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http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819609Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a durabilidade natural de três espécies de tauari (Couratari guianensis Aublet, Couratari oblongifolia Ducke & Knuth R. e Couratari stellata A.C.Smith), relatar os parâmetros colorimétricos de acordo com o sistema CIE L * a * b * 1976 assim como mostrar a aparência dos blocos de madeira antes e após o ataque. Dois fungos de podridão-parda [Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon ex Fries) Murril. e Lentinus lepideus Fr.] e dois de podridão-branca [Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilat e Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.)] foram utilizados. A madeira de tauari foi classificada como "moderadamente resistente" a "resistente" quando exposta aos fungos Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor e Ganoderma applanatum. O conteúdo de extrativos das amostras atacadas diminuiu quando comparado com o controle, exceto Couratari stellata expostos a Ganoderma applanatum. Por outro lado, os conteúdos de cinzas aumentaram quando comparados com o controle, exceto para a madeira de Couratari stellata exposto ao Gloeophyllum trabeum. Todos os blocos de madeira atacados e as serragens tornaram-se mais escuras, exceto para a serragem de Couratari stellata exposto ao fungo Trametes versicolor, e mais vermelho do que a amostra sem ataque. O ΔE * médio do bloco de madeira e serragem, atacados, atingiram 29,5 e 14,3, respectivamente.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the natural resistance of composite and solid wood panels from Toona ciliata to fungal attack through accelerated laboratory testing, to characterize the anatomical components of the wood according to IAWA, to quantify the soluble and insoluble lignin contents by acid hydrolysis and to determine the colorimetric parameters before and after fungal attack by using the CIE-L*a*b*(1976) system. Solid wood was classified as moderately and highly resistant to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and to brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum). OSB panels were found to be resistant and moderately resistant to white-rot fungus and highly resistant to brown-rot fungus. Variation in species and particle type did not have a positive effect on the treatments. As regards the wood, both fungi were inhibited by the presence of phenolic resin. Particleboard panels were classified as moderately resistant to white-rot fungus. Treatments T2 (cedar) and T4 (cedar-eucalyptus) were resistant while treatment T3 (cedar-pine) was not resistant to attack by brown-rot fungus. The urea-formaldehyde resin failed to inhibit attack in the same way the phenolic resin did. Anatomically, the species was found to have medium texture, straight vessel lines, pleasant smell after incision and poor luster on the radial surface. Its anatomical structure favored colonization by the threadlike filaments of the fungi. All treatments caused wood darkening after attack by the G. trabeum fungus, with total variation in color. It was observed that with weight loss an increase followed in insoluble lignin contents, in all treatments, indicating that this chemical property is a determining factor in wood resistance to the attack of the fungi being evaluated.

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the chemical compatibility between coir (Cocos nuciferaL.) and cement and to study treatment methods to improve this compatibility. In the inhibition test, cement hydration temperature evolution was measured in the absence and presence of untreated and treated coir fibres (cold water, hot water and NaOH), besides the addition of 4% of CaCl2. The chemical characterization of untreated and treated coir fibres was done by determining the content of extractives, lignin, and holocellulose. The inhibition test graded the untreated fibre as “extreme inhibition,” ratifying the need to provide it a treatment. Treatments done on coir fibres affected positively the compatibility between cement and fibre, reducing the inhibition. The treatments reduced the lignin coir fibres’ and extractives proportion, whose variation was significantly correlated with the reduction of the inhibitory index. These results indicate a possibility for future incorporation of these fibres into the production of mineral composites.

Brazilian sawdust samples (Caryocar spp.; Manilkara spp.; and Tabebuia spp.) have been used for Pb(II) ions adsorption from water at 25 °C. The series of adsorption isotherms were adjusted to a modified Langmuir equation from data obtained by suspending the sawdust with Pb(NO3)2 solutions, which gave the maximum number of moles adsorbed as 89.10 ± 8.28; 145.04 ± 12.43 and 95.31 ± 8.28 mg g−1 for Caryocar spp.; Manilkara spp.; and Tabebuia spp., respectively. Thermodynamic data of interactions were studied by the calorimetric titration of Pb(II) in aqueous solution. Gibbs free energies were negative for all systems and the adsorption interactions presented the following exothermic enthalpic values: −1.99 ± 0.11; −3.20 ± 0.21 and −2.27 ± 0.11 kJ mol−1 for Caryocar spp.; Manilkara spp.; and Tabebuia spp., respectively. All liquid/solid interface adsorptions were entalpically and entropically driven. These sawdust samples were applied to remove Pb(II) from wastewater of a battery industry of Brasilia, DF, Brazil, which presented a Pb(II) concentration of 2.66 mg L−1. The Pb(II) concentration in this wastewater was reduced to 2.49; 0.45 and 0.47 mg L−1 by application of Caryocar spp.; Manilkara spp.; and Tabebuia spp., respectively.

The objective of this work was to examine quantitatively the color changes of six clones of Hevea brasiliensis (IAN 717, IAN 873, GT 711, AVROS 1301, RRIM 600, and Tjir 16) and two cypresses ( Cupressus sp. and Cupressus glauca ) upon fungal attack. Samples were exposed to the fungi Gloeophyllum striatum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium according to ASTM D 2017. Wood color was measured in the L ∗ a ∗ b system. Changes in the colorimetric parameters were calculated by the difference between attacked and control samples. None of the rubberwood clones showed weight loss below 25% and therefore could not be classified as resistant, but clones AVROS 1301, RRIM 600, and Tjir 16 were borderline. Both cypresses were resistant to P. chrysosporium , but only Cupressus sp. was resistant to G. striatum . The red tint of all samples exposed to both fungi was slightly intensified (Δ a ∗ > 0), except for RRIM 600. The yellowish tint was intensified as well, except for RRIM 600 and Tjir 16 exposed to G. striatum . Samples attacked by G. striatum were darker than controls (Δ L ∗ P. chrysosporium were lighter (Δ L ∗ > 0). Color variation mean values (Δ E ∗ ) ranged from 3.98 to 12.33, attaining the levels appreciable to very appreciable color difference. Extraction of the attacked samples with ethanol–toluene plus hot water removed red and yellow chromophore pigments, causing color variations perceptible to the naked eye.

This paper aims to evaluate whether a thermal post-treatment can be applied to enhance the performance of oriented strandboard (OSB). Samples from 42 commercial OSBs were heat-treated at two temperature levels (190 and 220 °C) and for three heating times (12, 16, and 20 min) using a single opening hot-press. For comparison, control boards were kept untreated. These samples were exposed for eight months to outdoor weathering, and then their physical and mechanical properties were evaluated, as was their decay resistance against the brown-rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum [Persoon ex Fries] Murrill) and white-rot (Trametes versicolor [Linnaeus ex Fries] Pilat Murrill) fungi. The results indicated that the heat-treated samples maintained their mechanical properties at a much higher level after weathering than did the untreated ones. It was determined that the higher the treatment temperature, the better the residual mechanical properties. The proposed thermal treatment also slightly improved the decay resistance against the two evaluated fungi, but it was not enough to change the resistance class of the OSB.

Chapas de partículas de cimento-madeira foram confeccionadas com a madeira de quatro clones de Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (seringueira): IAN 717, IAN 873, GT 711 e AVROS 1301. Confeccionaram-se as chapas na proporção de 1:4:1 (madeira:cimento:água) por peso e nas dimensões de 450 x 450 x 13 mm e densidade nominal de 1,4 g/cm³, com a adição de 4% de cloreto de cálcio di-hidratado (CaCl2.2H2O) como acelerador. Foram testadas partículas fervidas e não-fervidas dos quatro clones, totalizando oito tratamentos, sendo em cada um destes, com quatro repetições, avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas e físicas das chapas, segundo a norma ASTM D 1037 - 96a. De forma geral, os melhores resultados de propriedades físicas e mecânicas foram obtidos nas chapas com partículas do clone AVROS 1301. No teste de hidratação do cimento, a madeira de seringueira in natura foi classificada como de "inibição extrema", porém com a adição de CaCl2 o foi como de "baixa inibição". Essa madeira se mostrou tecnicamente viável à produção de chapas de cimento-madeira, independentemente do clone.

In this study, the biological resistance and physical–mechanical properties of laboratory made particleboard and flakeboard using natural and acetylated particles and flakes of cypress (Cupressus spp.), planted in Brazil, were examined. Boards with 10% urea–formaldehyde resin were pressed for 8 min at 160°C. The experimental design was a 22 complete factorial, with four replicates per treatment, totalling 16 single-layer panels of 550×500×13 mm with a mean density of 0.70 g cm −3 . The panels were cut into samples, and their physical and mechanical properties determined according to ASTM D 1037-96a standard. Cypress panels were tested in the laboratory for durability, according to ASTM D 2017-81. Control panels were classified as “resistant” when exposed to the brown-rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, while the acetylation process improved the resistance of the cypress panels, which were subsequently classified as “highly resistant”. The same effect was observed for specimens exposed to the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Regarding mechanical properties, the manufactured cypress panels should be classified as grade M-3, according to ANSI A208.1, except for internal bond and modulus of elasticity of flakeboards and particleboards, respectively. Dimensional stability of flakeboards and particleboards was very low. Acetylated panels showed better physical but lower mechanical properties than the control panels. Swelling of acetylated cypress flakeboards, after 2 and 24 h of water immersion, was lower than the maximum required by EN 312-4 standards. Cupressus spp. wood was shown to be very suitable to be processed into reconstituted panels.

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com os objetivos de: avaliar a resistência natural de painéis reconstituídos e da madeira de Toona ciliata ao ataque de fungos por meio de ensaio acelerado de laboratório; caracterizar seus componentes anatômicos segundo IAWA; quantificar os valores de lignina solúvel e insolúvel; das amostras por hidrólise ácida e os parâmetros colorimétricos antes e após o ataque dos fungos, utilizando o sistema CIE-L*a*b*(1976). A madeira sólida foi classificada como moderadamente e altamente resistente ao fungo de podridão branca (Trametes versicolor) e parda (Gloeophyllum trabeum). Os painéis OSB foram resistentes e moderadamente resistentes à podridão branca e para a parda, foram altamente resistentes. A variação de espécies e partículas não teve efeito positivo nos tratamentos. Com relação à madeira, ambos os fungos apresentaram inibição, em razão da presença de resina fenólica. Os aglomerados foram classificados como moderadamente resistentes à podridão branca. Os tratamentos T2 (cedro) e T4 (cedro-eucalipto) foram resistentes, mas o T3 (cedro-pinus) não resistiu ao ataque do fungo de podridão parda. A resina uréia-formaldeído não inibiu os ataques como a fenólica. Anatomicamente, a espécie apresentou textura média, linhas vasculares retilíneas, cheiro agradável ao corte e superfície radial pouco lustrosa. Sua estrutura anatômica favoreceu a colonização das hifas dos fungos. Todos os tratamentos ocasionaram escurecimento, após o ataque do fungo G. trabeum, com variação total da cor. Observou-se que, com a perda de massa, houve aumento nos teores de lignina insolúvel, para todos os tratamentos, indicando que essa propriedade química é um fator determinante na resistência da madeira ao ataque dos fungos avaliados. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the natural resistance of composite and solid wood panels from Toona ciliata to fungal attack through accelerated laboratory testing, to characterize the anatomical components of the wood according to IAWA, to quantify the soluble and insoluble lignin contents by acid hydrolysis and to determine the colorimetric parameters before and after fungal attack by using the CIE-L*a*b*(1976) system. Solid wood was classified as moderately and highly resistant to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and to brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum). OSB panels were found to be resistant and moderately resistant to white-rot fungus and highly resistant to brown-rot fungus. Variation in species and particle type did not have a positive effect on the treatments. As regards the wood, both fungi were inhibited by the presence of phenolic resin. Particleboard panels were classified as moderately resistant to white-rot fungus. Treatments T2 (cedar) and T4 (cedar-eucalyptus) were resistant while treatment T3 (cedar-pine) was not resistant to attack by brown-rot fungus. The urea-formaldehyde resin failed to inhibit attack in the same way the phenolic resin did. Anatomically, the species was found to have medium texture, straight vessel lines, pleasant smell after incision and poor luster on the radial surface. Its anatomical structure favored colonization by the threadlike filaments of the fungi. All treatments caused wood darkening after attack by the G. trabeum fungus, with total variation in color. It was observed that with weight loss an increase followed in insoluble lignin contents, in all treatments, indicating that this chemical property is a determining factor in wood resistance to the attack of the fungi being evaluated.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resistência natural de chapas de partículas orientadas (OSB) confeccionadas com partículas de Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg. aderidas com as resinas sintéticas uréia- formaldeído (UF) e fenol-formaldeído (FF), a 5% e 8%, expostas a fungos xilófagos em condições de laboratório. No ensaio acelerado de laboratório as amostras foram submetidas ao ataque dos fungos de podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. : Fr.) Murril, Coniophora puteana (Schumach. : Fr.) P. Karst., Meruliporia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill e também aos fungos de podridão-branca, Fomes annosus (Fr. : Fr.) Cooke, Trametes versicolor (L. : Fr.) Pilát, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers. : Fr.) P. Karst. e Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. Dentre os fungos de podridão-parda, o Gloeophyllum trabeum causou a maior perda de massa nos corpos-de-prova testados. Dentre os fungos de podridão-branca, Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium e Ganoderma applanatum causaram as maiores perdas de massa, sem diferença significativa para o Gloeophyllum trabeum. A resina FF proporcionou maior resistência à ação dos fungos nas chapas OSB, o mesmo fato ocorrendo com o maior teor de resina. O fungo Coniophora puteana foi altamente sensível ao tipo de resina aplicado, enquanto o Bjerkandera fumosa demonstrou reduzida ação nas concentrações mais altas de ambas as resinas. O fungo Fomes annosus apresentou degradação insignificante para todos os tratamentos de chapas OSB. ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the natural durability of oriented strandboards (OSB) manufactured with strands of Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg. bonded with 5% and 8% of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formadehyde (FF) resins, exposed to xilophagous fungi under laboratory conditions. In accelerated laboratory test decay, samples of OSB were exposed to the following fungi: the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. ex Fries) Murr., Coniophora puteana (Schumach. : Fr.)P. Karst., Meruliporia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill as well as the white-rot fungi Fomes annosus (Fr. : Fr.) Cooke, Trametes versicolor (L. : Fr.) Pilát, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers. : Fr.) P. Karst. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. Among the brown-rot fungi, the Gloeophyllum trabeum was the most aggressive, showing the highest loss of mass. Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum confirmed the preference for broadleave species. All oriented strandboards at lower UF resin contents were more degraded by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, Merulia incrassata, Coniophora puteana and Gloeophyllum trabeum, with high rate of loss of mass. Coniophora puteana showed small loss of mass when FF resin was applied. Bjerkandera fumosa showed low loss of mass only at higher resin content. Oriented strandboards exposed to Coniophora puteana showed insignificant OSB degradation.

Oriented strandboard made of pine, cypress and rubberwood. This research evaluated the physical- mechanical properties of oriented strandboards (OSB) using strands of pine, cypress and a mixture of two clones, of rubberwood. The ratio of face to core layer was 1:2:1. Boards measuring 450 x 450 x 13 mm were bonded with 5% and 8% of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (FF) resins, based on the dry weight of the particles, with density of 0.75 g/cm 3 . The boards were evaluated according to ASTM D 1037 and compared with CSA O437.0 and ANSI A.208.1 standards. In general, as the resin level increased, mechanical and physical properties also improved, and panels with 8% FF resin showed the best performance. Cypress OSB made with FF resin showed higher mechanical properties, except internal bond than required by aforementioned standards. OSB panels were also dimensionally unstable since water absorption and thickness swelling values were very high. The mechanical properties of rubberwood OSB were higher than required by CSA O437.0 and ANSI A.208.1, except for internal bond, since only panels bonded with 8% of FF resin met the requirements of the CSA O437.0 standard.