Search

Introduction: Salmonella infections are important public health problems and a common cause of mortality affecting millions of people all over the world. In our study; it was aimed to evaluate the serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella species isolated from various postmortem specimens and to evaluate its contribution to cause of death with histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: In this study, the identification and antibiotic susceptibility profile results of Salmonella isolates obtained from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, lung tissue, splenic tissue and stool specimens were investigated retrospectively in 12 patients who were sent to Postmortem Microbiology Laboratory. Conventional methods, VITEK 2 Compact® (Biomerieux, France) automated identification system, and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods were used for the identification of strains at species level and for antibiotic susceptibility tests. Results: Among the cases in whom the isolates were identified, 2 (16.7%) were female and 10 (83.3%) were male. Age range was 1 month-71 years. In our study, a total of 28 Salmonella isolates were identified as follows; 20 (71.4%) Salmonella enteritidis, 5 (17.9%) Salmonella serogroup C1, 2 (7.1%) Salmonella paratyphi B, and 1 (3.6%) Salmonella serogroup G complex. There was no resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in the isolates. Conclusion: It should be kept in mind that salmonella infections may be encountered with rare infections with high mortality except gastroenteritis. Microbiological investigations of salmonella infections are rare in forensic autopsies. For this reason, determination of serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of salmonella in postmortem cases will contribute to national and international forensic microbiological studies.

OBJECTIVES: There are various anatomic variations in the tracheobronchial system. The frequency in studies with bronchoscopy was contradictory. This study aimed to investigate the tracheobronchial tree of the deceased patients with anatomical dissection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We made anatomical dissections on 204 cases in the Council of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice. The deceased patients who were older than 12 years of age and of Turkish origin were included in this study consecutively. RESULTS: Of the 204 cases, 161 (78.9%) were males and 43 (21.1%) were females. The mean age was 44.15±19.23 years. Anatomical variations were found to be present in 200 cases (98% of total). The highest degree of variation of the right upper lobe was noted to be 16.6% (34/204). An anomalous arrangement (with three segments or different placement) of the middle lobe was noted in 16.1% of cases. For the basal lower lobe, b8+(b9+b10) pattern and basal orifice with four segments were noted to be the most frequent anatomical variant in the right and left lungs, respectively. The most frequent tracheobronchial variations were as follows: apical basal lobe with two subsegments in the right and left (39.7%), left lower lobe basal orifice with four segments (34.8%), left upper lobe with three segments (25.5%), and right lower lobe basal orifice with three main segmental bronchi (21.1%). CONCLUSION: The tracheobronchial tree exhibits highly individualistic features. The knowledge of the frequency of different variations obtained in different studies and normal anatomic variants in return makes doing therapeutic or diagnostic interventions easier and more accurate.

Objectives: This study aims to describe morphometric measurements of the laryngeal framework and discuss their implications for phonosurgery among Turkish subjects. Patients and Methods: Larynges from 40 male and 20 female fresh cadavers were extracted during autopsy in a forensic science institution between January 2015 and December 2015. Measurements were taken of the length of membranous and cartilaginous vocal fold mVF, cVF , width and thickness of VF wVF, tVF , anterior and posterior subglottic distance AS, PS , width and height of thyroid cartilage wTC, hTC , and distance between projection of anterior commissure to thyroid cartilage inferior border pAC to TIB . Results: For all parameters, median and mean values were higher in male groups, but the differences were significant only in pAC to TIB, wTC, cVF and mVF groups p

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved recycling and stress response mechanism. Active at basal levels in eukaryotes, autophagy is upregulated under stress providing cells with building blocks such as amino acids. A lysosome-integrated sensor system composed of RRAG GTPases and MTOR complex 1 (MTORC1) regulates lysosome biogenesis and autophagy in response to amino acid availability. Stress-mediated inhibition of MTORC1 results in the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the TFE/MITF family of transcriptional factors, and triggers an autophagy- and lysosomal-related gene transcription program. The role of family members TFEB and TFE3 have been studied in detail, but the importance of MITF proteins in autophagy regulation is not clear so far. Here we introduce for the first time a specific role for MITF in autophagy control that involves upregulation of MIR211. We show that, under stress conditions including starvation and MTOR inhibition, a MITF-MIR211 axis constitutes a novel feed-forward loop that controls autophagic activity in cells. Direct targeting of the MTORC2 component RICTOR by MIR211 led to the inhibition of the MTORC1 pathway, further stimulating MITF translocation to the nucleus and completing an autophagy amplification loop. In line with a ubiquitous function, MITF and MIR211 were co-expressed in all tested cell lines and human tissues, and the effects on autophagy were observed in a cell-type independent manner. Thus, our study provides direct evidence that MITF has rate-limiting and specific functions in autophagy regulation. Collectively, the MITF-MIR211 axis constitutes a novel and universal autophagy amplification system that sustains autophagic activity under stress conditions. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AKT1S1/PRAS40: AKT1 substrate 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; DEPTOR: DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPKAP1/SIN1: mitogen-activated protein kinase associated protein 1; MITF: melanogenesis associated transcription factor; MLST8: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog; MRE: miRNA response element; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; MTORC2: MTOR complex 2; PRR5/Protor 1: proline rich 5; PRR5L/Protor 2: proline rich 5 like; RACK1: receptor for activated C kinase 1; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; RPS6KB/p70S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase; RT-qPCR: quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TSC1/2: TSC complex subunit 1/2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VIM: vimentin; VPS11: VPS11, CORVET/HOPS core subunit; VPS18: VPS18, CORVET/HOPS core subunit; WIPI1: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1.