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With limited data beyond the grid exit point (GXP) or substation level, how can Transpower determine the effect of the aggregated behaviour of solar photovoltaic power generation and battery energy storage systems on GXP load in order to maintain an accurate load forecast? In this initial study it is assumed that the GXP services a residential region. An algorithm based on non-linear programming, which minimises the financial cost to the consumer, is developed to model consumer behaviour. Input data comprises forecast energy requirements (load), solar irradiance, and pricing. Output includes both the load drawn from the grid and power returned to the grid. The algorithm presented is at the household level. The next step would be to combine the load drawn from the grid and the power returned to the grid from all the households serviced by a GXP, enabling Transpower to make load predictions. Various means of load forecasting are considered including the Holt--Winters methods which perform well for out-of-sample forecasts. Linear regression, which takes into account comparable days, solar radiation, and air temperature, yields even better performance.

BACKGROUND: Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) entrapment syndrome is a rare condition and is predisposed by anatomical factors such as narrow passages through fibrous arcades; whereas, the Arcade of Frohse (AF) is the most common entrapment point. The aim of this study was to evaluate the entrance and exit points of the PIN into the supinator in detail. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred unpaired upper extremities underwent dissection. The PIN’s entrance and exit points from the supinator were depicted. The distances between the tip of the radial head (RH) and the AF and the exit point of the PIN from the supinator were measured. Further, it was checked if the borders of the AF and the exit point were muscular, tendinous or a combination of these. RESULTS: The interval between the PIN’s entry into the supinator and the tip of the RH was at a mean of 28.9 mm. Concerning the border of the AF, in 54 cases a muscular and in 46 specimens a tendinous version could be observed. The interval between the exit point of the PIN and the tip of the RH proved to be at a mean of 64.2 mm. Further, the exit’s border was muscular in 65 specimens and tendinous in 35 cases. CONCLUSION: During surgical treatment of the PIN syndrome, it needs to be kept in mind that approximately one-third of all patients might also suffer from entrapment at the exit point of the PIN.

Internationally, an annual number of more than a million fatalities are caused by road traffic crashes, with particularly signalized intersections being crash prone locations within the highway system. An accumulation of conflicts between drivers is caused by the different movements (through and turning) from different directions at the intersection; hence, studying the trajectories of turning vehicles is an important step towards improving traffic safety performance of these facilities. In view of that, the current paper aims at providing further insight into the behaviour of left-turning vehicles (right-hand traffic rule) at signalized intersections in the State of Qatar. At first, a total of 44 trajectories of free-flowing vehicles were manually extracted from a recorded video for a single approach of Lekhwair signalized intersection in Doha City, State of Qatar. After that, the extracted trajectories were statistically analysed in an attempt to explore the factors affecting the path of left-turning vehicles at signalized intersections. The results suggest that the characteristics of the extracted paths are significantly related to the vehicle’s entry speed, minimum speed throughout its turning manoeuvre, and the lateral distance between the exit point and the curb (i.e., targeted exit lane). Provided that the speed parameters can be fairly an indication to the driving behaviour, it can be concluded that the driver’s attitude plays an important role in drawing the manoeuvre of a turning vehicle as does the pre-selection of the exit lane. Finally, the effort presented in this paper can be regarded as a way forward towards understanding the behaviour of turning vehicles at signalised intersection in the State of Qatar.

Nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve. It arises in the infratemporal fossa and runs in the mylohyoid groove of mandible to reach the submandibular region, where it supplies the anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles. Though sensory distribution of this nerve have been described, it is predominantly a motor nerve. Here, a rare intra-mandibular origin of nerve to mylohyoid has been presented. This nerve arose from the inferior alveolar nerve inside the mandible and came out to the submandibular region by passing through a small foramen present on the medial surface of the body of the mandible. It ended by supplying the anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles. The knowledge of this variation could be of importance to maxillofacial surgeons and radiologists.

Background This is an experimental study conducted to assess whether the fibular head is a reliable reference point to identify the position of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee. Materials and methods Twelve cadaveric knees were dissected through the lateral approach. The common peroneal nerve was identified and traced. The location where the common peroneal nerve crossed the posterior border of the biceps femoris and the posterior border of the fibular neck were designated as points B and N, respectively. The tip of the fibular head was designated F. Distances FB and FN were measured and the triangular area FBN was calculated at various degrees of knee flexion. Results During knee motion, distance FN showed minimal change and was not affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p = 0.131). Distance FB and distance BN were affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p 2 and subsequently decreased with further knee flexion. Conclusion The common peroneal nerve can consistently be found at approximately 20.7 ± 1 mm on the fibular neck with respect to the tip of the fibular head. The tip of the fibular head is a consistent landmark that can be used to predict the position of the exit point of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee.

Aim the surgical workup for colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases (CRCPM) is complex and should be managed in specialized centers. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms (DTA) have been proposed to balance optimal patients management and correct use of resources. Aim of this study was to establish a consensus on DTA for CRCPM patients in Italy. Method a panel of 18 delegated members of centers afferent to Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Onco-team of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology was established. A list of statements regarding the DTA of patients with CRCPM was prepared according to different activities and decision-making nodes with a defined entry and exit point. Consensus was obtained through RAND UCLA methodology. Results two different DTA were defined and approved according to the modality of presentation of CRCPM (synchronous and metachronous). A consensus was also obtained on 17 of the 19 statements related to DTA. Conclusion a shared model of DTA is now available for healthcare providers to monitor appropriateness in diagnosis and treatment of patients with isolated peritoneal metastases from CRC.

Background Acquisition of Basic Surgical Skills (BSS) are essential for medical students. The objective was to determine it’s fidelity impact. Methods Using four suturing models (SM) (pigskin, sponge, commercial pad, and orange), SM-quality and student-SM interaction were evaluated. After a 1-h class, participants were divided into groups and randomly assigned exercises in SM in 15-min intervals. The experiment included completing three individual simple stitches and a 3-stitch continuous suture in each SM. Results Eighty-two medical students participated. Suturing quality was better in pigskin and sponge, which were also the preferred models (p p p Conclusions Acquisition and quality of BSS are influenced by the intrinsic characteristics of SM. An adequate degree of resistance, consistency, and elasticity are necessary.

Let f : R d $\rightarrow$ R be a smooth function and (Xt) t$\ge$0 be the stochastic process solution to the overdamped Langevin dynamics dXt = ----f (Xt)dt + $\sqrt$ h dBt. Let $\Omega$ $\subset$ R d be a smooth bounded domain and assume that f | $\Omega$ is a double-well potential with degenerate barriers. In this work, we study in the small temperature regime, i.e. when h $\rightarrow$ 0 + , the asymptotic repartition of the quasi-stationary distribution of (Xt) t$\ge$0 in $\Omega$ within the two wells of f | $\Omega$. We show that this distribution generically concentrates in precisely one well of f | $\Omega$ when h $\rightarrow$ 0 + but can nevertheless concentrate in both wells when f | $\Omega$ admits sufficient symmetries. This phenomenon corresponds to the so-called tunneling effect in semiclassical analysis. We also investigate in this setting the asymptotic behaviour when h $\rightarrow$ 0 + of the first exit point distribution from $\Omega$ of (Xt) t$\ge$0 when X0 is distributed according to the quasi-stationary distribution. 1 Setting and results 1.1 Quasi-stationary distribution and purpose of this work Let (X t) t$\ge$0 be the stochastic process solution to the overdamped Langevin dynamics in R d : dX t = ----f (X t)dt + $\sqrt$ h dB t , (1) where f : R d $\rightarrow$ R is the potential (chosen C $\infty$ in all this work), h > 0 is the temperature and (B t) t$\ge$0 is a standard d-dimensional Brownian motion. Let $\Omega$ be a C $\infty$ bounded open and connected subset of R d and introduce $\tau$ $\Omega$ = inf{t $\ge$ 0 | X t / $\in$ $\Omega$} the first exit time from $\Omega$. A quasi-stationary distribution for the process (1) on $\Omega$ is a probability measure $\mu$ h on $\Omega$ such that, when X 0 $\sim$ $\mu$ h , it holds for any time t > 0 and any Borel set A $\subset$ $\Omega$, P(X t $\in$ A | t < $\tau$ $\Omega$) = $\mu$ h (A).

Background Kirschner wire fixation remains to be the mainstream treatment modality in unstable or displaced supracondylar humerus fracture in children, with divergent lateral pins being the most preferred due to their sufficient stability and decreased risk of ulnar nerve injury. However, the entry point at which the proximal lateral pin can be inserted to achieve a more proximal exit and maximum divergence has not been reported. This study retrospectively analyzed the characteristics and factors influencing the entry and exit points of the proximal lateral pins. Methods The study was divided into two stages. In stage one, the entry and exit points of the proximal pins of lateral pinning configuration were analyzed from intra-operative radiographs of children treated for extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures. The coronal and sagittal pin angles formed by the proximal pins were also measured. Using the findings of stage one, we intentionally tried to achieve a more proximal exit with the proximal pins in stage two. Comparisons between groups of patients treated by random and intentional pinnings were done statistically. Results In the first stage, 47 (29.2%) of the 161 proximal pins exited above the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (MDJ) region. Of these, 85.1% entered from lateral and posterior to the ossific nucleus of the capitellum (ONC). The pin angles averaged 58.4° and 90.5° in the coronal and sagittal planes respectively. In the second stage, 47 (65.3%) proximal pins in the intended group exited above the MDJ region, while only 32 (36%) in the random group exited above the MDJ region. Conclusion While aiming at the upper border of the distal MDJ during pinning, lateral pins can easily achieve a higher, proximal exit above the MDJ if inserted from lateral and posterior to the ONC and parallel to the humeral shaft in the sagittal plane. Higher exit can also be easily achieved in younger patients and patients fixated with smaller diameter pins.

Introduction During ankle fracture fixation, iatrogenic trauma to retro fibula structures can result in morbidity and reoperation. We describe a safe zone for lag screw insertion. Materials and methods This study was completed in three sections. We identified the average entry and exit points for the lag screw using 45 Weber B ankle fractures identified from our trauma database. We then analysed 26 sequentially presented ankle magnetic resonance images, concentrating on axial sections at 4, 8, 12 and 16 mm above the ankle joint. Finally, we used 63 sequentially performed magnetic resonance scans to confirm the safe zone from these consistent structures. Results The typical lag screw exit point was 14.2 mm above the ankle joint (95% confidence Interval 11.3–17.1 mm). A safe zone trajectory occurred between 31 and 45 degrees taken from the anterior aspect of the flat fibular surface at this level. The obvious palpable landmark to direct screw trajectory and avoid ‘at risk’ structures was found to be the medial edge of the Achilles tendon. Our final dataset confirmed in 63 scans, the medial aspect of the Achilles tendon to be a consistent safe zone with a minimum distance of at risk structures of 4 mm. Conclusion This simple method of directing the fibula lag screw towards the palpable medial edge of the Achilles tendon is practical, easy to teach and directs the screw on a safe trajectory away from the most commonly injured structures around the back of the fibula.

Research concerning the assessment of turns during walking in healthy older adults is scarce. This study compared three independent assessments of entry and exit points of turns during walking; participant, clinical rater, and a computer algorithm. Nineteen non-demented and nondisabled older adults (mean age 75.40 ± 5.52 years) participated in the current study. Results revealed that overall the three assessment methods were consistent (68 – 100 % agreement). However, participants determined their turn exit point before the algorithm, (−304.53 ± 326.67 ms), t(18) = −4.06, p = .001, 95% CI [−461.98, −147.08], and clinical rater, (−225.79 ± 303.79 ms), t(18) = −3.24, p = .005, 95% CI [−372.21, −79.37]. The differences in turn determination between the algorithm and rater were significant at turn entry points (131.24, ± 127.25 ms), t(18) = 4.50, p < .001, 95% CI [69.91, 192.58]) but not at turn exit points (−78.74 ± 259.66 ms), t(18) = −1.32, p < .20, 95% CI [−203.89, −46.41]). Greater time discrepancies in assessing turn exit points between the participants and both the algorithm and clinical rater were associated with worse visuospatial performance. Despite the relatively small difference among the three assessments of turns, they were consistent and can be utilized interchangeably. Further studies are necessary to determine whether differences in the ability to accurately determine turns entry and exit points are related to fall risk in normal and disease populations.

Purpose: To determine the effect of tendon thickness on the needle penetration ability of four different designs of antegrade suture passers. Materials and Methods: Four antegrade suture passers were tested: (a) ExpresSew II (Depuy Mitek Inc., Raynham, MA), (b) Arthrex Scorpion (Arthrex, Naples, FL), (c) Concept (Linvatec Corp, Largo, FL), and (d) ElitePass (Smith and Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA). Bovine tendons were divided into five thickness groups: 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 mm. At each tendon thickness, we performed 15 trials with the suture loaded and 15 unloaded per device. Successful needle penetration was recorded, and in case of success, the exit point of the needle was noted in relation to the superior arm of the grasping component. Results: All tested suture passing devices successfully penetrated tendon thicknesses of 3 and 5 mm. With the suture loaded, one device (Concept) only successfully penetrated 7 mm group tendons in 3/15 (20%) trials. Success rates at 9 mm with the suture loaded were 40% in ExpresSew II, 53% in Arthrex Scorpion, 0% in Concept and 53% in ElitePass. Among successful passages with a loaded suture in the 7 and 9 mm-groups, about 20-50% of passages were oblique, and the needle came out distal to the superior arm of grasping the component. No trial with any device succeeded with 11 mm tendons in the suture loading condition. Conclusion: Using an antegrade suture passer during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair should be carefully considered when the torn end of the tendon is thicker than about 7-9 mm due to potential failure of needle penetration and/or too oblique a suture passage. Level of Evidence: Controlled laboratory study.

Iron-free CCT magnet design offers many advantages, one being the excellent field quality and the absence of multipole components. However, edge effects are present, although they tend to integrate out over the length of the magnet. Many modern accelerator applications, however, require that these magnets are placed in an area of rapidly varying optics parameters, so magnets with greatly reduced edge effects have an advantage. We have designed such a magnet (a quadrupole) by adding multipole components of the opposite sign to the edge distortions of the magnet. A possible application could be the final focus magnets of the FCC-ee, where beam sizes at the entry and exit point of the magnets vary by large factors. We have then used this technique to effectively eliminate cross talk between adjacent final focus quadrupoles for the incoming and outgoing beams., Poster presented at MT25,25th International Conference on Magnet Technology, Amsterdam, August 27 - September 1, 2017

We analyze the process of strong field ionization using the Bohmian approach. This allows retention of the concept of electron trajectories. We consider the tunnelling regime of ionization. We show that, in this regime, the coordinate distribution for the ionized electron has peaks near the points in space that can be interpreted as exit points. The interval of time during which ionization occurs is marked by a quick broadening of the coordinate distribution. The concept of the exit point in the tunneling regime, which has long been assumed for the description of strong field ionization, is justified by our analysis.

Students can be classified into various types according to their general characteristics and traits. Typologies of students are useful to provide a better understanding of students” behavior to assist an institution in the development of programs to maximize students” experiences and achievements. This study used a typological schema to differentiate 315 freshmen at the time of entry into the American Degree Transfer Program (ADP). Data were collected over three semesters using the Cooperative Institutional Research Freshmen Survey (CIRP), developed by the University of California, on students during their first day of the orientation week. Data reduction was done by exploratory factor analysis and K-means cluster analysis was used to obtain categorical typology of students. We identified seven distinctive and meaningful students” types, namely Leaders, Status Strivers, Scholars, Undecided, Uncommitted, Artists and Social Activists. The Uncommitted and Undecided represented the largest subgroups of freshmen standing at 28% and 25% respectively. Uncommitted students scored negatively on all variables pertaining to career success, self-confidence, social concern, academic matters and artistic abilities. Undecided students reported their choice of the ADP was largely influenced by their parents, school teachers and school counselors. The findings of this study can be leveraged to academic interventions and special guidance to specific at-risk subgroups so as to produce positive outcomes at the exit point. It can also inform institutional marketing to focus on those people who play a significant role in a student”s choice of a university.

Penetrating abdomino-thoracic injuries are potentially life-threatening due to the associated haemorrhagic shock and visceral injury. The management of these injuries poses specific challenges in pre-hospital care, transport, and management strategies. We report a 35-year-old male having impalement injury of the left thorax and left upper arm with a metallic rod used for construction of the house after a fall from height. One rod penetrated thorax from left shoulder and exit point was present just above the iliac crest and second rod was seen piercing left upper arm. Patient was successfully managed without any intraoperative, post-operative surgical complications, neurological damage or permanent injuries.

Background: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a benign disease caused by the hyper excitement of facial nerves owing to vessel compression. The offending vessels are usually arteries, such as anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar or vertebral arteries, but there are few reports of vein involvement cases. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate veins as offending vessels in patients with HFS confirmed by abnormal muscle response (AMR). Methods: We analyzed 5 patients with HFS caused by veins among 78 patients with HFS over the past 10 years. All patients underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) with AMR monitoring, whereas 3 of them underwent a second MVD. The mean follow-up time was 97 months. Results: Arteries were thoroughly decompressed in 3 patients with a failed first MVD surgery who received a second surgery, during which veins at the root exit point (RExP) were decompressed with the disappearance or a significant decrease in the amplitude of AMR. Two patients showed spasm resolution after the first surgery when veins were decompressed together with the disappearance of AMR. The location of veins was RExP and the cisternal portion. All patients had excellent outcomes within 3 months, and no complications were observed. Conclusions: Veins can be offending vessels in HFS patients. AMR is useful to determine the endpoint in these cases. Once arteries are decompressed thoroughly with residual AMR, surrounding veins at unusual sites, such as the RExP or the cisternal portion, must be checked to prevent persistent HFS. Complete decompression of veins leads to a good clinical outcome. Key words: Abnormal muscle response, Hemifacial spasm, Vein

Layer-bound arrays of polygonal compaction faults have long been considered as important migration routes for hydrocarbon fluids leaking to the surface across thick shale sequences. A classic example is the deep offshore of the Lower Congo Basin where numerous fluid-venting structures are present above a Pliocene polygonal fault system. In this paper we present a detailed seismic analysis of a newly recognised system of Quaternary-aged Linear Chimneys and their intersection geometries with pre-existing Pliocene-aged polygonal faults (PF). Most (73%) of the 209 chimneys analysed intersect the lower portions of polygonal faults and almost half of these are rooted in strata below the PF interval. This indicates that fluid (in this case gas) migrated vertically, cross-cutting polygonal faults as it ascended through the tier. This is a strong indicator that PFs did not provide viable migration pathways otherwise chimneys would terminate at the upper tip of the fault, which would be the most likely migration exit point. Only twice in the whole system of Linear Venting Systems did this occur. A sub-set of chimneys stems from or above PF planes but these are restricted to either the lower footwall or from the apex area of hanging wall. At best they are evidence of fluids migrating up the lower part of polygonal faults and exiting deep within the tier, then migrating through most of the tier in their own vertical leakage vents. These results provide strong indicators that at least within this part of the Lower Congo Basin polygonal faults were the least effective/favoured migration pathway and that it was more energy-efficient for migrating gas to hydrofracture its fine-grained overburden than to re-open polygonal faults.

Las dinámicas sociales en Pamplona de Indias, provincia del Virreinato de Nueva Granada, a finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX, muestran el ascenso y consolidación del grupo conformado por hacendados-comerciantes insertos en el circuito agroexportador que tenía salida al exterior por el lago de Maracaibo. Ponemos en diálogo el concepto región histórica con el de redes sociales, a través del análisis de las alianzas de poder establecidas por la élite pamplonesa durante los años 1795 y 1808. Nos interesa profundizar en los vínculos, en esta ocasión basados en el parentesco, que lograron tejer los miembros de la mencionada élite, los cuales le permitieron ampliar su red local alcanzando la inserción en diversos circuitos regionales tanto económicos como políticos., The social dynamics in Pamplona de Indias, province of the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, show the rise and consolidation of the group formed by landowners-traders inserted in the agricultural export circuit having its exit point through the Maracaibo Lake. We discuss the concept historical region explained by social networks, analyzing power alliances established by the Pamplona´s elite during the years 1795 to 1808. The interest of this work is to deepening the comprehension of links based on kinship amongst members of this social elite. Those links enabled them to expand its local network reaching both economic and political insertion in various regional circuits., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

An area under consideration of improving the mission effectiveness of small-scale, autonomous Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has been the increase of speed. One method is to incorporate dynamic slope soaring maneuvers as part of the flight path during waypoint navigation. Research into autonomous dynamic soaring capability in small-scale UAVs began with selecting a suitable maneuver heuristic. The output from the heuristic model has then been used to formulate a non-iterative trajectory forming algorithm. By utilizing Dubin’s curves, a viable trajectory can be generated between the exit point of the dynamic soaring maneuver and the next waypoint. The result is a complete, easily implemented three-dimensional autonomous dynamic soaring capability.

The pultrusion process is an efficient technology for the production of composite material profiles. Thanks to this positive feature, several studies have been carried out, either to expand the range of products made using the pultrusion technology, or improve its already high production rate. This study presents a process derived from the traditional pultrusion technology named “Step Pultrusion Process Technology” (SPPT). Using the step pultrusion process, the final section of the composite profiles is obtainable by means of a progressive cross section increasing through several resin cure stations. This progressive increasing of the composite cross section means that a higher degree of cure level can be attained at the die exit point of the last die. Mechanical test results of the manufactured pultruded samples have been used to compare both the traditional and the step pultrusion processes. Finally, there is a discussion on ways to improve the new step pultrusion process even further.

In nested NEMO, a multi-tunneling causes a pinball routing problem. Several solutions proposed to solve the pinball routing problem in NEMO BSP cannot be used at PMIPv6-based NEMO due to different environment such as no route optimization with CN. We propose a tunnel compress scheme for multi-tunneling in PMIPv6-based NEMO. The scheme consists of two parts: the first part is an interdomain or wired Internet part. The other is an intra part of nested mobile networks. In the inter-domain part, single IP-in-IP tunnel is created by connecting an innermost entry point with an outermost exit point in original multi-tunnels. As the same way used in the inter-domain part, single IP-in-IP tunnel is created from the outermost exit point and an innermost exit point in original multi-tunnels. In the proposed scheme, IP-in-IP encapsulated packets are forwarded using host-based routing without modifying the outer header. The information to compress multi-tunnels is piggybacked at the PMIPv6 signaling.

Background In recent years, cardiothoracic (CT) surgical training has faced several challenges, including a reduction in working hours and trainees favoring shorter training programs. We carried out a national survey in the United Kingdom (UK) to assess the CT 6-year training program. Methods All CT trainees in the UK (n = 121) were sent an online survey. This was combined with a debate at the Society for CT Surgery of Great Britain and Ireland. Results Ninety-one (75.2%) of all trainees responded. Despite 56 (68.1%) being rostered for more than a 48-hour week, 31 (34.1%) of all trainees work an extra 10 hours. The majority (56, 61.5%) thought that on-calls and night duty are useful. Just over half of the trainees (47, 51.6%) spend at least 2 full days in the operating room, but 79 (86.8%) thought that this is too little and would spend voluntary time operating. Simulation of operations is thought to be useful; however, few thought that this should take more precedence in their training program. The majority of trainees thought that the current assessment of surgical training is suboptimal and does not examine surgical skill. Similarly, the majority thought that a defined number of operations is required before qualification. Conclusions Trainees remain committed to their profession and are willing to dedicate more time perfecting their art. They believe that despite wanting extra operating experience, they will be ready for independent practice at the completion of their training. It rests with training bodies to find alternative assessments for surgical ability and to define experience at the exit point of training.

Mining projects for mineral resource mining contain in certain cases specific technical and technological solutions, these being the result of the mine’s characteristic spatial position and the geometry of the ore deposit, existing mining works, structures, and terrain relief etc. For the purpose of completion of the mining project, it is necessary to carry out a series of mining and surveying tasks during the pre-project and project stage of mining, as well as during the construction of mining facilities and excavation of mineral resources. Specific features of the project concerning excavation of the remaining reserves of bauxite in the deposit of "Podbracan", and in this way the forthcoming mining and surveying works, are displayed by the integration of the underground mining project into the existing mine chambers, infrastructure structures on the terrain surface and into the open pit. Large number of mining and surveying works will follow the completion of this project, but in the meantime, this paper shows the a priory accuracy assessment of the spatial position of the point, it being the exit point to the existing bench of the open pit at the elevation +420m.

Currently, water isolated slurry pump has been widely used in non-ferrous metal mines, which to replace the low-lift pump as a new water isolated slurry pump. The water isolated slurry pump consists of high pressure water pump, isolation devices, check valves, water valves, control systems, auxiliary devices. The high pressure water valve is a high wearing part as one of controlled valve. By setting pressure pickups on the entrance and exit point, detecting the pressure data and wave. So we can diagnose whether the high pressure water valve is wrong and analyze it. By using this method, the equipment maintainer can quickly make a judgment. And the water isolated slurry pump can be operated normally.

Movements, distribution, and roosting requirements of most species of temperate-zone bats in autumn are poorly understood. We conducted the 1st radiotelemetry study of autumn migrations and prehibernation roost selection of bats in western North America. Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus, n ¼ 55) in the Poudre River watershed, Colorado, moved from low-elevation summer ranges to high-elevation locations in autumn, where they roosted in rock crevices during the period leading up to winter hibernation. We characterized rock crevices used as roosts in autumn at these higher elevations at microhabitat and landscape scales. We used logistic regression combined with an information theoretic approach to determine which variables were most important in roost selection. At the microhabitat scale, autumn roosts were higher to the ground above and below the exit point and were in deeper crevices that had more constant temperatures than randomly selected crevices. At the landscape scale, aspect of the hillside was important, with autumn roosts typically facing north–northwest. Autumn roosts fell into 2 categories: those used for a few days (transient roosts) and those used for � 7 days and presumed to be hibernacula. Temperature regimes in the presumed hibernacula appear to provide optimal conditions for use of winter torpor, whereas transient roosts may offer passive rewarming and energy savings for bats still active in early autumn. Elevational segregation of sexes also was documented in our region, with a preponderance of females found at lower elevations and males at higher elevations in summer. Sex ratios at higher elevations became even in autumn. Use of short elevational migrations and selection of hibernation sites in rock crevices may be a common overwintering strategy of insectivorous bats of western North America.

The importance of Mathematics is documented in the curriculum as a major concern in grade 12 which is the exit point of General Education Teaching (GET) band. It is important that children acquire the necessary mathematics skills that will serve as foundation for later learning. It is also the South African government’s policy that all children should be taught Mathematics because as it is an important and necessary life skill that cannot be done without. However many teachers are still finding it difficult to teach children to solve mathematical problems. Mathematics performance is a universal outcry in South Africa. Children as early as Foundation Phase are unable to solve mathematical difficulties. In her analysis Naledi Pandor noted in that only 35% of children in South Africa can read, write and count. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1590

Omrežnina za prenosno omrežje zemeljskega plina predstavlja uporabniku omrežja, ki zakupi prenosno zmogljivost, ceno za uporabo omrežja, sistemskemu operaterju prenosnega omrežja zemeljskega plina pa vir prihodka, s katerim pokriva svoje upravičene stroške. Plačilo za uporabo prenosnega omrežja mora biti neodvisno od prenosne poti, zato mora obračunavanje omrežnine temeljiti na metodi vstopno-izstopnih točk. Uporabnik omrežja ločeno zakupi prenosne zmogljivosti na vstopnih in izstopnih točkah prenosnega omrežja, zato je tudi način obračunavanja zakupljenih zmogljivosti posamezne točke neodvisen drug od drugega. V nalogi je poleg trga z zemeljskim plinom in reguliranjem sistemskega operaterja prenosnega omrežja podrobneje prikazano oblikovanje nove metodologije in tarif po metodi vstopno-izstopnih točk. Uporabniku omrežja, ki zakupi prenosno zmogljivost, je bolj kot metoda obračunavanja omrežnine pomemben strošek uporabe omrežja, zato je drugi del naloge namenjen primerjalni analizi tarif in izračunu stroška prenosa zemeljskega plina v Slovenijo po različnih prenosnih poteh. For the network user, who leased transmission capacity, the network charge for the gas transmission system represents the use-of-the–network price, and for the gas transmission system operator a source of revenues to cover the eligible costs. Payment for the use of the system must not depend on the transmission lines, so the network charge must be based on the entry-exit method. Network user leases transmission capacities separately at entry and exit points thus, the charging of leased capacities of each point is independently of each other. In addition to presentation of the natural gas market and regulation of the system network operator, this master's thesis introduces a detailed presentation of the new entry-exit methodology and entry-exit tariffs calculation. For the network user leasing transmission capacity the use-of-the–network cost is more important than the methodology itself, so the second part of the thesis is dealing with benchmarking of tariffs and calculating the costs of gas transmission to Slovenia by using different transmission lines.

The comment [1, arXiv:1308.5573] raises two points in regard to our work [2, arXiv:1207.0230]. The first is that one cannot use the tunneling picture to obtain the temperature and particle production rate in the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) space-time. The second comment raised by [1] is that the Hawking-like radiation model for inflation presented in [2,3] is inconsistent with the observed scalar and tensor perturbation spectrum. We show that the first comment is beside the point -- we do not use the tunneling method in our works [2,3]. The second criticism in [1] comes from the author evaluating quantities at different times -- he evaluates the parameters of our model at the ``beginning'' of inflation and then compares this with the scalar and tensor perturbations evaluated at ``the horizon exit'' point., 3 pages, no figures, reply to the comment arXiv:1308.5573 by J. T. Firouzjaee on arXiv:1207.0230 ; to appear in Phys. Rev. D

The ever-increasing number of diseases worldwide requires comprehensive, efficient, and cost-effective modes of treatments. Among various strategies, nanomaterials fulfill most of these criteria. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have made them a premier choice as a drug or a drug delivery system for the purpose of treatment, and as bio-detectors for disease prognosis. However, the main challenge is the proper consideration of the physical properties of these nanomaterials, while developing them as potential tools for therapeutics and/or diagnostics. In this review, we focus mainly on the characteristics of nanoparticles to develop an effective and sensitive system for clinical purposes. This review will present an overview of the important properties of nanoparticles, through their journey from its route of administration until disposal from the human body after accomplishing targeted functionality. We have chosen cancer as our model disease to explain the potentiality of nano-systems for therapeutics and diagnostics in relation to several organs (intestine, lung, brain, etc.). Furthermore, we have discussed their biodegradability and accumulation probability which can cause unfavorable side effects in healthy human subjects.

The diurnal wind system of the Kali Gandaki Valley in Nepal was explored in September and October 1998 in a field campaign using pilot balloons as the main observational tool. This valley connects the Plateau of Tibet with the Indian plains. The river crosses the Himalayas forming the deepest valley on Earth. Intense upvalley winds blow up this valley during the day. Observations were made along the river at various spots selected between the exit point from the Himalayas and the source close to the Plateau of Tibet. The strongest upvalley winds were found between Marpha and Chuksang with typical speeds of 15–20 m s−1. The upvalley wind sets in first at the ground but an upvalley wind layer of 1000–2000-m depth forms quickly after the onset. This deep inflow layer persists up to Lo Manthang, a town located a few kilometers south of the Plateau of Tibet. Deceleration in the late afternoon and evening also appears to commence near the ground. Weak drainage flow forms late in the night. The causes o...

The performance of fiber-reinforced composites is strongly dependent on the debonding/pullout behavior of the fibers. In cementitious composites, fibers are usually distributed in a quasi-random manner. It is therefore important to study the pullout of fibers that are inclined to a crack. For flexible fibers, a simple model of a string passing over a frictional pulley has been developed to describe inclined fiber pullout. The existing model is based on experimental results obtained from specimens with initially bent fibers. To evaluate the validity of the experimental results and the model, pullout tests are carried out with polypropylene fibers using (1) specimens with initially straight fibers; and (2) specimens with initially bend fibers. Significant differences are found between the two set of results. Since the pullout behavior of initially straight fibers is more representative of that in real composites, a new model for flexible fiber pullout is developed. By considering (1) the increase of both interfacial friction and snubbing factor with sliding; and (2) spalling of matrix at fiber exit point in the new model, excellent fitting of the experimental results can be obtained.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the beginning teachers’ perceptions of pedagogical knowledge and skills in teaching in Singapore. Data was collected from the beginning teachers at three time points: the exit point of the teacher education programme, the end of their first year and third year of teaching. In this three year study, the focus is to examine the beginning teachers’ perceptions of their development in the following teaching related factors: lesson planning, classroom management and instructional strategies. The results showed that beginning teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and skills increased significantly, but at different rates, in all three factors at the end of their third year of teaching. It suggested that learning to teach is an on-going process that begins from the pre-service teacher education programme and continues into the initial three years of teaching.

The modeling of movement patterns of human crowds at the exit point of an enclosed space is a complex and challenging problem. In a densely populated space, if all the occupants are simultaneously rushing for the exits, shuffling, pushing, crushing and trampling of people in the crowd may cause serious injuries and even loss of lives. An analytical study of crowd dynamics through exits may provide useful information for crowd control purposes. Proper understanding of the evacuation dynamics will allow, for example, improvements of designs of pedestrian facilities. In particular, the dynamics of evacuation through a narrow door during an emergency is a complex problem that is not yet well understood. The possible causes for evacuation may include building fires, military or terrorist attacks, natural disasters such as earthquakes, etc. In the light of tightened homeland security, research on evacuation modeling has been gaining impetus and attracting the attention of researchers from various fields.

A case of a perforating brain injury caused by a speargun in a suicide attempt is described. Although this kind of injuries has been previously reported, the present case is specially interesting because the patient showed no neurological deficit after surgery. Some advices about the medical and surgical management are proposed based on this case and our literature review. The use of antibiotics and antiepileptic drugs and the anterograde extraction of the harpoon aided by the performance of a craniotomy surrounding the exit point are recommended.

We quantitatively compared relative merits of lateral approaches to the pontomesencephalic junction (PMJ): anterior petrosectomy, subtemporal transtentorial, posterior petrosectomy, and retrosigmoid transtentorial. In dissected cadaveric heads, lengths of exposure were measured anteriorly from CN V along the pontomesencephalic sulcus (PMS); posterosuperiorly along the lateral mesencephalic sulcus (LMS); and posteroinferiorly along the interpeduncular sulcus (IPS). Subtemporal transtentorial approach provided best anterior exposure along the PMS (23.8 ± 4.5 mm). Posterosuperior exposures were comparable for all approaches except anterior petrosectomy (limited). Posteroinferior exposure was most with subtemporal transtentorial approach (13.2 ± 2.8 mm). CN V entry/exit point was identified through all approaches, except for subtemporal transtentorial; shortest surgical depth with posterior petrosectomy was 43.7 ± 5.5 mm. PMS-LMS-IPS convergence point: reached through all approaches, except for anterior petrosectomy (limited); shortest surgical depth with posterior petrosectomy was 40.3 ± 4.3 mm. Anterior petrosectomy provides direct anterolateral views of the pons not afforded by subtemporal approach. Subtemporal transtentorial approach provides optimal posterolateral view to the PMJ and cerebellar peduncles. Retrosigmoid transtentorial approach offers wide exposure of the lateral surface, limited on the posteroinferior PMJ by the cerebellum. The small opening of posterior petrosectomy creates an awkward corridor to anterior PMJ targets but provides a direct and shortest route to the cerebellar peduncles.

11 páginas, 15 figuras, 4 tablas., [EN] A sintering pan of 40 cm cubed is loaded with a mixture of iron ores, limestone and coke weighing 110 kg in a sintering pilot plant. In this sintering pan, a series of thermocouples have been introduced at different depths. Tests have been carried out to study the width of the combustion zone and the maximum temperature of the flame front across the sintering bed. For the analysis of the results, a data acquisition system was used. This consisted of two modules connected in serie, for performing the analogue-digital conversion. The analogue entry point is the exit point of the thermocouples and the digital exit point was the temperature average. A computer was used for conserving and storing the data and for carrying out interpolations, simulating the state and evolution of the flame front across the bed., [ES] En una planta piloto de sinterización se cargan, en la paila cúbica de 40 cm de lado, 110 kg de una mezcla de minerales de hierro, caliza y coque, donde se han introducido una serie de termopares a diferentes profundidades. Se realizan ensayos para estudiar la evolución del ancho de la zona de combustión y de la temperatura máxima del frente de llama a través del lecho de sinterización. Para el análisis de los resultados se utiliza un sistema de adquisición de datos formado por dos módulos conectados en serie, encargados de realizar la conversión analógico-digital. La entrada analógica es la salida de los termopares y la salida digital es la medida de la temperatura. Se dispone de un ordenador para la conservación y almacenamiento de los datos y para realizar interpolaciones que simulan el estado y evolución del frente de llama a través del lecho.

Purpose: Successful total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) requires a correct position of the glenoid component. This study compares the accuracy of the positioning with a new developed glenoid aiming device and virtual three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) scan positioning. Materials and Methods: On 39 scapulas from cadavers, a K-wire (KDev) was positioned using the glenoid aiming device. It consists of glenoid components connected to the aiming device, which cover 150 degrees of the inferior glenoid circle, has a fixed version and inclination and is available with several different radii. The aiming device is stabilized at the most medial scapular point. The K-wire is drilled from the center of the glenoid component to this most medial point. All scapulas were also scanned with CT and 3D reconstructed. A virtual K-wire (Kct) was positioned in the center of the glenoid and in the scapular plane. Several parameters were compared. Radius of the chosen glenoid component (rDev) and the virtual radius of the glenoid circle (rCT), spinal scapular length with the device (SSLdev) and virtual (SSLct), version and inclination between KDev and Kct, difference between entry point and exit point ("Matsen"-point). Results: Mean rDev: 14 mm +/- 1.7 mm and mean rCT: 13.5 mm +/- 1.6 mm. There was no significant difference between SSLdev (110.6 mm +/- 7.5 mm) and SSLct (108 mm +/- 7.5 mm). The version of KDev and Kct was -2.53 degrees and -2.17 degrees and the inclination 111.29 degrees and 111.66 degrees, respectively. The distance between the "Matsen-point" device and CT was 1.8 mm. Conclusion: This glenoid aiming device can position the K-wire on the glenoid with great accuracy and can, therefore, be helpful to position the glenoid component in TSA. The level of evidence: II.

Historically, tissue damage from electrical contact was thought to arise from resistive heating of tissues along the current pathway. The modern view has accepted that tissue damage can result from cellular rupture (electroporation) induced by the presence of an electric field. There remain electrical injuries that defy explanation by either theory. In rare electrical contacts, diffuse symptomatology arises that is neither proportionate to the electrical contact nor does it occur along the theoretical linear pathway of the current from entry point to exit point. Disproportionate, remote electrical injury is most notable when the contact voltage is low (120 and 240 V). Symptoms occur, absent diagnostic evidence, that defy explanation as organic injury. A Web-based interactive survey was used to locate and query individuals suffering from rarely occurring responses to electrical contact. The results of the study suggest that there is a common symptomatology that is neither linked to voltage nor loss of consciousness at the time of contact.

This is a case study of a perforating wound of the penis by a wood, which happened during the daily activity of a carpenter. The patient was referred three hours after the accident that happened at its jobsite. There were three wounds. The entry point was on the left side of the penis, the exit point on the right and the second entry point on the medial face of the right thigh. The surgical exploration revealed a wound of 1.5 by 3 centimeters that went through the corpus cavernosum. The urethra seemed to be normal and the quadriceps muscle was torn. The risk of erection disorder following the penile injury is to be considered.

A 55-year-old woman presented with cardiac tamponade after an inferior myocardial infarction. At surgical exploration there was an extensive area of hematoma associated with cardiac rupture. Rather than infarctectomy and ventricular repair an alternative approach was taken. The patient was successfully managed by the placement of a peri-infarct pursestring together with a superficial stitch closing the exit point of the cardiac rupture.

Sir,The commentary [1] in November issue of Indian Journal ofPediatrics on fire safety in neonatal units was long overdue.The authors have critically analyzed the issue and havecome up with comprehensive guidelines. A number of fireaccidents in neonatal units throughout India have occurredin recent times, the most horrific being the fire in a Patialabased hospital [2].The neonatal units are generally vulnerable for fire acci-dents in the hospitals due to the presence of oxygen andinflammable substances like alcohol. The existence of largenumber of heavy electrical equipment makes it additionallysusceptible than any other place in the hospital. The guide-lines offered in the commentary [1] are wide-ranging andhave looked at the issue as a whole. In India, despiteincreasing awareness about the issue, these guidelines mayremain largely unimplemented, primarily due to the lack ofresources.While it is extremely important to implement theseguidelines as a whole, we also know it may not happen inmost neonatal units in India because of lack of resources.But instead of waiting for the “right amount” of resources,we urgently need to make a start with whatever we have.Here are some simple, reasonable and low cost interven-tions, which may not be complete but would still help inreducing the risk of fires in neonatal units in India.1. Keep an alternate and functional exit. Most of the neo-natal units keep only single entry and exit point in orderto restrict the entry of people.2. The regular maintenance of equipments, especiallyoverhead warmers. In almost all cases the fire seemsto start from faulty electrical equipment.3. Heavy electrical wiring. The electrical wiring in thenursery is usually done as for the rest of the hospital.Consequently it is insufficient to bear the load of largenumberofelectricalequipmentsandheatersandbecomesa vulnerable point.4. Increasing the number of electrical points. In the ab-sence of sufficientnumber of electrical points, extensionboards are frequently used which becomes potentialsparking point.5. Direct observation. Many nurseries in India still runwith the nursing station outside. This puts the infantsat grave risk as they remain unattended and at the sametime early signs of the disaster may be missed.6. Training of the entire staff and the presence ofevacuation plan in the event of fire. Lack of stafftraining and its consequences were amply demon-strated during another fire accident in Kolkata re-cently [3].References