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1. The beliefs, practices and developments of three teachers of science in the primary school

Author

Edmonds, J. S.

Subjects
372.35, Primary, Science, Capital, Community of practice, NQT, CPD
Abstract

This thesis explores the beliefs of three teachers about effective primary science practice, and the ways these develop in the context of a climate where there are few school resources for primary science training. The research proposes a new theoretical model combining Lave and Wenger's communities of practice (1991) with Bourdieu's science capital social theory (2004) to explore the impact of science knowledge, culture and science social contacts on the development of beliefs about science, science teaching and the teachers' position and agency in the school to enable learning from others. A case study methodology was used, with three local primary teachers, employing participative observation and semi-structured interviews to gather data on beliefs on primary science and professional development. The data was evaluated using thematic analysis. The three teachers identified a range of beliefs about effective teaching strategies in primary science, including enquiry, linking ideas to observables in activities and dialogic learning approaches which appeared to be influenced by each teacher's type and amount of science capital. There appeared to be little science expertise or CPD in schools, to support science teaching especially during the first years when teaching strategies are established. Some teachers were not part of any external 'community of practice' and found online resources unhelpful for developing pedagogy. The combined theoretical model was found to be effective in recognising the teachers' previous experience in science and its impact on their present beliefs.

Published
2019

2. GCAM v5.1: Representing the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems

Author

Calvin, K, Patel, P, Clarke, L, Asrar, G, Bond-Lamberty, B, Yiyun Cui, R, Di Vittorio, A, Dorheim, K, Edmonds, J, Hartin, C, Hejazi, M, Horowitz, R, Iyer, G, Kyle, P, Kim, S, Link, R, Mcjeon, H, Smith, SJ, Snyder, A, Waldhoff, S, and Wise, M

Subjects
Earth Sciences
Abstract

This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM is a market equilibrium model, is global in scope, and operates from 1990 to 2100 in 5-year time steps. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region's demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions. This paper describes the model, including its assumptions, inputs, and outputs. We then use 11 scenarios, varying the socioeconomic and climate policy assumptions, to illustrate the results from the model. The resulting scenarios demonstrate a wide range of potential future energy, water, and land uses. We compare the results from GCAM v5.1 to historical data and to future scenario simulations from earlier versions of GCAM and from other models. Finally, we provide information on how to obtain the model.

Published
2019

3. Biospheric feedback effects in a synchronously coupled model of human and Earth systems

Author

Thornton, PE, Calvin, K, Jones, AD, Di Vittorio, AV, Bond-Lamberty, B, Chini, L, Shi, X, Mao, J, Collins, WD, Edmonds, J, Thomson, A, Truesdale, J, Craig, A, Branstetter, ML, and Hurtt, G

Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Environmental Science and Management
Abstract

Fossil fuel combustion and land-use change are the two largest contributors to industrial-era increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Projections of these are thus fundamental inputs for coupled Earth system models (ESMs) used to estimate the physical and biological consequences of future climate system forcing. While historical data sets are available to inform past and current climate analyses, assessments of future climate change have relied on projections of energy and land use from energy-economic models, constrained by assumptions about future policy, land-use patterns and socio-economic development trajectories. Here we show that the climatic impacts on land ecosystems drive significant feedbacks in energy, agriculture, land use and carbon cycle projections for the twenty-first century. We find that exposure of human-appropriated land ecosystem productivity to biospheric change results in reductions of land area used for crops; increases in managed forest area and carbon stocks; decreases in global crop prices; and reduction in fossil fuel emissions for a low-mid-range forcing scenario. The feedbacks between climate-induced biospheric change and human system forcings to the climate system - demonstrated here - are handled inconsistently, or excluded altogether, in the one-way asynchronous coupling of energy-economic models to ESMs used to date.

Published
2017

4. Accounting for radiative forcing from albedo change in future global land-use scenarios

Author

Jones, AD, Calvin, KV, Collins, WD, and Edmonds, J

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

We demonstrate the effectiveness of a new method for quantifying radiative forcing from land use and land cover change (LULCC) within an integrated assessment model, the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). The method relies on geographically differentiated estimates of radiative forcing from albedo change associated with major land cover transitions derived from the Community Earth System Model. We find that conversion of 1 km2 of woody vegetation (forest and shrublands) to non-woody vegetation (crops and grassland) yields between 0 and −0.71 nW/m2 of globally averaged radiative forcing determined by the vegetation characteristics, snow dynamics, and atmospheric radiation environment characteristic within each of 151 regions we consider globally. Across a set of scenarios designed to span a range of potential future LULCC, we find LULCC forcing ranging from −0.06 to −0.29 W/m2 by 2070 depending on assumptions regarding future crop yield growth and whether climate policy favors afforestation or bioenergy crops. Inclusion of this previously uncounted forcing in the policy targets driving future climate mitigation efforts leads to changes in fossil fuel emissions on the order of 1.5 PgC/yr by 2070 for a climate forcing limit of 4.5 Wm−2, corresponding to a 12–67 % change in fossil fuel emissions depending on the scenario. Scenarios with significant afforestation must compensate for albedo-induced warming through additional emissions reductions, and scenarios with significant deforestation need not mitigate as aggressively due to albedo-induced cooling. In all scenarios considered, inclusion of albedo forcing in policy targets increases forest and shrub cover globally.

Published
2015

6. NGFS Climate Scenarios Data Set Version 4.0

Author

Richters, O., Kriegler, E., Al Khourdajie, A., Bertram, C., Bresch, D., Ciullo, A., Cornforth, E., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Fuchs, S., Hackstock, P., Holland, D., Hurst, I., Kikstra, J., Klein, D., Kotz, M., Kropf, C., Lewis, J., Liadze, I., Mandaroux, R., Meinshausen, M., Min, J., Nicholls, Z., Piontek, F., Sanchez Juanino, P., Sauer, I., Sferra, F., Stevanović, M., van Ruijven, B., Weigman, P., Westphal, M., Zhao, A., Zwerling, M., Richters, O., Kriegler, E., Al Khourdajie, A., Bertram, C., Bresch, D., Ciullo, A., Cornforth, E., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Fuchs, S., Hackstock, P., Holland, D., Hurst, I., Kikstra, J., Klein, D., Kotz, M., Kropf, C., Lewis, J., Liadze, I., Mandaroux, R., Meinshausen, M., Min, J., Nicholls, Z., Piontek, F., Sanchez Juanino, P., Sauer, I., Sferra, F., Stevanović, M., van Ruijven, B., Weigman, P., Westphal, M., Zhao, A., and Zwerling, M.

Abstract

This dataset contains a set of climate scenario that have been developed for the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). The NGFS is a group of 83 central banks and supervisors and 12 observers committed to sharing best practices, contributing to the development of climate– and environment–related risk management in the financial sector and mobilising mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. The scenarios in this dataset were produced by NGFS Workstream 3 in partnership with an academic consortium from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), University of Maryland (UMD), Climate Analytics (CA), the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). The Phase 3 bespoke scenarios are generated by state-of-the-art well-established integrated assessment models (IAMs), namely GCAM, MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and REMIND-MAgPIE. These models allow the estimation of global and regional mitigation costs, the analysis of energy system transition characteristics, the quantification of investments required to transform the energy system, and the identification of synergies and trade-off of sustainable development pathways. Technical documentation is available to help users access the datasets. The documentation describes the models and variables, as well as provides detailed guidance for database users. Scenario presentation materials and the user guide are also available at the NGFS portal.

Published
2023

10. Annex III: Scenarios and modelling methods

Author

Shukla, A.R., Skea, J., Slade, R., Al Khourdajie, A., van Diemen, R., McCollum, D., Pathak, M., Some, S., Vyas, P., Fradera, R., Belkacemi, M., Hasija, A., Lisboa, G., Luz, S., Malley, J., Guivarch, C., Kriegler, E., Portugal-Pereira, J., Bosetti, V., Edmonds, J., Fischedick, M., Havlík, P., Jaramillo, P., Krey, V., Lecocq, F., Lucena, A., Meinshausen, M., Mirasgedis, S., O'Neill, B., Peters, G.P., Rogelj, J., Rose, S., Saheb, Y., Strbac, G., Hammer Strømman, A., van Vuuren, D.P., Zhou, N., Shukla, A.R., Skea, J., Slade, R., Al Khourdajie, A., van Diemen, R., McCollum, D., Pathak, M., Some, S., Vyas, P., Fradera, R., Belkacemi, M., Hasija, A., Lisboa, G., Luz, S., Malley, J., Guivarch, C., Kriegler, E., Portugal-Pereira, J., Bosetti, V., Edmonds, J., Fischedick, M., Havlík, P., Jaramillo, P., Krey, V., Lecocq, F., Lucena, A., Meinshausen, M., Mirasgedis, S., O'Neill, B., Peters, G.P., Rogelj, J., Rose, S., Saheb, Y., Strbac, G., Hammer Strømman, A., van Vuuren, D.P., and Zhou, N.

Abstract

The use of scenarios and modelling methods are pillars in IPCC Working Group III (WGIII) Assessment Reports. Past WGIII assessment report cycles identified knowledge gaps about the integration of modelling across scales and disciplines, mainly between global integrated assessment modelling methods and bottom-up modelling insights of mitigation responses. The need to improve the transparency of model assumptions and enhance the communication of scenario results was also recognised. This annex on Scenarios and Modelling Methods aims to address some of these gaps by detailing the modelling frameworks applied in the WGIII Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) chapters and disclose scenario assumptions and its key parameters. It has been explicitly included in the Scoping Meeting Report of the WGIII contribution to the AR6 and approved by the IPCC Panel at the 46th Session of the Panel.

Published
2022

11. IPCC emission scenarios: How did critiques affect their quality and relevance 1990–2022?

Author

Pedersen, J. T. S. van Vuuren, D. Gupta, J. Santos, F. D. Edmonds, J. Swart, R. and Pedersen, J. T. S. van Vuuren, D. Gupta, J. Santos, F. D. Edmonds, J. Swart, R.

Abstract

Long-term global emission scenarios enable the analysis of future climate change, impacts, and response strategies by providing insight into possible future developments and linking these different climate research elements. Such scenarios play a crucial role in the climate change literature informing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs) and support policymakers. This article reviews the evolution of emission scenarios, since 1990, by focusing on scenario critiques and responses as published in the literature. We focus on the issues raised in the critiques and the possible impact on scenario development. The critique (280) focuses on four areas: 1) key scenario assumptions (40%), 2) the emissions range covered by the scenarios and missing scenarios (25%), 3) methodological issues (24%), and 4) the policy relevance and handling of uncertainty (11%). Scenario critiques have become increasingly influential since 2000. Some areas of critique have decreased or become less prominent (probability, development process, convergence assumptions, and economic metrics). Other areas have become more dominant over time (e.g., policy relevance & implications of scenarios, transparency, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) assumptions, missing scenarios). Several changes have been made in developing scenarios and their content that respond to the critique.

Published
2022
Full Text
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12. NGFS Climate Scenarios Data Set Version 3.0

Author

Richters, O., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., Al Khourdajie, A., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Hackstock, P., Holland, D., Hurst, I., Kikstra, J., Lewis, J., Liadze, I., Meinshausen, M., Min, J., Nicholls, Z., Piontek, F., Sauer, I., Sferra, F., Sanchez Juanino, P., van Ruijven, B., Weigman, P., Yu, S., Zhao, A., Zwerling, M., Richters, O., Bertram, C., Kriegler, E., Al Khourdajie, A., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Hackstock, P., Holland, D., Hurst, I., Kikstra, J., Lewis, J., Liadze, I., Meinshausen, M., Min, J., Nicholls, Z., Piontek, F., Sauer, I., Sferra, F., Sanchez Juanino, P., van Ruijven, B., Weigman, P., Yu, S., Zhao, A., and Zwerling, M.

Abstract

This dataset contains a set of climate scenario that have been developed for the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). The NGFS is a group of 83 central banks and supervisors and 12 observers committed to sharing best practices, contributing to the development of climate– and environment–related risk management in the financial sector and mobilising mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. The scenarios in this dataset were produced by NGFS Workstream 3 in partnership with an academic consortium from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), University of Maryland (UMD), Climate Analytics (CA), the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). The Phase 3 bespoke scenarios are generated by state-of-the-art well-established integrated assessment models (IAMs), namely GCAM, MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and REMIND-MAgPIE. These models allow the estimation of global and regional mitigation costs, the analysis of energy system transition characteristics, the quantification of investments required to transform the energy system, and the identification of synergies and trade-off of sustainable development pathways. Technical documentation is available to help users access the datasets. The documentation describes the models and variables, as well as provides detailed guidance for database users. Scenario presentation materials and the user guide are also available at the NGFS portal.

Published
2022

13. Transparency crucial to Paris climate scenarios—Response

Author

Ou, Y., Iyer, G., Edmonds, J., Fawcett, A., Hultman, N., McFarland, J., Waldhoff, S., Gidden, M., McJeon, H., Ou, Y., Iyer, G., Edmonds, J., Fawcett, A., Hultman, N., McFarland, J., Waldhoff, S., Gidden, M., and McJeon, H.

Published
2022

14. Can updated climate pledges limit warming well below 2 degrees C? Increased ambition and implementation are essential

Author

Ou, Y, Iyer, G, Clarke, L, Edmonds, J, Fawcett, AA, Hultman, N, McFarland, JR, Binsted, M, Cui, R, Fyson, C, Geiges, A, Gonzales-Zuniga, S, Gidden, MJ, Hoehne, N, Jeffery, L, Kuramochi, T, Lewis, J, Meinshausen, M, Nicholls, Z, Patel, P, Ragnauth, S, Rogelj, J, Waldhoff, S, Yu, S, and McJeon, H

Subjects
Multidisciplinary Sciences, CARBON, ENERGY, Science & Technology, LAND-USE, General Science & Technology, MODELS, Science & Technology - Other Topics
Published
2021

34. NGFS Climate Scenarios Data Set Version 2.0

Author

Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., Hurst, I., Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., and Hurst, I.

Abstract

This dataset contains a set of climate scenario that have been developed for the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). The NGFS is a group of 83 central banks and supervisors and 12 observers committed to sharing best practices, contributing to the development of climate– and environment–related risk management in the financial sector and mobilising mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. The scenarios in this dataset were produced by NGFS Workstream 2 in partnership with an academic consortium from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), University of Maryland (UMD), Climate Analytics (CA), the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). The Phase 2 bespoke scenarios are generated by state-of-the-art well-established integrated assessment models (IAMs), namely GCAM, MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and REMIND-MAgPIE. These models allow the estimation of global and regional mitigation costs, the analysis of energy system transition characteristics, the quantification of investments required to transform the energy system, and the identification of synergies and trade-off of sustainable development pathways. Technical documentation is available to help users access the datasets. The documentation describes the models and variables, as well as provides detailed guidance for database users. Scenario presentation materials and the user guide are also available at the NGFS portal.

Published
2021

35. NGFS Climate Scenarios Data Set

Author

Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., Hurst, I., Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., and Hurst, I.

Abstract

Download information The data is available for download at the NGFS Scenario Explorer. The license permits use of the scenario ensemble for scientific research and commercial use, but restricts redistribution of substantial parts of the data. Please refer to the FAQ and legal code for more information. Version 2.2 (28 June 2021) Correction of Emission and Carbon Price variables at the native region level for the REMIND-MAgPIE 2.1-4.2 model, Net Zero 2050 scenario (see detailed list at the bottom of this message). Correction of historic (pre-2020) global level carbon prices for the REMIND-MAgPIE 2.1-4.2 model in Divergent Net Zero Scenario In the downloadable file names for Downscaled Data, Climate Damages and NIGEM outputs, space characters have been replaced with underscores. Because the url's for these files refer to the file names, the old links for these files no longer work and unregistered users should request new download link. Solved an issue of incorrect displaying of region names for the "REMIND-MAgPIE 2.1-4.2 IntegratedPhysicalDamages (median/95th)" models in the Scenario Explorer. About the data set This dataset contains a set of climate scenario that have been developed for the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). The NGFS is a group of 83 central banks and supervisors and 12 observers committed to sharing best practices, contributing to the development of climate– and environment–related risk management in the financial sector and mobilising mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. The scenarios in this dataset were produced by NGFS Workstream 2 in partnership with an academic consortium from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), University of Maryland (UMD), Climate Analytics (CA), the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). The Phase 2 bespoke scen

Published
2021

36. Can updated climate pledges limit warming well below 2°C?

Author

Ou, Y., Iyer, G., Clarke, L., Edmonds, J., Fawcett, A.A., Hultman, N., McFarland, J.R., Binsted, M., Cui, R., Fyson, C., Geiges, A., Gonzales-Zuñiga, S., Gidden, M., Höhne, N., Jeffery, L., Kuramochi, T., Lewis, J., Meinshausen, M., Nicholls, Z., Patel, P., Ragnauth, S., Rogelj, J., Waldhoff, S., Yu, S., McJeon, H., Ou, Y., Iyer, G., Clarke, L., Edmonds, J., Fawcett, A.A., Hultman, N., McFarland, J.R., Binsted, M., Cui, R., Fyson, C., Geiges, A., Gonzales-Zuñiga, S., Gidden, M., Höhne, N., Jeffery, L., Kuramochi, T., Lewis, J., Meinshausen, M., Nicholls, Z., Patel, P., Ragnauth, S., Rogelj, J., Waldhoff, S., Yu, S., and McJeon, H.

Published
2021

37. NGFS Climate Scenario Database: Technical Documentation V2.2

Author

Bertram, C., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Beck, T., Bresch, D., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Kropf, C., Sauer, I., Lejeune, Q., Pfleiderer, P., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C.F., Sferra, F., van Ruijven, B., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., Hurst, I., Bertram, C., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Beck, T., Bresch, D., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Kropf, C., Sauer, I., Lejeune, Q., Pfleiderer, P., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C.F., Sferra, F., van Ruijven, B., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., and Hurst, I.

Abstract

This document provides technical information on the two datasets behind the NGFS scenarios. It is intended to answer technical questions for those who want to perform analyses on the datasets themselves. It is an update of the Technical Documentation published in June 2020 alongside the first set of NGFS Scenarios. It is therefore aligned with the second set of NGFS Scenarios, released in June 2021.

Published
2021

38. Assessing China’s efforts to pursue the 1.5°C warming limit

Author

Duan, H., Zhou, S., Jiang, K., Bertram, C., Harmsen, M., Kriegler, E., van Vuuren, D.P., Wang, S., Fujimori, S., Tavoni, M., Ming, X., Keramidas, K., Iyer, G., Edmonds, J., Duan, H., Zhou, S., Jiang, K., Bertram, C., Harmsen, M., Kriegler, E., van Vuuren, D.P., Wang, S., Fujimori, S., Tavoni, M., Ming, X., Keramidas, K., Iyer, G., and Edmonds, J.

Abstract

Given the increasing interest in keeping global warming below 1.5°C, a key question is what this would mean for China's emission pathway, energy restructuring, and decarbonization. By conducting a multimodel study, we find that the 1.5°C-consistent goal would require China to reduce its carbon emissions and energy consumption by more than 90 and 39%, respectively, compared with the "no policy" case. Negative emission technologies play an important role in achieving near-zero emissions, with captured carbon accounting on average for 20% of the total reductions in 2050. Our multimodel comparisons reveal large differences in necessary emission reductions across sectors, whereas what is consistent is that the power sector is required to achieve full decarbonization by 2050. The cross-model averages indicate that China's accumulated policy costs may amount to 2.8 to 5.7% of its gross domestic product by 2050, given the 1.5°C warming limit.

Published
2021

40. eManual Alte Geschichte: Quellenband: Kriegstechnik, Tyrannis

Author

Decken, Agnes von der, Dent, J. M., Edmonds, J. M., Rackham, H., and Hicks, R.D.

Subjects
Alte Geschichte, Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Archäologie, History of the ancient world to ca. 499 [T930], Ancient History [FAG], Greece (Antiquity) [R938]
Published
2020

41. A Survey of University Students’ Preferences for Midwifery Care and Community Birth Options in 8 High‐Income Countries

Author

Stoll, K, Downe, Soo, Edmonds, J, McAra-Cooper, J, Mechthild, G, Sadler, M, and Thomson, Gillian

Subjects
B720
Abstract

Background: Midwifery care is associated with positive birth outcomes, access to community birth options, and judicious use of interventions. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare maternity care preferences of university students across a range of maternity care systems and to explore whether preferences align with evidence- based recommendations and options available. \ud Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was completed in 2014-2015 by a convenience sample of university students in 8 high-income countries across 4 continents (n=4,569). In addition to describing preferences for midwifery care and community birth options across countries, socio-demographic characteristics, psychological factors, knowledge about pregnancy and birth, and sources of information that shaped students’ attitudes towards birth were examined in relation to preferences for midwifery care and community birth options. \ud Results: Approximately half of the student respondents (48. 2%) preferred midwifery-led care for a healthy pregnancy, 9.5% would choose to birth in a birthing center, and 4.5% preferred a home birth. Preference for midwifery care varied from 10.3% among women in the United States to 78.6% among women in England. Preferences for home birth varied from 0.3% among US women to 18.3% among Canadian women. Women, health science students, those with low childbirth fear, who learned about pregnancy and birth from friends (compared to other sources, e.g. the media) and those who responded from Europe were significantly more likely to prefer midwifery care and community birth. High confidence in knowledge of pregnancy and birth was linked to significantly higher odds of community birth preferences and midwifery care preferences\ud Conclusions: It would be beneficial to integrate childbirth education into high school curricula, to promote knowledge of midwifery care, pregnancy and childbirth and reduce fear among prospective parents. Community birth options need to be expanded, to meet demand among the next generation of maternity service users.

Published
2020

42. Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement

Author

Roelfsema, M., van Soest, H.L., Hamsen, M., den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Iacubuta, G., Krey, V., Kriegler, E., Luderer, G., Riahi, K., Ueckerdt, F., Després, J., Drouet, L., Emmerling, J., Frank, S., Fricko, O., Gidden, M., Humpenöder, F., Huppmann, D., Fujimori, S., Fragkiadakis, K., Gi, K., Keramidas, K., Köberle, A.C., Reis, L.A., Rochedo, P., Schaeffer, R., Oshiro, K., Vrontisi, Z., Chen, W., Iyer, G.C., Edmonds, J., Kannavou, M., Jiang, K., Mathur, R., Safonov, G., Vishwanathan, S.S., Roelfsema, M., van Soest, H.L., Hamsen, M., den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Iacubuta, G., Krey, V., Kriegler, E., Luderer, G., Riahi, K., Ueckerdt, F., Després, J., Drouet, L., Emmerling, J., Frank, S., Fricko, O., Gidden, M., Humpenöder, F., Huppmann, D., Fujimori, S., Fragkiadakis, K., Gi, K., Keramidas, K., Köberle, A.C., Reis, L.A., Rochedo, P., Schaeffer, R., Oshiro, K., Vrontisi, Z., Chen, W., Iyer, G.C., Edmonds, J., Kannavou, M., Jiang, K., Mathur, R., Safonov, G., and Vishwanathan, S.S.

Abstract

Many countries have implemented national climate policies to accomplish pledged Nationally Determined Contributions and to contribute to the temperature objectives of the Paris Agreement on climate change. In 2023, the global stocktake will assess the combined effort of countries. Here, based on a public policy database and a multi-model scenario analysis, we show that implementation of current policies leaves a median emission gap of 22.4 to 28.2 GtCO2eq by 2030 with the optimal pathways to implement the well below 2 °C and 1.5 °C Paris goals. If Nationally Determined Contributions would be fully implemented, this gap would be reduced by a third. Interestingly, the countries evaluated were found to not achieve their pledged contributions with implemented policies (implementation gap), or to have an ambition gap with optimal pathways towards well below 2 °C. This shows that all countries would need to accelerate the implementation of policies for renewable technologies, while efficiency improvements are especially important in emerging countries and fossil-fuel-dependent countries.

Published
2020

43. NGFS Climate Scenarios Data Set

Author

Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., Hurst, I., Bertram, C., van Ruijven, B., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Charles, M., Zhao, A., Sauer, I., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Sferra, F., Yu, S., Holland, D., Liadze, I., and Hurst, I.

Abstract

This dataset contains a set of climate scenario that have been developed for the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). The NGFS is a group of 83 central banks and supervisors and 12 observers committed to sharing best practices, contributing to the development of climate– and environment–related risk management in the financial sector and mobilising mainstream finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy. The scenarios in this dataset were produced by NGFS Workstream 2 in partnership with an academic consortium from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), University of Maryland (UMD), Climate Analytics (CA), the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). The Phase 2 bespoke scenarios are generated by state-of-the-art well-established integrated assessment models (IAMs), namely GCAM, MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and REMIND-MAgPIE. These models allow the estimation of global and regional mitigation costs, the analysis of energy system transition characteristics, the quantification of investments required to transform the energy system, and the identification of synergies and trade-off of sustainable development pathways. Technical documentation is available to help users access the datasets. The documentation describes the models and variables, as well as provides detailed guidance for database users. Scenario presentation materials and the user guide are also available at the NGFS portal.

Published
2020

44. NGFS Climate Scenarios Database: Technical Documentation

Author

Bertram, C., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Beck, T., Bresch, D.N., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C.-F., van Ruijven, B., Yu, S., Bertram, C., Hilaire, J., Kriegler, E., Beck, T., Bresch, D.N., Clarke, L., Cui, R., Edmonds, J., Min, J., Piontek, F., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C.-F., van Ruijven, B., and Yu, S.

Abstract

This document provides technical information on the two datasets constituting the NGFS reference scenarios (see NGFS Climate Scenarios for central banks and supervisors). One dataset includes transition pathways and data on macro-economic impacts from physical risks, both of which available in the NGFS Scenario Explorer provided by IIASA. The other dataset covers the physical impact data collected by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP). These datasets are generated with a suite of models including integrated assessment models, general circulation models, sectoral impact models and global macroeconomic damage functions. They are linked together in a coherent way by aligning global warming levels. For each dataset, the most important technical details of the underlying academic work and a short user guide are provided. These are complemented by links to other resources with more detailed information.

Published
2020

45. Feeding farm work horses and mules / by J.L. Edmonds and W.G. Kammlade.

Author

Edmonds, J. L. (James Lloyd), 1885, Kammlade, William Garfield, 1892-1988, University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Edmonds, J. L. (James Lloyd), 1885, and Kammlade, William Garfield, 1892-1988

Subjects
Draft horses, Feeding and feeds, Mules
Published
1922

48. Diffractive dijet cross sections in photoproduction at HERA

Author

Breitweg, J., Derrick, M., Krakauer, D., Magill, S., Mikunas, D., Musgrave, B., Repond, J., Stanek, R., Talaga, R. L., Yoshida, R., Zhang, H., Mattingly, M. C. K., Anselmo, F., Antonioli, P., Bari, G., Basile, M., Bellagamba, L., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Bruni, G., Romeo, G. Cara, Castellini, G., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Contin, A., Coppola, N., Corradi, M., De Pasquale, S., Giusti, P., Iacobucci, G., Laurenti, G., Levi, G., Margotti, A., Massam, T., Nania, R., Palmonari, F., Pesci, A., Polini, A., Sartorelli, G., Garcia, Y. Zamora, Zichichi, A., Amelung, C., Bornheim, A., Brock, I., Coböken, K., Crittenden, J., Deffner, R., Eckert, M., Grothe, M., Hartmann, H., Heinloth, K., Heinz, L., Hilger, E., Jakob, H. -P., Kappes, A., Katz, U. F., Kerger, R., Paul, E., Pfeiffer, M., Stamm, J., Wieber, H., Bailey, D. S., Campbell-Robson, S., Cottingham, W. N., Foster, B., Hall-Wilton, R., Heath, G. P., Heath, H. F., McFall, J. D., Piccioni, D., Roff, D. G., Tapper, R. J., Ayad, R., Capua, M., Iannotti, L., Schioppa, M., Susinno, G., Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. H., Lim, I. T., Pac, M. Y., Caldwell, A., Cartiglia, N., Jing, Z., Liu, W., Mellado, B., Parsons, J. A., Ritz, S., Sampson, S., Sciulli, F., Straub, P. B., Zhu, Q., Borzemski, P., Chwastowski, J., Eskreys, A., Figiel, J., Klimek, K., Przybycień, M. B., Zawiejski, L., Adamczyk, L., Bednarek, B., Bukowy, M., Czermak, A. M., Jeleń, K., Kisielewska, D., Kowalski, T., Przybycień, M., Rulikowska-Zarbska, E., Suszycki, L., Zajc, J., Duliński, Z., Kotański, A., Abbiendi, G., Bauerdick, L. A. T., Behrens, U., Beier, H., Bienlein, J. K., Desler, K., Drews, G., Fricke, U., Gialas, I., Goebel, F., Göttlicher, P., Graciani, R., Haas, T., Hain, W., Hasell, D., Hebbel, K., Johnson, K. F., Kasemann, M., Koch, W., Kötz, U., Kowalski, H., Lindemann, L., Löhr, B., Milewski, J., Milite, M., Monteiro, T., Ng, J. S. T., Notz, D., Park, I. H., Pellegrino, A., Pelucchi, F., Piotrzkowski, K., Rohde, M., Roldán, J., Ryan, J. J., Savin, A. A., Schneekloth, U., Schwarzer, O., Selonke, F., Stonjek, S., Surrow, B., Tassi, E., Westphal, D., Wolf, G., Wollmer, U., Youngman, C., Zeuner, W., Burow, B. D., Coldewey, C., Grabosch, H. J., Meyer, A., Schlenstedt, S., Barbagli, G., Gallo, E., Pelfer, P., Maccarrone, G., Votano, L., Bamberger, A., Eisenhardt, S., Markun, P., Raach, H., Trefzger, T., Wölfle, S., Bromley, J. T., Brook, N. H., Bussey, P. J., Doyle, A. T., Macdonald, N., Saxon, D. H., Sinclair, L. E., Skillicorn, I. O., Strickland, E., Waugh, R., Bohnet, I., Gendner, N., Holm, U., Meyer-Larsen, A., Salehi, H., Wick, K., Garfagnini, A., Gladilin, L. K., Horstmann, D., Kçira, D., Klanner, R., Lohrmann, E., Poelz, G., Schott, W., Zetsche, F., Bacon, T. C., Butterworth, I., Cole, J. E., Howell, G., Lamberti, L., Long, K. R., Miller, D. B., Pavel, N., Prinias, A., Sedgbeer, J. K., Sideris, D., Walker, R., Mallik, U., Wang, S. M., Wu, J. T., Cloth, P., Filges, D., Fleck, J. I., Ishii, T., Kuze, M., Suzuki, I., Tokushuku, K., Yamada, S., Yamauchi, K., Yamazaki, Y., Hong, S. J., Lee, S. B., Nam, S. W., Park, S. K., Barreiro, F., Fernández, J. P., García, G., Glasman, C., Hernández, J. M., Hervás, L., Labarga, L., Martínez, M., Peso, J. del, Puga, J., Terrón, J., Trocóniz, J. F. de, Corriveau, F., Hanna, D. S., Hartmann, J., Hung, L. W., Murray, W. N., Ochs, A., Riveline, M., Stairs, D. G., St-Laurent, M., Ullmann, R., Tsurugai, T., Bashkirov, V., Dolgoshein, B. A., Stifutkin, A., Bashindzhagyan, G. L., Ermolov, P. F., Golubkov, Yu. A., Khein, L. A., Korotkova, N. A., Korzhavina, I. A., Kuzinin, V. A., Lukina, O. Yu., Proskuryakov, A. S., Shcheglova, L. M., Solomin, A. N., Zotkin, S. A., Bokel, C., Botje, M., Brümmer, N., Engelen, J., Koffeman, E., Kooijman, P., van Sighem, A., Tiecke, H., Tuning, N., Verkerke, W., Vossebeld, J., Wiggers, L., Wolf, E. de, Acosta, D., Bylsma, B., Durkin, L. S., Gilmore, J., Ginsburg, C. M., Kim, C. L., Ling, T. Y., Nylander, P., Romanowski, T. A., Blaikley, H. E., Cashmore, R. J., Cooper-Sarkar, A. M., Devenish, R. C. E., Edmonds, J. K., Große-Knetter, J., Harnew, N., Nath, C., Noyes, V. A., Quadt, A., Ruske, O., Tickner, J. R., Walczak, R., Waters, D. S., Bertolin, A., Brugnera, R., Carlin, R., Corso, F. Dal, Dosselli, U., Limentani, S., Morandin, M., Posocco, M., Stanco, L., Stroili, R., Voci, C., Bulmahn, J., Oh, B. Y., Okrasiński, J. R., Toothacker, W. S., Whitmore, J. J., Iga, Y., D’Agostini, G., Marini, G., Nigro, A., Raso, M., Hart, J. C., McCubbin, N. A., Shah, T. P., Epperson, D., Heusch, C., Rahn, J. T., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Seiden, A., Wichmann, R., Williams, D. C., Abramowicz, H., Briskin, G., Dagan, S., Kananov, S., Levy, A., Abe, T., Fusayasu, T., Inuzuka, M., Nagano, K., Umemori, K., Yamashita, T., Hamatsu, R., Hirose, T., Homma, K., Kitamura, S., Matsushita, T., Arneodo, M., Cirio, R., Costa, M., Ferrero, M. I., Maselli, S., Monaco, V., Peroni, C., Petrucci, M. C., Ruspa, M., Sacchi, R., Solano, A., Staiano, A., Dardo, M., Bailey, D. C., Fagerstroem, C. -P., Galea, R., Hartner, G. F., Joo, K. K., Levman, G. M., Martin, J. F., Orr, R. S., Polenz, S., Sabetfakhri, A., Simmons, D., Teuscher, R. J., Butterworth, J. M., Catterall, C. D., Hayes, M. E., Jones, T. W., Lane, J. B., Saunders, R. L., Sutton, M. R., Wing, M., Ciborowski, J., Grzelak, G., Kasprzak, M., Nowak, R. J., Pawlak, J. M., Pawlak, R., Tymieniecka, T., Wróblewski, A. K., Zakrzewski, J. A., Zarnecki, A. F., Adamus, M., Deppe, O., Eisenberg, Y., Hochman, D., Karshon, U., Badgett, W. F., Chapin, D., Cross, R., Dasu, S., Foudas, C., Loveless, R. J., Mattingly, S., Reeder, D. D., Smith, W. H., Vaiciulis, A., Wodarczyk, M., Deshpande, A., Dhawan, S., Hughes, V. W., Bhadra, S., Frisken, W. R., Khakzad, M., and Schmidke, W. B.

Published
1998
Full Text
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49. Measurement of the diffractive structure functionF 2 D(4) at HERA

Author

Breitweg, J., Derrick, M., Krakauer, D., Magill, S., Mikunas, D., Musgrave, B., Repond, J., Stanek, R., Talaga, R. L., Yoshida, R., Zhang, H., Mattingly, M. C. K., Anselmo, F., Antonioli, P., Bari, G., Basile, M., Bellagamba, L., Boscherini, D., Bruni, A., Bruni, G., Romeo, G. Cara, Castellini, G., Chiarini, M., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Contin, A., Corradi, M., De Pasquale, S., Gialas, I., Giusti, P., Iacobucci, G., Laurenti, G., Levi, G., Margotti, A., Massam, T., Nania, R., Nemoz, C., Palmonari, F., Pesci, A., Polini, A., Ricci, F., Sartorelli, G., Zamora Garcia, Y., Zichichi, A., Amelung, C., Bornheim, A., Brock, I., Coböken, K., Crittenden, J., Deffner, R., Eckert, M., Grothe, M., Hartmann, H., Heinloth, K., Heinz, L., Hilger, E., Jakob, H. -P., Katz, U. F., Kerger, R., Paul, E., Pfeiffer, M., Rembser, Ch., Stamm, J., Wedemeyer, R., Wieber, H., Bailey, D. S., Campbell-Robson, S., Cottingham, W. N., Foster, B., Hall-Wilton, R., Hayes, M. E., Heath, G. P., Heath, H. F., McFall, J. D., Piccioni, D., Roff, D. G., Tapper, R. J., Arneodo, M., Ayad, R., Capua, M., Garfagnini, A., Iannotti, L., Schioppa, M., Susinno, G., Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. H., Lim, L. T., Pac, M. Y., Caldwell, A., Cartiglia, N., Jing, Z., Liu, W., Mellado, B., Parsons, J. A., Ritz, S., Sampson, S., Sciulli, F., Straub, P. B., Zhu, Q., Borzemski, P., Chwastowski, J., Eskreys, A., Figiel, J., Klimek, K., Przybycień, M. B., Zawiejski, L., Adamczyk, L., Bednarek, B., Bukowy, M., Jeleń, K., Kisielewska, D., Kowalski, T., Przybycień, M., Rulikowska-Zareebska, E., Suszycki, L., Zajac, J., Duliński, Z., Kotański, A., Abbiendi, G., Bauerdick, L. A. T., Behrens, U., Beier, H., Bienlein, J. K., Cases, G., Deppe, O., Desler, K., Drews, G., Fricke, U., Gilkinson, D. J., Glasman, C., Göttlicher, P., Haas, T., Hain, W., Hasell, D., Johnson, K. F., Kasemann, M., Koch, W., Kötz, U., Kowalski, H., Labs, J., Lindemann, L., Löhr, B., Löwe, M., Mańczak, O., Milewski, J., Monteiro, T., Ng, J. S. T., Notz, D., Ohrenberg, K., Park, I. H., Pellegrino, A., Pelucchi, F., Piotrzkowski, K., Roco, M., Rohde, M., Roldán, J., Ryan, J. J., Savin, A. A., Schneekloth, U., Selonke, F., Surrow, B., Tassi, E., Voß, T., Westphal, D., Wolf, G., Wollmer, U., Youngman, C., Zarnecki, A. F., Zeuner, W., Burow, B. D., Grabosch, H. J., Meyer, A., Schlenstedt, S., Barbagli, G., Gallo, E., Pelfer, P., Anzivino, G., Maccarrone, G., Votano, L., Barberger, A., Eisenhardt, S., Markun, P., Trefzger, T., Wölfle, S., Bromley, J. T., Brook, N. H., Bussey, P. J., Doyle, A. T., Macdonald, N., Saxon, D. H., Sinclair, L. E., Strickland, E., Waugh, R., Bohnet, I., Gendner, N., Holm, U., Meyer-Larsen, A., Salchi, H., Wick, K., Gladilin, L. K., Horstmann, D., Kçira, D., Klanner, R., Lohrmann, E., Poelz, G., Schott, W., Bacon, T. C., Butterworth, I., Cole, J. E., Howell, G., Hung, B. H. Y., Lamberti, L., Long, K. R., Prinias, A., Sedgbeer, J. K., Sideris, D., Mallik, U., Wang, S. M., Wu, J. T., Cloth, P., Filges, D., Fleck, J. I., Ishii, T., Kuze, M., Suzuki, I., Tokushuku, K., Yamada, S., Yamauchi, K., Yamazaki, Y., Hong, S. J., Lee, S. B., Nam, S. W., Park, S. K., Barreiro, F., Fernández, J. P., García, G., Graciani, R., Hernández, J. M., Hervás, L., Labarga, L., Martínez, M., del Peso, J., Puga, J., Terrón, J., de Trocóniz, J. F., Corriveau, F., Hanna, D. S., Hartmann, J., Hung, L. W., Murray, N., Ochs, A., Riveline, M., Stairs, D. G., St-Laurent, M., Ullmann, R., Tsurugai, T., Bashkirov, V., Dolgoshein, B. A., Stifutkin, A., Bashindzhagyan, G. L., Ermolov, P. F., Golubkov, Yu. A., Khein, L. A., Korotkova, N. A., Korzhavina, I. A., Kuzmin, V. A., Lukina, O. Yu., Proskuryakov, A. S., Shcheglova, L. M., Solomin, A. N., Zotkin, S. A., Bokel, C., Botje, M., Brummer, N., Chlebana, F., Engelen, J., Koffeman, E., Kooijman, P., van Sighem, A., Tiecke, H., Tuning, N., Verkerke, W., Vossebeld, J., Vreeswijk, M., Wiggers, L., de Wolf, E., Acosta, D., Bylsma, B., Durkin, L. S., Gilmore, J., Ginsburg, C. M., Kim, C. L., Ling, T. Y., Nylander, P., Romanowski, T. A., Blaikley, H. E., Cashmore, R. J., Cooper-Sarkar, A. M., Devenish, R. C. E., Edmonds, J. K., Große-Knetter, J., Harnew, N., Lancaster, M., Nath, C., Noyes, V. A., Quadt, A., Ruske, O., Tickner, J. R., Uijterwaal, H., Walczak, R., Waters, D. S., Bertolin, A., Bruguera, R., Carlin, R., Dal Corso, F., Dosselli, U., Limentani, S., Morandin, M., Posocco, M., Stanco, L., Stroili, R., Voci, C., Bulmahn, J., Oh, B. Y., Okrasinski, J. R., Toothacker, W. S., Whitmore, J. J., Iga, Y., D'Agostini, G., Marini, G., Nigro, A., Raso, M., Hart, J. C., McCubbin, N. A., Shah, T. P., Barberis, E., Epperson, D., Heusch, C., Rahn, J. T., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Seiden, A., Wichmann, R., Williams, D. C., Schwarzer, O., Walenta, A. H., Abramowicz, H., Briskin, G., Dagan, S., Kananov, S., Levy, A., Abe, T., Fusayasu, T., Inuzuka, M., Nagano, K., Umemori, K., Yamashita, T., Hamatsu, R., Hirose, T., Homma, K., Kitamura, S., Matsushita, T., Cirio, R., Costa, M., Ferrero, M. I., Maselli, S., Monaco, V., Peroni, C., Petrucci, M. C., Ruspa, M., Sacchi, R., Solano, A., Staiano, A., Dardo, M., Bailey, D. C., Fagerstroem, C. -P., Galea, R., Hartner, G. F., Joo, K. K., Levman, G. M., Martin, J. F., Orr, R. S., Polenz, S., Sabetfakhri, A., Simmons, D., Teuscher, R. J., Butterworth, J. M., Catterall, C. D., Jones, T. W., Lane, J. B., Saunders, R. L., Shulman, J., Sutton, M. R., Wing, M., Ciborowski, J., Grzelak, G., Kasprzak, M., Muchorowski, K., Nowak, R. J., Pawlak, J. M., Pawlak, R., Tymieniecka, T., Wróblewski, A. K., Zakrzewski, J. A., Adamus, M., Coldewey, C., Eisenberg, Y., Hochman, D., Karshon, U., Badgett, W. F., Chapin, D., Cross, R., Dasu, S., Foudas, C., Loveless, R. J., Mattingly, S., Reeder, D. D., Smith, W. H., Vaiciulis, A., Wodarczyk, M., Bhadra, S., Frisken, W. R., Khakzad, M., Schmidke, W. B., and ZEUS Collaboration

Published
1998
Full Text
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50. Curiosity into creation: Can we teach science through engineering?

Author

Lewis, F, Edmonds, J, and Fogg-Rogers, L

Subjects
STEM, primary science, engineering, curriculum enhancement, enquiry based learning, Bristol Inter-disciplinary Group for Education Research (BRIDGE)
Abstract

An examination of how the science objectives of the primary national Curriculum can be taught through the engineering design process and through 'real-world' contextualized engineering problems.

Published
2019

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