. With 446 young people with a mean age of 25.68 years (DE 16.8). The scale of gender mandates was applied to a sample that presented a similar amount in men and women. A four-factor scale was obtained, having two mandates related to feminine gender mandates and two as masculine. The instrument achieves a confirmatory factorial model with the appropriate psychometric elements. Although one of the factors appears slightly low in reliability, the scale is ideal for approximations to heteronormative sexualities.

Clustering is a technique that allows data to be organized into groups of similar objects. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise ) constitutes a popular clustering algorithm that relies on a density-based notion of cluster and is designed to discover clusters of arbitrary shape. The computational complexity of DBSCAN is dominated by the calculation of the ϵ-neighborhood for every object in the dataset. Thus, the efficiency of DBSCAN can be improved in two different ways: (1) by reducing the overall number of ϵ-neighborhood queries (also known as region queries), or (2) by reducing the complexity of the nearest neighbor search conducted for each region query. This paper deals with the first issue by considering the most relevant region query strategies for DBSCAN, all of them characterized by inspecting the neighborhoods of only a subset of the objects in the dataset. We comparatively evaluate these region query strategies (or DBSCAN variants) in terms of clustering effectiveness and efficiency; additionally, a novel region query strategy is introduced in this work. The results show that some DBSCAN variants are only slightly inferior to DBSCAN in terms of effectiveness, while greatly improving its efficiency. Among these variants, the novel one outperforms the rest.

Psychological violence is defined as any intentional act that harms the psychological stability of a person. In the context of an affective relationship, this phenomenon usually manifests itself in behaviors of verbal abuse, isolation, control, intimidation, threat and emotional abuse. The objective of this research has been to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure psychological violence during courtship. The method used followed the phases described below: judges for content validity and explorator y and confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity and criterion validity with evidence of concurrence and divergence. The research was developed with a sample of 382 women (61%) and 244 men (39%), with an average age of 17.85 (SD 2.48) belonging to upper and higher secondary education, who would have had a formal partner (courtship). A content validity was obtained with V of Aiken = .91, a composite reliability> .80 in its AFC, as well as GFI of .98 and a CFI of .99. The previous evidences of validity and reliability allow us to recommend the use of the instrument in the approach to psychological violence in couples of young Mexicans.

The number of studies that investigate the correlations between the temporomandibular system and body posture, postural control, or the distribution of plantar pressure has recently been increasing. However, most of the existing information is not conclusive. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate if the features of dental malocclusion are correlated with body posture alterations at the lower limb level. This is a multicentre cross-sectional study with 289 children (8–14 years). Angle’s molar relation was analysed at the dental level. The postural control and the plantar pressure distribution were recorded via a force platform. Correlation and inferential analysis between the Angle class and the foot’s biomechanics were tested. The centre of gravity is anteriorised in Angle’s Class II in both the molar class (p ≤ 0.001) and the canine class (p ≤ 0.001). Likewise, a relationship was observed between the contact surface and Angle’s classes, being higher in class III than in II (p ≤ 0.001). The plantigrade phase is shortened in Angle’s Class III. A relationship was found between Angle’s Class II and a forward movement of the centre of gravity. No relationship was found between the Foot Posture Index and the truncated scaphoid height and the dental classification. An evident relationship between the gait typology and dental malocclusion was not found.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en hacer una revisión sobre las medidas y formas en que se ha empleado el concepto de reinserción social adolescente. Desde diversas disciplinas y sectores sociales en México, ha comenzado el reconocimiento de las personas jóvenes como un grupo de importancia que debe ser atendido dentro de las políticas públicas; sin embargo, quienes se encuentran en conflicto con la ley rara vez son considerados en los programas gubernamentales. Desde la perspectiva psicojurídica podría darse una aproximación a partir de la teoría del aprendizaje social y el etiquetamiento. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura científica publicada en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2017, utilizando la herramienta de Google Académico con el concepto de reinserción social. La muestra total fue de 93 artículos de los cuales se retuvieron sólo 18 que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados sugieren que la reinserción social de personas adolescentes no difiere del que se utiliza para población adulta. ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the different approaches given to the concept of social reintegration as well as to its applications in teenagers. With different perspectives, Mexico is beginning to look at youngsters as an essential group. In fact, it has recognized that public policies should be involved when targeting this group. However, government programs rarely consider those in conflict with the law. From the psycho-juridical view, the phenomenon could be studied from the social learning theory and social labeling. The method used was a systematic review of the social reintegration concept within scientific literature in the period from January 2017 to June 2017 using Google Scholar. Out of 93 articles obtained, 18 met the criteria and were used in the study. Results suggest that social re-integration in teenagers does not differ from the concept used when applied in adults. RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em fazer uma revisão sobre as medidas e formas em que se tem empregado o conceito de reinserção social adolescente. Desde diversas disciplinas e setores sociais no México, tem começado o reconhecimento das pessoas jovens como um grupo de importância que deve ser atendido dentro das políticas públicas; no entanto, quem encontram-se em conflito com a lei, rara vez, são considerados nos programas governamentais. Desde a perspectiva da psicologia jurídica poderia se dar uma aproximação a partir da teoria da aprendizagem social e a rotulagem. Método: se realizou uma revisão sistemática de literatura científica publicada no período de janeiro de 2012 até junho 2017 empregando a ferramenta de Google Acadêmico com o conceito de reinserção social. A amostra total foi de 93 artigos, dos quais se retiveram só 18 artigos que cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão. Os resultados sugerem que a reinserção social de pessoas adolescentes, não diferem do que se utiliza para a população adulta.

We employed high-density microelectrode arrays to investigate spontaneous firing patterns of neurons in brain circuits of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in mice. We recorded from over 150 neurons for 10[Formula: see text]min in each of eight different experiments, identified their location in S1, sorted their action potentials (spikes), and computed their power spectra and inter-spike interval (ISI) statistics. Of all persistently active neurons, 92% fired with a single dominant frequency — regularly firing neurons (RNs) — from 1 to 8[Formula: see text]Hz while 8% fired in burst with two dominant frequencies — bursting neurons (BNs) — corresponding to the inter-burst (2–6[Formula: see text]Hz) and intra-burst intervals (20–160[Formula: see text]Hz). RNs were predominantly located in layers 2/3 and 5/6 while BNs localized to layers 4 and 5. Across neurons, the standard deviation of ISI was a power law of its mean, a property known as fluctuation scaling, with a power law exponent of 1 for RNs and 1.25 for BNs. The power law implies that firing and bursting patterns are scale invariant: the firing pattern of a given RN or BN resembles that of another RN or BN, respectively, after a time contraction or dilation. An explanation for this scale invariance is discussed in the context of previous computational studies as well as its potential role in information processing.

El malinchismo es un concepto que hace referencia a la actitud de privilegiar la cultura, ideas, gustos y comportamientos que provienen de paises o culturas diferentes de la persona que les elige. Si bien, el concepto remite a la conquista espanola del continente americano, la literatura cientifica considera que es aplicable a otros paises y culturas. Es debido a esto que el constructo se aborda desde la teoria poscolonial, la teoria de la identidad social y la concerniente a la aculturacion remota, con base en ellas se explica la importancia del estudio en las nuevas juventudes mexicanas. El metodo empleado para la validacion de la escala de Malinchismo es uno secuencial derivativo, inicialmente evaluando los items con jueces para la obtencion de la validez de contenido, posteriormente con una muestra total de 560 participantes se busco la validez de constructo mediante Analisis Factorial Exploratorio, seguido de un Analisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Una vez obtenido el modelo definitivo se procedio hacia la obtencion de validez concurrente y divergente, empleando el cuestionario de sesgo intergrupal interetnico. La muestra para el Analisis Factorial Exploratorio fue de 336 participantes (M=16.18 anos, DE=0.74, 62% mujeres 38% hombres) y para el Analisis Factorial Confirmatorio se trabajo con194 adolescentes (M=16.17, DE=1.06, 57% mujeres y 43% hombres). Los resultados muestran una escala con excelentes propiedades psicometricas en todos los elementos del modelo factorial confirmatorio, asi como de validez y confiabilidad de cada una de las dimensiones que le componen, haciendo de la escala de malinchismo una ideal para la medicion de dicho fenomeno en adolescentes. La escala de malinchismo puede abordar cuatro factores que consisten en el privilegiar o preferir: comida, productos, personas o entretenimiento proveniente de otros paises. La escala permitira reconocer fenomenos sociales migratorios, de consumo y transformacion cultural en las nuevas juventudes mexicanas.

Respiration varies from breath to breath. On the millisecond timescale of spiking, neuronal circuits exhibit variability due to the stochastic properties of ion channels and synapses. Does this fast, microscopic source of variability contribute to the slower, macroscopic variability of the respiratory period? To address this question, we modeled a stochastic oscillator with forcing; then, we tested its predictions experimentally for the respiratory rhythm generated by the in situ perfused preparation during vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). Our simulations identified a relationship among the gain of the input, entrainment strength, and rhythm variability. Specifically, at high gain, the periodic input entrained the oscillator and reduced variability, whereas at low gain, the noise interacted with the input, causing events known as “phase slips”, which increased variability on a slow timescale. Experimentally, the in situ preparation behaved like the low-gain model: VNS entrained respiration but exhibited phase slips that increased rhythm variability. Next, we used bilateral muscimol microinjections in discrete respiratory compartments to identify areas involved in VNS gain control. Suppression of activity in the nucleus tractus solitarii occluded both entrainment and amplification of rhythm variability by VNS, confirming that these effects were due to the activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex. Suppressing activity of the Kölliker-Fuse nuclei (KFn) enhanced entrainment and reduced rhythm variability during VNS, consistent with the predictions of the high-gain model. Together, the model and experiments suggest that the KFn regulates respiratory rhythm variability via a gain control mechanism.

Neural activity generally displays irregular firing patterns even in circuits with apparently regular outputs, such as motor pattern generators, in which the output frequency fluctuates randomly around a mean value. This “circuit noise” is inherited from the random firing of single neurons, which emerges from stochastic ion channel gating (channel noise), spontaneous neurotransmitter release, and its diffusion and binding to synaptic receptors. Here we demonstrate how to expand conductance-based network models that are originally deterministic to include realistic, physiological noise, focusing on stochastic ion channel gating. We illustrate this procedure with a well-established conductance-based model of the respiratory pattern generator, which allows us to investigate how channel noise affects neural dynamics at the circuit level and, in particular, to understand the relationship between the respiratory pattern and its breath-to-breath variability. We show that as the channel number increases, the duration of inspiration and expiration varies, and so does the coefficient of variation of the breath-to-breath interval, which attains a minimum when the mean duration of expiration slightly exceeds that of inspiration. For small channel numbers, the variability of the expiratory phase dominates over that of the inspiratory phase, and vice versa for large channel numbers. Among the four different cell types in the respiratory pattern generator, pacemaker cells exhibit the highest sensitivity to channel noise. The model shows that suppressing input from the pons leads to longer inspiratory phases, a reduction in breathing frequency, and larger breath-to-breath variability, whereas enhanced input from the raphe nucleus increases breathing frequency without changing its pattern.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A major source of noise in neuronal circuits is the “flickering” of ion currents passing through the neurons' membranes (channel noise), which cannot be suppressed experimentally. Computational simulations are therefore the best way to investigate the effects of this physiological noise by manipulating its level at will. We investigate the role of noise in the respiratory pattern generator and show that endogenous, breath-to-breath variability is tightly linked to the respiratory pattern.

We hypothesized that epilepsy affects the activity of the autonomic nervous system even in the absence of seizures, which should manifest as differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac cycle. To test this hypothesis, we investigated ECG traces of 91 children and adolescents with generalized epilepsy and 25 neurologically normal controls during 30 min of stage 2 sleep with interictal or normal EEG. Mean heart rate (HR) and high-frequency HRV corresponding to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were quantified and compared. Blood pressure (BP) measurements from physical exams of all subjects were also collected and analyzed. RSA was on average significantly stronger in patients with epilepsy, whereas their mean HR was significantly lower after adjusting for age, body mass index, and sex, consistent with increased parasympathetic tone in these patients. In contrast, diastolic (and systolic) BP at rest was not significantly different, indicating that the sympathetic tone is similar. Remarkably, five additional subjects, initially diagnosed as neurologically normal but with enhanced RSA and lower HR, eventually developed epilepsy, suggesting that increased parasympathetic tone precedes the onset of epilepsy in children. ECG waveforms in epilepsy also displayed significantly longer TP intervals (ventricular diastole) relative to the RR interval. The relative TP interval correlated positively with RSA and negatively with HR, suggesting that these parameters are linked through a common mechanism, which we discuss. Altogether, our results provide evidence for imbalanced autonomic function in generalized epilepsy, which may be a key contributing factor to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

La ideación dependiente se basa en mandatos de género (pa- triarcales) e ideales del amor romántico que hacen pensar que una pareja es imprescindible en la vida de una persona; lo cual está asociado a un temor a la soltería, abnegación y dificultad para recibir afecto. Método: Para la reali- zación de la escala se siguió un método secuencial derivativo, con una pri- mera fase de validez de contenido, posteriormente se realizó un diseño ana- lítico transversal para el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y con una muestra distinta el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), por último, con el mis- mo diseño se obtuvieron correlaciones para la validez convergente y dis- criminante con dos diferentes instrumentos de medición. La muestra total consistió en 617 participantes de San Luis Potosí (centro) y Tijuana (norte y frontera), dos estados de México. Resultados: La validez de contenido se obtuvo mediante la W de Kendall, con un promedio de .272 y V de Aiken de .905.El AFC presentó Confiabilidad compuesta >.75 en todos los factores, AVE > .50 y MSV < .209. Por tanto, las propiedades de validez y confia- bilidad resultaron adecuadas para medir la ideación dependiente. Además, se obtuvieron notables resultados de validez de criterio, convergente y dis- criminante. Dependent ideation is based on (patriarchal) gender mandates and romantic love ideals leading to the idea that a partner is absolutely nec- essary in a person’s life; this attitude is associated with fear of being single, abnegation, and difficulty receiving affection. Method: The construction of the scale used a sequential derivate method including a first phase focused on content validity followed by a transversal design approach for explora- tory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a different population sample. Finally, using the same design, convergent and discri- minant validity correlations between two different measurement instru- ments were obtained. The total sample included 617 participants from the state of San Luis Potosí (center) and the city of Tijuana (northern border), both in Mexico. Results: Content validity was determined using Kendall’s W with an average of .272, as well as Aiken’s V, with an average of .905. CFA indicated a composite reliability > .75 for all factors, AVE > .50 and MSV < .209. Therefore, the instrument’s reliability and validity properties were found to be adequate to measure dependent ideation. Additionally, remarkable criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity values were ob- tained.

Dependent ideation is based on (patriarchal) gender mandates and romantic love ideals leading to the idea that a partner is absolutely necessary in a person’s life; this attitude is associated with fear of being single, abnegation, and difficulty receiving affection. Method: The construction of the scale used a sequential derivate method including a first phase focused on content validity followed by a transversal design approach for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a different population sample. Finally, using the same design, convergent and discriminant validity correlations between two different measurement instruments were obtained. The total sample included 617 participants from the state of San Luis Potosí (center) and the city of Tijuana (northern border), both in Mexico. Results: Content validity was determined using Kendall’s W with an average of .272, as well as Aiken’s V, with an average of .905. CFA indicated a composite reliability > .75 for all factors, AVE > .50 and MSV < .209. Therefore, the instrument’s reliability and validity properties were found to be adequate to measure dependent ideation. Additionally, remarkable criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity values were obtained.

In the highly interconnected architectures of the cerebral cortex, recurrent intracortical loops disproportionately outnumber thalamo-cortical inputs. These networks are also capable of generating neuronal activity without feedforward sensory drive. It is unknown, however, what spatiotemporal patterns may be solely attributed to intrinsic connections of the local cortical network. Using high-density microelectrode arrays, here we show that in the isolated, primary somatosensory cortex of mice, neuronal firing fluctuates on timescales from milliseconds to tens of seconds. Slower firing fluctuations reveal two spatially distinct neuronal ensembles, which correspond to superficial and deeper layers. These ensembles are anti-correlated: when one fires more, the other fires less and vice versa. This interplay is clearest at timescales of several seconds and is therefore consistent with shifts between active sensing and anticipatory behavioral states in mice.

Serotonin fibers densely innervate the cortical sheath to regulate neuronal excitability, but its role in shaping network dynamics remains undetermined. We show that serotonin provides an excitatory tone to cortical neurons in the form of spontaneous synaptic noise through 5-HT3 receptors, which is persistent and can be augmented using fluoxetine, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. Augmented serotonin signaling also increases cortical network activity by enhancing synaptic excitation through activation of 5-HT2 receptors. This in turn facilitates the emergence of epileptiform network oscillations (10–16 Hz) known as fast runs. A computational model of cortical dynamics demonstrates that these two combined mechanisms, increased background synaptic noise and enhanced synaptic excitation, are sufficient to replicate the emergence fast runs and their statistics. Consistent with these findings, we show that blocking 5-HT2 receptors in vivo significantly raises the threshold for convulsant-induced seizures.