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Most job search intensity models assume uniform search effort across all potential wage offers. I depart from this conventional assumption by proposing that agents allocate wage-specific search intensity, strategically avoiding effort on low-paying, unacceptable jobs or high-paying, improbable ones. This alternative model generates wage distributions at acceptance that differ markedly from the truncated distributions typical of models with constant arrival rates for wage offers. I leverage these distinct empirical predictions to develop two new nonparametric tests, applied to NLSY97 data, both of which reject the hypothesis of constant search intensity across wages. Furthermore, I estimate the structural parameters identifiable in each model, revealing that wage-specific search leads to greater total search effort, faster transitions into the upper tail of the wage distribution, and ultimately higher accepted wages—more than a 25% increase following unemployment. For low wages, the classic random search model delivers a fair replication of the actual data, but for higher wages targeted search is better. Wage-specific search suggests that job seekers not only need to search more, but also search better. This insight has important implications for employment policy, particularly in promoting job search literacy among the unemployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the German reunification in 1990, East Germany transitioned from a centrally planned economic system to a market economy. To tackle surging unemployment, upskilling through adult education was deemed essential at the time. Besides substantial mandatory training programs provided by active labor market policies, Volkshochschulen (VHS) were the most important providers of voluntary adult education. Based on newly digitized data, we estimate how VHS courses affected unemployment in a county-level analysis of East Germany between 1991 and 2002. Our identification strategy employs the decentralized expansion of courses, which led to substantial, quasi-random variation in their regional supply. We do not find any significant effects of VHS courses on subsequent unemployment. Lacking labor demand and low market dynamics may have restricted the realization of education effects. Regional disparities support this notion: In counties bordering West Germany, courses reduced unemployment. Our results hint towards multiple mechanisms at play, as both work-related and recreational courses were found to be effective in border counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Hidden workers include those who are unemployed or underemployed or discouraged workers. This study analyses the probabilities of becoming a hidden worker between males and females in three age groups (youth, young adults, and mid-life) and identifies the extent to which these factors explain the gender gap among hidden workers in Australia. (2) Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach, this study aims to contribute to the discussion by highlighting the impact of gender on the hidden worker population, further illustrating how the explained and unexplained impacts on hidden workers differ between the gender groups. (3) Results: Age not only raises the likelihood of being a hidden worker in both gender groups but also contributes to the widening gender gap among hidden workers, especially those in the child-rearing stage of their life. Human capital, including education, health endowment, and social capital, is negatively associated with the likelihood of being a hidden worker and reduces the gender gap. Childcare responsibilities and other care duties are associated with a greater likelihood of being a hidden worker for females and are among the greatest contributors to the gender gap. Local resources are associated with the likelihood of being a hidden worker and widen the gender gap within the 45–64-year old group. (4) Conclusions: The gender gap among hidden workers is widened by care responsibilities and locally available socio-economic resources. On the other hand, it is narrowed by education, individual health endowment, and social capital. The findings of this study corroborate the fact that a wide extent of the gender gap among hidden workers in Australia is socially and politically produced and is thus potentially avoidable through public policy. Greater attention from researchers and policy makers regarding hidden workers should be devoted to reducing this gender gap to prevent further social implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the concepts of temporal racism and racial capitalism, this article explores how time is racialized in Swedish unemployment projects, shaping a racialized and gendered division of labor. The article identifies three forms of temporal racism practices: temporal racism through the invisibilization of work, through waiting, and through wasting. I argue that these practices of temporal racism create diverse forms of labor and are therefore important factors in the production and reproduction of racial capitalism. Temporal racism deprives those defined as 'foreign-born unemployed women' of time for joy, pleasure, community, and family; instead, it ensures that their time is used to transform them into racialized workers, moving between precarious employment and surplus populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of the workforce impacts of net zero transitions have largely focussed on job losses, gains and net changes for a particular industry, sector or state. While improved projections of quantitative changes are important, understanding the impacts of these changes on the diversity of the future workforce is arguably even more crucial in ensuring employment policy delivers a just transition for all workers. Using the example of the UK we illustrate the risk that new job creation in the transition to net zero by 2030 will perpetuate and further magnify workforce inequalities. We then discuss how national and international initiatives are attempting to mitigate these risks, with particular reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change work programme on Just Transition Pathways and its potentially pivotal role in informing and supporting national workforce strategies for climate action that have equality, diversity and inclusion at their heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the leading role of the State Employment Service of Ukraine as a key element of public administration that ensures the implementation of employment policy and labour market regulation. The main functions of the service are highlighted: employment promotion, support for vulnerable groups, vocational training and social support for the unemployed. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of equal opportunities programmes and international cooperation, which facilitates the integration of modern standards into its activi ties. The author emphasises the problems of functioning of the State Employment Service of Ukraine in the context of socio-economic transformations caused by globalisation, digitalisation and military conflicts. Changes in the labour market, in particular the growing demand for digital skills and new professions, require modern approaches to employment management. The article analyses the challenges for the State Employment Service, such as the need to support vulnerable groups (people with disabilities, veterans, Internally displaced persons) and the development of digital services to increase transparency and accessibility of services. It suggests the introduction of innovative technologies to automate processes and provide access to vacancies and consultations in real time. It also justifies the optimisation of regional employment policy to address the imbalance of labour resources and the adaptation of the service to new forms of employment, including support for freelancers and remote workers who require special social guarantees. The results emphasise the importance of the State Employment Service in stabilising the labour market and s ocio-economic recovery of Ukraine. It is concluded that the State Employment Service plays an important role in implementing employment policy and regulating the labour market in the system of public administration. Reforming and modernising the service is essential for economic development and social integration, especially in the current crisis. Innovative approaches will increase efficiency, ensure social stability and sustainable development of the labour market in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing interest in the impact of economic crises on regional labour markets, innovation, and regional resilience, the relationship between these economic aspects remains under-researched in the context of these crises. This research aims to fill this gap by investigating how regional labour markets affect the innovation success of European Union countries. We focus on analysing the impact of female and youth unemployment, labour costs, and hours worked on the innovation success of 22 European Union countries over the period 2013–2021, with a special focus on countries identified as innovation leaders in the European Union. Using regression analysis, we find that higher female unemployment and lower hours worked have a positive effect on innovation success. Higher labour costs then have a negative impact on innovation success in the European Union but are not significant for the innovation leaders' success, providing new insights into the complex relationship between the labour market and innovation success. Through a Difference-in-Differences analysis, we additionally demonstrate that there is a causal effect, revealing a greater decline in innovation success among innovation leaders with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the remaining (control) 18 European states. The study further highlights the critical role of targeted social and employment policies in enhancing innovation performance, emphasising the need for tailored strategies to support vulnerable labour market groups, and provides directions for future research to explore these dynamics in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-to-urban resettlement is a widely used poverty alleviation strategy in China for fundamentally transforming poor farmers' livelihoods, with roughly 263,000 rural poor relocated to urban communities in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture between 2016 and 2020. This dramatic development intervention in urbanization has unexpectedly resulted in the separation of hukou locality and residence. Considering that the government equally provides follow-up employment support policies to guarantee the citizenship rights for resettlers whether or not their hukou locality has transferred to urban communities, then, does the local citizenship still matter for employment? If so, how does local citizenship make a difference? What role does employment policy play in terms of the impact of local citizenship on employment? The answers to these questions are not yet clear. Based on a survey of 735 relocated households in the Liangshan Yi Ethnic Area, the Heckman sample selection model was used to empirically estimate the effect of local citizenship (hukou locality) on employment from the perspective of welfare acquisition cost, paying particular attention to the moderating effect of follow-up employment support policies. Our results show that (1) local citizenship can significantly increase the employed persons of a household by 0.279 units, prolong the working months by 2.297 units, and increase per capita wage by 0.885%. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that local citizenship affects relocated households' employment by reducing welfare acquisition costs. (3) Moderating analysis shows that the follow-up employment support policies weakened the positive impact of local citizenship on employment, developing pro-poor jobs substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on the employed size; recommending job information substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on working months; and targeted labor exporting substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on per capita wage. This study provides new empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between hukou locality and employment consequences at a smaller scale and then provides theoretical reference and practical basis for the improvement of employment from the perspective of local citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: This study aims to reveal the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of career development in emerging labor markets and to explore the impact of these drivers and barriers on career development. With the rapid transformation of global industrial structure, career development in emerging industries such as artificial intelligence, big data, new energy and e-commerce is gradually attracting attention. Methods: This study utilizes a mixed research method of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The research team distributed a total of 700 questionnaires to practitioners in China, the United States, Japan, Germany and India, and collected interview data from 20 industry practitioners. These data were analyzed from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives to analyze the drivers and barriers to career development, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship between career motivation, barriers, social networks, and career satisfaction. Results: The results indicate that career development motivation significantly and positively influences career satisfaction, while individuals with high career satisfaction perceive fewer career barriers. In addition, career barriers significantly influenced individuals' perceptions of career discrimination. The study also found that social networks play an important supportive role in career development, and that extensive social networks increase career satisfaction. Individuals with high motivation were more resilient in the face of external barriers and were willing to retrain to improve their occupational skills. Discussion: To promote career development in emerging industries, labor market policies should optimize and create fair and inclusive work environments for emerging industries. By eliminating gender, age, and racial discrimination and providing employee support programs, career development satisfaction and opportunities can be effectively enhanced. Conclusion: Rapid technological updates, high work pressure, and cross-cultural barriers in emerging industries are the main challenges to career development today. This study suggests that governments and enterprises should jointly provide flexible vocational training and support policies to help practitioners adapt to the rapidly changing occupational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European immigration policy is increasingly selective and stratified, favoring immigrants considered productive in the eyes of society. Using the case of Swedish family reunification, this article investigates how ideas of deservingness underlie this selection process and how it intersects with temporal bordering, impacting hierarchies of transnational mobility. Through qualitative interviews with individuals across a spectrum of legal statuses, the study finds that the increased connection between immigration policy and the housing and labor markets, combined with restrictions concerning visas, age, and legal status, induce and reproduce inequalities in waiting times and access to reunification. Within these restrictions, however, families find ways to circumvent the wait and get family time. The study contributes to the temporal turn in migration studies by exploring reunification among families with diverse backgrounds, complementing previous literature's focus on the experiences of forced migrants. By considering how deservingness and temporal bordering shape mobility, the article offers both conceptual and empirical contributions to mobility and migration studies. Ultimately, the study brings forward a nuanced analysis of the consequences of restrictive shifts in Swedish immigration policy, contributing to the broader understanding of the current, transnational, mobility regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various labor market policies have been implemented globally to create a more inclusive work environment for women. However, institutional and structural barriers rooted in the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks of countries often impede progress towards this goal, as outlined in Gender Equality Goal Five of the United Nations Development Goals. Gender inequality in employment is a multifaceted issue influenced by socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, which are affected by households, societies, institutions, and states. Consequently, even with a strong legal framework, desired outcomes may not be achieved if the social structure is not supportive. Therefore, institutional and structural factors often manifest as broader gender disparities within societies, leading to a parallel between gender inequality in society and in the workplace. In this context, this study, as far as is known, is the first to estimate the potential relationship between broader societal gender inequality, measured through a composite index including health, education, economic and political empowerment, and the gender unemployment gap. Additionally, in this context, it has been considered as a second model in the relationship between broader societal gender inequality and women's unemployment rate. Using data from 73 countries with varying sociocultural and economic development levels from 1990 to 2022, two models are estimated using the Panel Mean Group Estimator methodology. The findings indicate that as broader gender inequality increases, both female unemployment rates and the gender unemployment gap rise. Therefore, in addition to conventional policies, it is recommended to implement strategies that promote structural changes within society, enhance women's roles and status, and integrate gender equality principles through education. Article Highlights: For the first time, the impact of broader gender inequality (BGI) on the female unemployment (FUR) and gender unemployment gap (GUG) is estimated. According to various estimations (BGI), across health, education, economic and political dimensions, may be associated with the (GUG) and (FUR). Addressing the GUG requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond labor market policies to tackle socioeconomic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materialist theories of disability link disability and labor, hypothesizing that under neoliberalism, disability stigma contributes to labor market precarity. These claims have not been evaluated empirically and the mediating role of the state remains underspecified. Ethnographic fieldwork in a job training program for people with psychiatric disabilities reveals two contradictions in the welfare state treatment of disability. First, disability benefits are set at low levels, yet means-testing limits earnings, channeling people with disabilities into low-wage jobs. Second, contradictory imperatives attached to state funding incentivize placement in temporary jobs. These welfare state contradictions produce disabled workers as a precarious labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the growth of the gig economy has coincided with increased economic precarity in the new economy, we know less about the extent to which gig work (compared with other self-employment arrangements and non-gig work) may fuel economic insecurity among American households. We fill this gap in the literature by drawing on a sample of 4,756 workers from a unique national survey capturing economic hardships among non-standard workers like app- and platform-based gig and other self-employed workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from generalized boosted regression modeling, utilizing machine learning to account for potential endogeneity, demonstrated that gig workers experienced significantly greater economic hardship than non-gig and other self-employed workers during the pandemic. For example, gig workers were more likely to experience food insecurity, miss bill payments, and suffer income loss compared with non-gig and other self-employed workers during the pandemic. While household liquid assets endowment prior to the pandemic reduced the effect of gig work on experiencing economic hardships, having dependent children in the household increased this effect. Thus, contrary to democratizing entrepreneurship opportunities, these findings suggest that the expansion of the gig economy may exacerbate labor market inequality, where wealth-endowed families are protected against adverse economic consequences of the gig economy. We discuss the implications of these findings for inequality-reducing labor market policies, including policies that account for the interconnectedness of family and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an original framework to show the plurality of matching dynamics, the processes by which firms and applicants meet and match in the labour market. It combines segmentation theory and economics of convention to characterise the powers of segmentation and valuation of firms when they recruit. Drawing on a national survey of French employers, the article identifies four matching dynamics. Thirty-five percent of the matches correspond to proximity-based matching dynamics, wherein firms do not control the candidates' profiles. Thirty-four percent of matches result from standard dynamics and 17% from professional-based dynamics. In both cases, firms know the outline of the offer, evaluated through personalised criteria. Partnership-based matching dynamics (14% of the matches) are relatively open for candidates placed by intermediaries, whose evaluation is standardised. The article argues that no matching dynamic is more effective than others, and that employment policies must adapt to the plurality of labour market functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Økonomi & Politik is the property of Djøf Forlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Various labor market policies have been implemented globally to create a more inclusive work environment for women. However, institutional and structural barriers rooted in the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks of countries often impede progress towards this goal, as outlined in Gender Equality Goal Five of the United Nations Development Goals. Gender inequality in employment is a multifaceted issue influenced by socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, which are affected by households, societies, institutions, and states. Consequently, even with a strong legal framework, desired outcomes may not be achieved if the social structure is not supportive. Therefore, institutional and structural factors often manifest as broader gender disparities within societies, leading to a parallel between gender inequality in society and in the workplace. In this context, this study, as far as is known, is the first to estimate the potential relationship between broader societal gender inequality, measured through a composite index including health, education, economic and political empowerment, and the gender unemployment gap. Additionally, in this context, it has been considered as a second model in the relationship between broader societal gender inequality and women's unemployment rate. Using data from 73 countries with varying sociocultural and economic development levels from 1990 to 2022, two models are estimated using the Panel Mean Group Estimator methodology. The findings indicate that as broader gender inequality increases, both female unemployment rates and the gender unemployment gap rise. Therefore, in addition to conventional policies, it is recommended to implement strategies that promote structural changes within society, enhance women's roles and status, and integrate gender equality principles through education.

Objective: to systematize and develop ideas about the improvement of the Russian state policy to promote youth employment. Methods: the work is based on the analysis of literature and normative-legal documents using general scientific methods of cognition. Results: the paper reveals the legal bases for the activities of Russian authorities in the field of promoting youth employment and developing labor market. It is shown that, despite the variety of measures, young people still face serious barriers to successful career starting and stable employment in general. The analysis summarizes the priority areas of action to overcome the most pressing problems, including: loose regulation of the status of a young specialist; limited statistics; low awareness of young people about the situation on the labor market; mismatch between the personnel produced and the current needs of the economy, etc. The conclusion emphasizes the importance to summarizing the accumulated experience and practical application of the most beneficial solutions, taking into account the specifics of the Russian labor market. Scientific novelty: the conducted research contributes to the development of theoretical and practical issues of promoting youth employment, including the deepening of ideas about the main barriers to stable employment and measures to overcome them. Practical significance: the study results can be used, first of all, in the practice of public administration at any level to improve the policy to promote youth employment.

The employment policies targeted at university graduates, which are exceedingly valuable to the national human resource, are closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The employment policies for college students are essential pathways for promoting high-quality job placement for graduates, making the review and evaluation of relevant policies exceedingly significant. This study analyzes the university-student employment policies issued between 1997 and 2023; the researchers utilize text mining and content analysis and refer to the policy indicators designed by existing scholars to develop an evaluation index for college student employment. A PMC index model was constructed to quantitatively evaluate 9 selected policy samples. The results indicate that P5, P6, and P7 have good consistency ratings; P8, P4, and P9 have acceptable consistency ratings; and P2, P3, and P1 have low consistency ratings. The average score for the 9 policy samples is 5.03, reflecting an overall satisfactory quality of China's college student employment policies. By constructing a PMC surface, the model visually reveals certain deficiencies in China's college-student employment policies in regard to policy design, policy tools, and policy content. This study provides countermeasures and proposals from aspects such as policy nature and policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional digital transformation has revitalized economic development and revolutionized the employment landscape of the labor force. The study employs a dynamic panel system GMM model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of regional digital transformation on the employment quality of China's labor force using panel data from 31 mainland provinces. The findings suggest that regional digital transformation initially has a negative impact on employment quality, but that it continues to improve continuously as it progresses, showing a "U-shaped" trend. A nonlinear mediation analysis across industry, sector, and skill levels of the labor force structure uncovers a complex, bridging effect on employment quality. This study provides valuable insights for improving employment policies and promoting full employment, highlighting the dynamic interplay between regional digitization and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the profound macroeconomic consequences of forced migration on Lebanon's economy, with a specific focus on labor market dynamics. Drawing from extensive research and analysis, the study examines the factors driving migration, its impacts on the labor market, and the resultant economic challenges. It delves into the wage disparities, employment rates, and the informal sector's expansion due to the influx of migrants. The article also evaluates existing public policies and proposes strategic interventions aimed at fostering migrant integration and promoting sustainable economic growth. By addressing these critical issues, the forced aims to provide comprehensive policy recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of forced migration and enhance Lebanon's economic resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worker cooperatives in Argentina experienced an important boom at the beginning of the 21st century in response to the economic and social crises that affected the country. This situation entailed a restructuring of social and employment policies that emphasized work as a means of social inclusion. The aim of this article is to describe and characterize the type of labor insertion that worker cooperatives propose to their members in terms of income, formalization, benefits, and labor guarantees and the ways in which they organize production and time. The findings are presented of a descriptive study, based on the application of surveys and semi-structured interviews with members of 27 worker cooperatives in the Greater Santa Fe agglomerate, located in the Argentine pampas. The study, carried out between 2019 and 2020, recognizes the possibility of labor insertion offered by cooperatives to many people who have been excluded from the formal labor market and even of becoming a space for support, meeting, and training for members and associates. However, it describes nearly generalized situations of labor precariousness among people working in cooperatives, shaped by the lack of social protections and adequate economic regulation for associative and self-managed organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation is crucial for beating unemployment for those with high thresholds for entering the labor market. The municipalities in Sweden have become an important factor in the activation. However, no formal argument or decisions were ever made to support the inclusion of municipalities in labor market policy. A government report was, however, compiled and sent to different stakeholders for comments. The present study is based on an analysis of the comments, here termed knowledge claims. The analysis shows that there is a low level of interest from different stakeholders except for the municipalities who are burdened with the cost of social assistance when the unemployed do not find work. The municipalities legitimize and reproduce a dual system for labor market policy. The Public Employment Service (PES) prioritizes unemployed persons who have unemployment insurance and a low threshold for entering the labor market, and the others are left to the municipalities to deal with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study has been done to uncover the important aspects of the research in the context of entrepreneurship as a tool to deal with the problem of unemployment in economies by understanding the trends of research studies, contributing authors, and their research contributions. The literature review in this research study has been done using bibliometric analysis and content analysis through the 316 research studies published in ABDC-rated journals from 2012 to 2022. The findings suggest that the previous studies focused on studying the different aspects, like the relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship, the role of education and training, and the impact of public policies on employment generation aspects of entrepreneurship, along with the performance assessment of the entrepreneurial firms. However, the emphasis of previous studies was less on the performance assessment of the firms that started after unemployment. The findings from the literature review also revealed the impact of the rapidly evolving technological transformations due to artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies and the rising gig economy-based environment on employment generation and entrepreneurial endeavors in economies. This suggests that policymakers and practitioners look into designing relevant and effective policies and educational programs aligning with the changing employment and entrepreneurial landscape due to the impact of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines trends in racial earnings disparities to observe how the socially constructed concept of race impacts the U.S. labor market for men from 1981 to 2008. I develop a racial earnings gap measure that accounts for the labor market experience of the nonemployed using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Completed Gold Standard data produced by the U.S. Census Bureau. This data set includes administrative earnings data from the Internal Revenue Service and the Social Security Administration merged with SIPP household survey data. Conventional measures that do not account for the nonemployed miss the impact of an increasing number of nonemployed, prime working-age men, particularly Black men, and the accelerating incarceration rate during the 1980s-1990s. An unadjusted estimate of the White earnings premium indicates a large racial earnings gap that fluctuates between about 140% and 150% over 1981-2008. This suggests that labor market conditions and policies may be limiting, but not reducing, racial earnings inequality. The adjusted White earnings premium averages 28 percentage points higher over the time period of this study. The premium also rises further, more quickly, and sustains this higher level longer. The adjusted measure suggests that labor market conditions and policies continue to produce growing levels of racial earnings inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with regular employees, independent contractors (ICs) offer labor flexibility and cost savings to their employers. Using a difference-in-differences design around the 2004 Massachusetts law that discourages IC usage, we find that this exogenous decrease in IC usage makes treated firms' earnings more sensitive to changes in sales, increases labor-related expenses, and reduces profitability. Firms subsequently reduce share repurchases. The decrease is more pronounced for firms with high operating leverage and financial constraints. Our results are robust to entropy balancing. We conclude that IC usage affects firms' operating leverage and profitability, which in turn, influence payout policy. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00103. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of the anti-contagious policy on labor market outcomes in China. To measure the Zero-Covid Policy Interventions (ZPIs) implemented during 2020, we exploit the randomly emerged new cases of COVID-19 in a 14-day observation window and construct a conditionally exogenous measurement for cumulative duration of anti-contagious policy. Using a generalized difference-in-differences approach, we find that a 10% increase in the ZPIs heightened the probability of unemployment by around 0.1 percentage points. In contrast to most large economies that suffered a severe health shock from the COVID-19 pandemic, China effectively contained the scale and the spread of the initial outbreak in 2020 to the minimum level and avoided an overwhelmed and overloaded health system, which provides a unique empirical setting to examine the policy effect of anti-contagious policies. We show that the disruption in the labor market majorly results from the zero-Covid containment policy. Moreover, for employed individuals, the zero-Covid policy decreases working hours but not for the labor income, and the policy effect is heterogeneous by gender, age, education, and having a young child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether state and local political leaders' partisan affiliations affect economic freedom at the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level. Because political leaders' partisan affiliations likely correlate with unobserved state- and local-level characteristics that also affect the economic freedom levels of MSAs, we use a regression discontinuity design that leverages close elections as natural experiments to identify a causal effect. Using Stansel (2019)'s index, which aggregates a bundle of policies into a single measure of economic freedom, we find that close Republican majorities in the lower State House increase overall MSA-level economic freedom. This effect is realized through consistent governments (i.e., Republican governor and Republican State House majority) and primarily through changes in labor market policy. At the city level, Republican mayors also increase overall MSA-level economic freedom levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each new wave of technological progress sparks debates about the effects of automation on the future of employment. Current debates on artificial intelligence (AI) and employment are reminiscent of those raised by mechanization in the 19th century, the generalization of electricity, and the introduction of computers in the 20th century: some consider new technologies as a way to relieve workers of the most challenging tasks, and others are alarmed by the imminent threat to employment. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on the potential changes that may arise from the recent emergence of Generative AI in job markets. It is based on a historical analysis of technological revolutions and a literature review of technology's impact on employment. The purpose of this study is not to gather general statistics but rather to analyze potential changes and help design suitable policy responses. This analysis will also consider the possible impact on job quality. The study emphasizes the potential implications for various professional categories but does not predetermine the outcomes of technological transition. The decision to incorporate such technologies is driven by humans, and it is their responsibility to guide the transition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retaining a devoted and skilled workforce has become of paramount importance in China’s dynamic and competitive education sector. The consequences of employee turnover bear weight, especially for institutions striving for global excellence, impacting both institutional continuity and the quality of education. This study explores the factors influencing employee turnover intention within Chinese academic institutions and prioritizes these factors based on their significance. A two-round Delphi method was employed to solicit and synthesize expert opinions through iterative rounds. Nineteen experts from private education institutions in Fuzhou, China, were selected using a combination of purposeful and snowball sampling. In the first round, experts listed the factors contributing to employee turnover intentions, which were then analyzed using thematic analysis. In the second round, the experts ranked these dimensions from most to least important. The study identifies five pivotal factors affecting turnover intentions, listed in order of importance: (1) compensation, benefits, and employee recognition; (2) career development and advancement opportunities; (3) professional growth, training, and job security; (4) leadership, management support, and organizational culture; and (5) work-life balance and work environment. This research proffers actionable recommendations to discern and counteract contributors to employee turnover. The insights furnish invaluable guidance for Chinese educational institutions, underscoring the necessity of employee contentment and laying the groundwork for a sustained and driven workforce.

Poverty alleviation through relocation (PAR) is a milestone project in winning the battle against extreme poverty. Its aim is to relocate poor people from inhospitable areas and lift them out of poverty. Assessing the vulnerability to multidimensional poverty (VMP) of relocated households is of great significance for consolidating the achievements of targeted poverty alleviation and preventing a large-scale return to poverty. This study constructed a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) of relocated households and analyzed relocated households' VMP and its influencing factors using panel data of 1009 households in 16 counties across eight provinces in China. The results reveal that the mean VMP of the relocated households gradually decreased from 2016 to 2020. Moreover, the VMP of the relocated households that have moved into centralized resettlement communities is relatively low compared to those that have moved into decentralized resettlement communities. In addition, the impact of household endowment on VMP is the highest, followed by supporting policies, such as PAR, industrial development, and employment policy. Therefore, the assistance mechanism must be improved to prevent a return to poverty, enhance the sustainable development capacity of relocated households, and optimize follow-up policies for PAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of employee engagement and the green work environment in the relationship between motivation and the performance of logistics company employees in Jakarta, Indonesia. Employing a causal quantitative research approach, we distributed 222 questionnaires among logistics employees from four surrounding cities in Jakarta, namely Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. These questionnaires were adapted from past studies. The data were processed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares. The results showed that employee performance in logistics companies was positively and significantly influenced by motivation. Furthermore, a green work environment and employee engagement were found to significantly mediate the relationship between motivation and performance. These findings underscore the importance of a green work environment and employee engagement in enhancing motivation and performance in logistics companies. The study implies that employee performance in logistics companies can be elevated through the provision of a green work environment, alongside fostering employee motivation and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the era when Tun Hussein Onn served as the Prime Minister of Malaysia, economic ties began to move towards broader horizons, not only in the agricultural sector but also in the industrial sector, including petroleum and gas. Malaysian and Indonesian economic relations have also begun to cooperate in petroleum and natural gas and continue to cooperate in agriculture. Apart from that, security issues are also the main agenda of Tun Hussein Onn and Indonesia to ensure the stability and security of the Southeast Asian region. It is essential to ensure that foreign investment and trade are not affected. This research will describe Malaysia and Indonesia's economic relations, which form the core of economic cooperation between the two countries. The analysis also focuses on the economic policies of the two countries to see the extent of opportunities for economic cooperation between Malaysia and Indonesia. This research uses materials from primary and secondary sources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia and National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia. The study found that during Tun Hussein Onn's era, there was a focus on Bumiputera development to address economic inequality as planned in the New Economic Policy. Additionally, the economic relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia also began to focus on cooperation in the petroleum and natural gas sectors, which became major contributors to national revenue. At the same time, cooperation in the agricultural and industrial sectors was also enhanced through research and manpower utilization between Malaysia and Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on empirical evidence, we argue that recent declines in the basic skills of German pupils are highly concerning from a labour market policy perspective. High-quality schooling is crucial for meeting the demands of a changing labour market, as it provides new cohorts of workers with basic and self-productive skills and facilitates the acquisition of more complex skills and lifelong meta-competences. Therefore, education policy must be seen as an integral part of labour market policy. However, there is a distinct lack of communication and coordination between labour and education policy in Germany, due to misaligned incentives and fragmented responsibilities. Recent reforms provide hope that the necessary capacity building can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of China's low-carbon city policy on employment using a quasi-natural experiment approach based on microdata from A-share listed companies (2007–2021). The findings indicate a statistically significant positive effect on employment levels, with an average increase of 7.27% in pilot compared to non-pilot cities. This boost in employment is primarily linked to green innovation, improved financing conditions, and increased sales activities. The policy disproportionately benefits high-skilled workers and positively affects employment in sales, research and development, and management while having a lesser impact on low-skilled and production workers. The employment gains are particularly significant in non-polluting sectors, regions with high marketization, and in the eastern areas of China. This study underscores the complex interplay between environmental policies and labor markets, emphasizing the need for skill differentiation in policy frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the intricate relationship between the evolution of Argentina's labor market, particularly the historical inclusion of women, and the contours of contemporary social welfare policies for female recipients. Set against the backdrop of a decades-long crisis in employment and income, especially affecting low-income families and women tasked with caregiving responsibilities, the article posits the hypothesis that the trend of feminization in social welfare policies partly stems from the pauperization of Argentina's labor market in the latter part of the 20th century and the historically subordinate role of women within patriarchal capitalist societies. Employing an empirical-historical methodology, it scrutinizes the shifts and dynamics of the labor market over the 20th century as well as the features of the welfare policy framework at the beginning of the 21st century. The article is a contribution to Argentina's labor market and social policy literature and portrays current socio-welfare programs as an adaptation to the employment and income crisis, further entrenching women's subordinate status within the social fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Definition: The role of labor market institutions and policies has received great attention throughout the history of labor economics. Labor market institutions are responsible for a wide range of policies, regulations, and organizations that affect the labor market, though their impact on employment can vary depending on the specific institutions and the economic context across countries. This entry attempts to provide an overview of five main labor market institutions and policies, i.e., the minimum wage, employment protection, the power of unions, active labor market policies, and unemployment insurance/unemployment benefits. It also presents theoretical expectations of their effects on employment outcomes and collates relevant results from the related literature, focusing mainly on the most recent empirical evidence. Finally, this entry provides insights regarding labor market institutions and offers proposals for shaping the labor market landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Rethinking Public Services in Rural Areas?" discusses the topic of public and private services and infrastructure in rural areas in Germany and other European countries. It discusses changes and challenges regarding the availability, quality, and accessibility of these services and facilities. The Territorial Agenda of the European Union emphasizes the need for measures to maintain public services in rural areas. Various approaches and strategies are discussed to achieve improvements in this area and learn from good examples and practices in other European countries. The text describes various approaches to ensure public services in rural areas. It is shown that state interventions and European funding policies are testing new approaches and launching pilot projects. However, many of these projects fail due to difficulties in implementation and the sustainable establishment of new solutions. The research project InDaLE examined 18 practical projects in different countries and developed theses for the permanent safeguarding of innovative solutions in public services. The main focus of the text presents the state of research on innovative approaches to public services in rural areas and addresses topics such as local supply, social logistics, and the energy transition. Various projects and their experiences are presented to develop new approaches. The article examines the institutional change in the field of fire prevention education and the importance of new cooperations and actor alliances. Based on case studies from Austria and Germany, five essential steps for the long-term establishment of innovative public service projects are identified. Another contribution compares good practices and success factors in after-school education in rural regions of Scotland and Sweden. It shows how rural communities can create attractive offers with limited resources. A third contribution argues that the labor market policy importance of fundamentally economic systems should be considered in the debate on public services. It emphasizes that strengthening these systems requires impulses from municipalities and higher authorities. The article contains a list of scientific publications on the topic of public services in rural areas. The publications address various aspects such as access to healthcare services, local supply, renewable energy, and infrastructure in rural areas. It also compares various countries and their strategies for ensuring public services. The publications provide insights into the challenges and solutions for the provision of services in rural areas. [Extracted from the article]

The present article examines the phenomenon of homicide in Colombia and aims to understand the conditions of vulnerability that affect homicide in Colombian cities. Through a theoretical and methodological approach based on vulnerability, the relationship between homicidal violence and illegal markets, impoverished labor markets, and wealth distribution was analyzed. The sample consisted of the thirty-two departmental capital cities of Colombia. Multivariate statistical tools (PLS-SEM) were used to analyze the relationship between these factors and homicide. The findings suggest that low incomes, unemployment, inequality, and violence are associated with an increased risk of homicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies aimed at upskilling, motivating and/or disciplining the unemployed have remained a cornerstone of most OECD countries' employment policies since the 1990s. Central to these policies is the idea of activation – i.e. the premise that benefit entitlement is conditional on one's participation in some kind of activity. This article seek to understand how this idea of activation has proven so enduring by analyzing the international development of Activation Policies since 1990 through the lens offered by the concept of ideational robustness. It is analyzed how the robustness of the idea of activation has been continuously challenged through critiques raised against the effects, the legitimacy and the relevance of activation policies. Yet, in each of these moments of contest, proponents of the idea of activation succeeded in keeping the idea relevant as a point of reference for policymaking. They did so by rebalancing disciplinary and enabling approaches to activation, adding a new scope of application for activation policies, and rearticulating the underlying assumption about client agency. The analysis further reveals how these robustness mechanisms succeeded in appropriating the critiques due to their inscription within the technical and seemingly de-political language concerning effect evaluations, implementation deficits, and new forms of governance. Policymakers were thereby able to downplay normative questions of the legitimacy, fairness, and justice of activation policies. The idea of activation has thus taken on a status as an objective to be implemented as effective and efficiently as possible rather than as an idea to be discussed or challenged. However, while the idea of activation remains robust, the same cannot be said of the governance and implementation structures of activation policies. Our study suggest that the near-constant reforms of these governance arrangements and implementation structures during the last 30 years are partly a consequence of critique being skewed from the idea of activation to these structures and arrangements. The robustness of the idea of activation has thus, rather paradoxically, come about by reducing the robustness of specific activation policies and governance arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of job reservations on Indian public sector enterprises (PSEs) and discovers that, despite reservations being in existence since 1951, the majority of central government-owned manufacturing PSEs do not meet quotas. It states that the disproportionate representation of reserved categories in lower organizational tiers is the result of institutional constraints and discriminatory actions.

This article deals with the perspectives that European-level youth policy take on young people and youth as a life stage. Drawing on considerations from discourse theory, the Foucault-inspired dispositive of age, we use a combination of content, metaphor and thematic analysis to examine documents published by the EU and the Council of Europe. Our study aims to comparatively reconstruct implicit and explicit understandings of young people and youth as a life stage contained in youth work related and strategic policy documents. We conclude that both perspectives are characterized by the fact that youth is the future of society, but is supposed to shape this future in accordance with contemporary adult society. In this role attributed to youth, young people are described as particularly vulnerable to negative influences and, therefore, need the protection by adults. Youth as an autonomous life stage is only attributed little significance in these perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focuses mainly on the impact of automation on employment and wages but pays little attention to its impact on employee job satisfaction, especially in the context of the Global South. Using survey data from China, this article investigates the impact of automation on employee job satisfaction due to the effects of job improvement and position replacement stress. The results indicate that automation can improve the job satisfaction of individual employees but reduces the job satisfaction of employees with a position that can be replaced easily by automation. The improvement and replacement effects coexist within the impact of automation. Through a structural equation model, this article finds that the improvement effect arises from an increase in job income, safety, and ability, whereas replacement stress is produced through the mediating effect of job stress and boredom. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the improvement effect is present in young employees with low job skills, position competency, and experience requirements, while replacement stress occurs in middle-aged and elderly employees with high job skills and high position competency and experience requirements. Our study provides evidence for the construction of an internal labor market in enterprises and labor policy interventions in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of employee engagement and the green work environment in the relationship between motivation and the performance of logistics company employees in Jakarta, Indonesia. Employing a causal quantitative research approach, we distributed 222 questionnaires among logistics employees from four surrounding cities in Jakarta, namely Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. These questionnaires were adapted from past studies. The data were processed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares. The results showed that employee performance in logistics companies was positively and significantly influenced by motivation. Furthermore, a green work environment and employee engagement were found to significantly mediate the relationship between motivation and performance. These findings underscore the importance of a green work environment and employee engagement in enhancing motivation and performance in logistics companies. The study implies that employee performance in logistics companies can be elevated through the provision of a green work environment, alongside fostering employee motivation and engagement.

In the book review "Marketization: How Capitalist Exchange Disciplines Workers and Subverts Democracy" by Ian Greer and Charles Umney, the authors argue that marketization processes serve as a form of class discipline for front-line workers, leading them to accept unsatisfactory working conditions. The authors conducted an interview-based study over 10 years in several European countries, focusing on welfare-to-work systems, hospitals, and the live music industry. They found that marketization strips workers of agency and democratic opportunities to improve their working conditions. The authors suggest counteracting marketization through small-scale localism, restoring labor class power, and increasing solidaristic activity. [Extracted from the article]

This contribution poses the problem of the popular fascination for the civil service and its problematic link with the employment policy. It starts from an observation: generally, at the favour of the launching of administrative competitive exams and recruitments giving access to the public service, we systematically witness a massive and popular rush of young people who apply for a position as a public official or civil servant. On observation, this fascination of young people for the public service is linked with the perceptions and social representations that are built around the public agent and more particularly the civil servant. However, this popular fascination for the public service has perverse effects as much on the professional training and employment policy as well as on on the performance and efficiency of the public service.

Background: Despite the importance of employment on individual well-being, the literature on the positive impact of work participation, specifically for individuals with Down syndrome, is scant. Aim: We conducted in-depth interviews to explore how people with Down syndrome perceive employment benefits in Malaysia. Method: Forty-five participants were interviewed, including six individuals with Down syndrome, ten family members, six employers and co-workers, 22 community members, and a policy maker. Result: Three themes emerged from reflexive thematic analysis: (1) personal growth, (2) employer incentives, and (3) improving social acceptance. Conclusion: The findings emphasise that fostering a positive attitude towards the employment of individuals with Down syndrome would benefit them and contribute to society. Relevant bodies could utilise the findings to develop effective employment policies for the community.

One decade on from the launch of the European Youth Guarantee Initiative, there is still limited research into its efficacy in rural areas. In Spain, a country with significant urban-rural disparity, the complexity of the governmental structure across the country has made investigations into the effectiveness of youth employment strategies less common as compared with other European states. Our study analyses the meso-level structure of the Spanish government and how the Public Employment Services (PES) factor into the overall process of disseminating active labour market policies across the country. The study is based in the autonomous community of Catalonia and includes a case study in the region of Lleida. Through open-ended interviews with members at different levels of the local PES, including the director and various other staff, as well as with local policymakers, youth workers in local organisations, and the youth themselves, we aim to shed light on how the Youth Guarantee is being implemented on the ground. This will take into account the structural constraints, needs, and challenges under the new law as expressed by the various stakeholders. The results indicate that both youth and local PES are negatively impacted by some centralised aspects of employment policy, such as the stringent requirements for training courses that prove prohibitive for rural areas, as well as the urban-centric design of training courses. Further, the youth collectively express a strong desire for their voice to find expression in the design of active labour market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]