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Safe and efficient sortie scheduling on the confined flight deck is crucial for maintaining high combat effectiveness of the aircraft carrier. The primary difficulty exactly lies in the spatiotemporal coordination, i.e., allocation of limited supporting resources and collision-avoidance between heterogeneous dispatch entities. In this paper, the problem is investigated in the perspective of hybrid flow-shop scheduling problem by synthesizing the precedence, space and resource constraints. Specifically, eight processing procedures are abstracted, where tractors, preparing spots, catapults, and launching are virtualized as machines. By analyzing the constraints in sortie scheduling, a mixed-integer planning model is constructed. In particular, the constraint on preparing spot occupancy is improved to further enhance the sortie efficiency. The basic trajectory library for each dispatch entity is generated and a delayed strategy is integrated to address the collision-avoidance issue. To efficiently solve the formulated HFSP, which is essentially a combinatorial problem with tightly coupled constraints, a chaos-initialized genetic algorithm is developed. The solution framework is validated by the simulation environment referring to the Fort-class carrier, exhibiting higher sortie efficiency when compared to existing strategies. And animation of the simulation results is available at www.bilibili.com/video/BV14t421A7Tt/. The study presents a promising supporting technique for autonomous flight deck operation in the foreseeable future, and can be easily extended to other supporting scenarios, e.g., ammunition delivery and aircraft maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of transforming natural marine space into proliferative capital holds global significance in modern modes of production. Under China's socialist market economy, the property rights system and resource allocation methods have created a unique approach to the capitalization of marine space. Drawing on concepts related to the capitalization of space and land, this paper develops the idea of the capitalization of marine space. It is a process where the right to use the sea area is transferred by the rights holders through methods such as transfer, lease, or shares and is ultimately put into production as a means of production to realize the creation of capital value and surplus value. Using the mariculture industry on Guanglu Island in Changhai County as a case, this analysis delves into the process and mechanisms of the capitalization of marine space in China, the world's leading mariculture nation, while considering the material agency of marine space. The research results show that: ① The specific realization process of marine space capitalization in the mariculture industry has gone through three stages: from natural marine space to marine space resources, from marine space resources to marine space assets, and the participation of marine space assets in creating value and surplus value. ② The material agency of marine space determines the feasibility of the capitalization of marine space and is also the decisive subject in shaping the specific practice of capitalization. The survival and profit needs of mariculture fishermen and enterprises drive the realization of the capitalization of marine space. China's central and local governments participate in realizing the capitalization of marine space with the relevant institutional policies and norms aimed at economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the insufficient flexibility and adjustment capabilities caused by the high proportion of renewable energy connected to the distribution network and the limitations of the source‐side adjustment method, a load‐side resource flexibility cluster partitioning method based on zonotope approximation is proposed to cope with the flexibility adjustment requirements brought by uncertain resources. First, the constraint space of load‐side resources such as energy storage, multi‐source mobile energy storage, electric vehicles, and temperature‐controlled loads is described as a convex polyhedral form general model based on the virtual battery framework, and the zonotope approximation is used to integrate its constraint space with the Minkowski sum. Secondly, modularity and flexibility supply and demand balance index are proposed to perform flexibility clustering of load‐side resources. Then, the minimum comprehensive operating cost of the cluster aggregator is set as the optimization goal, the cluster constraint space is equivalent to the cost function, and the optimal charging and discharging power and flexibility adjustment capacity of the load‐side resources are obtained. Finally, the method proposed here is verified through numerical example simulation to effectively balance aggregation accuracy and calculation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planetary construction is necessary for long-term scientific deep space exploration and resource utilization in the future. The planetary robotic assembly control is a key technology that must be broken through in future planetary surface construction. The paper focuses on the most representative dual peg-in–hole assembly, which has sufficiently complex contact interaction, wide range of applications and good method portability. To address the challenges brought by the unstructured planetary environment and the features of the construction tasks, the paper proposes an end-to-end deep reinforcement learning and control method with multimodal perception for planetary robotic assembly tasks. A staged reward function based on the visual virtual target point for policy learning is designed. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control method have been verified through simulation experiments and ground real robot experiments. It provides a feasible control method of robotic operations for future planetary surface construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a metal matrix composite of AA6061 – 20 wt% regolith simulant was deposited into a 50 mm tall × 147 mm long × 45 mm wide build using additive friction stir deposition (AFSD). In situ resource utilization plays a vital role in the development of the self-sustaining future space infrastructure in implementing an efficient use of the lunar environment material. Using x-ray computed tomography, the build was evaluated for porosity, which measured 0.03 %, and was noted to be in the initial deposit layer as well as near the outer surface. Tensile behavior were evaluated in the build and longitudinal direction, with the longitudinal direction having 40 % higher yield strength than the build direction. However, in either direction, the strength was higher than that of as-deposited AFSD AA6061 with no particulates, but at the expense of ductility. This work quantifies the utility of incorporating hard, secondary particulates from potential point-of-need resources into a metal for extraterrestrial exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ClassyFarm is an integrated surveillance system for monitoring the Italian livestock farms on risks related to antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR) and other indicators, such as animal welfare and farm biosecurity. In the framework of the CoEvalAMR network we evaluated ClassyFarm by using three evaluation tools: the OH-EpiCap, the FAO PMP-AMR and the NEOH evaluation tool. Evaluation was performed by interviewing representatives of ClassyFarm, National Health System veterinarians, farm vets, farmers, livestock industry entrepreneurs, academy experts in AMR/AMU. NEOH and PMP-AMR evaluation tools were applied twice (at 2 years interval) to detect changes in the implementation of the system over time, while OH-EpiCap was applied once. The three tools differ in evaluation objectives, depth of analysis, and time/training resources needed to perform the evaluation. However, each of them enables to gather different information, which can serve as a basis for the discussion of possible adaptations/improvements of ClassyFarm. Even though ClassyFarm has a limited degree of One Health (OH) implementation, the evaluation showed that the system has evolved from a barely biosecurity and welfare surveillance system towards a more integrated OH approach. A transdisciplinary nature is also emerging, with the involvement of the environmental sector. However, there is space for improvement in resource allocation, data sharing and communication. Beyond the structural evaluation, surveillance systems should be evaluated also in relation to cost-effectiveness and system impacts. HIGHLIGHTS: Evaluation of surveillance systems is useful to detect gaps and improve the systems' effectiveness The evaluation of the ClassyFarm system showed that there is space for improvement in resource allocation, data sharing and communication Significant improvements have taken place regarding AMU/AMR awareness and AMU reduction in Italy, although it is difficult to assess the direct impact of ClassyFarm on these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To sustainably live on and explore the lunar and other planetary surfaces, in situ regolith will need to be used for resource extraction and infrastructure development. To evaluate and ensure such safety and efficiency of excavation operations in variable, site-specific regolith terranes with given equipment designs, reliable computational models are necessary. The work here evaluates the accuracy and reliability of a standard, well-established excavation force prediction model using published data from a previous planetary excavation experimental study and establishes efficiency metrics for force reduced excavation as a proof-of-concept. It is shown that the established excavation force prediction model is not able to simulate planetary excavation mechanics sufficiently and hence more advanced models of lunar and planetary excavation are needed to enable safer, faster, and more economical resource acquisition hardware development. The case study of the efficiency metrics being applied to the published data shows informative trends that can be used in future excavation hardware and tool path optimizations. These are recommended for use in future planetary excavation modeling and planning workflows. • Current models of excavation mechanics are not sufficient for lunar and planetary excavation analyses. • Extraterrestrial regolith excavation modeling requires reliability not given by current state-of-the-art models. • Metrics of force reduced (e.g., percussive) excavation efficiency have been established, allowing optimization of hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial ground freezing technology is the most important construction method of complex water-bearing soft clay rock. The thermodynamic properties of soft clay rock are important evidence for the design and construction of space resources development, and the variable hydrothermal parameter can directly affect the uncertain thermodynamic properties of soft clay rock. In this work, an array of field experiments on the soft clay rock are carried out, and the anisotropic spatial variations of hydrothermal parameters of soft clay rock are obtained. The statistical variability characteristics of variable hydrothermal parameters are estimated. A stochastic coupling model of soft clay rock with heat conduction and porous flow is proposed, and the uncertain thermodynamic properties of soft clay rock are computed by the self-compiled program. Model validation with the experimental and numerical temperatures is also presented. According to the relationship between anisotropic spatial variations and statistical variability characteristics for the different random field correlation models, the effects of the autocorrelation function, coefficient of variation, and autocorrelation distance of variable hydrothermal parameters on the uncertain thermodynamic properties of soft clay rock are analyzed. The results show that the proposed stochastic analysis model for the thermal characteristics of soft clay rock, considering the spatial variability of frozen soil layers, is scientifically reasonable. The maximum standard deviation of average thickness is 2.33 m, and the maximum average temperature is 2.25 °C. For the autocorrelation function, the most significant impact comes from DBIN. For the coefficient of variation, the most significant impact comes from thermal conductivity. Different variations of hydrothermal parameters have different effects on the standard deviation of soft clay rock temperature. The biggest influence is the thermal conductivity, while the lowest influence is the specific heat capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the US government's denial that outer space is a global commons, and the heated discussion in China regarding property rights in outer space resources, this article looks at this controversial term: "global commons". It finds that this term was mostly adopted as a political, rather than legal, term. As a result of the over-emphasis on the implications of global commons on the property rights to outer space resources, states that plan to develop private space mining may avoid calling outer space a global commons. This article argues that this response may not be necessary. It then examines the real purpose of the global commons discourse by analogizing the tragedy of commons and thus puts forward the suggestion to adopt the non-exclusive use standard to govern the activities of space resource extraction by private parties. This solution will allow countries to continue to view outer space as a global commons while liberalizing private parties' activities in outer space resource development and extraction. Moreover, China's initiative of the global community of shared future possesses the potential to serve as the overarching concept to govern its future outer space activities, including space mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A K-M-N on-orbit service network architecture and its mission scheduling problem are proposed and studied, in which K space service stations and M service spacecraft are scheduled to service for N target spacecraft. The service spacecraft, which are initially docked with the space service station in the geosynchronous region, set off through orbital maneuver to conduct servicing operation for one or multiple target spacecraft upon receiving the service command. A mission scheduling strategy of on-orbit service for the target GEO spacecraft is proposed based on space service stations, in which the service spacecraft are scheduled to serve all target spacecraft with the lowest cost of fuel for the orbital transfers. As the mission scheduling for such a K-M-N GEO on-orbit service network is NP-hard, a hybrid simulated annealing optimization algorithm is put forward based on a mechanism of dynamic reverse processing of encoding and decoding to solve this problem. Four numerical case studies are presented and their results are compared with those from the literature to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. A series of different network model simulations and Mann-Kendall tests prove that multispace service stations can significantly reduce total fuel consumption for transfers, and the initial layout is also very important. Besides, the initial distribution of the service spacecraft also has an impact on total fuel. However, the quantitative impact of the service spacecraft is uncertain and needed to be analyzed on a specific basis, sometimes increasing the quantity of service spacecraft can reduce the total fuel, sometimes it has no effect, sometimes it may even cause negative effect when the number of service spacecraft is too large and unreasonable. Practical Applications: On-orbit servicing (OOS), refers to the execution of space operations through the exterior vehicle activities of astronauts, robots or both to extend the mission life of a spacecraft or improve the ability of a spacecraft to perform on-orbit missions. With the development of relevant enabling technologies, OOS will become a business which can be implemented commercially and in a large scale, in which one or multiple space service stations, as the space resource storage warehouse of the satellites in orbit, run in the earth orbit for a long time, and the service spacecraft will provide service to the target spacecraft in turn after completing the rendezvous and docking. In the process of servicing, the service spacecraft will return to the space service station for the replenishment when its resource is insufficient. In this paper, on-orbit service network scheduling based on space service station is studied, which is NP-hard. A hybrid simulated annealing optimization algorithm is put forward based on a mechanism of dynamic reverse processing of encoding and decoding to solve this problem. The researches in this paper are of great significance to the scale design and scheduling of on-orbit services in the future, meanwhile have a certain appeal for the relevant operational research scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Antibody light chains form amyloid fibrils that lead to progressive tissue damage in amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis. The properties of each patient's unique light chain appear to determine its propensity to form amyloid. One factor is N-glycosylation, which is more frequent in amyloid-associated light chains than in light chains from the normal immune repertoire. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Here, we investigate the frequency and position within the light chain sequence of the N-glycosylation sequence motif, or sequon. Methods: Monoclonal light chains from AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma were identified from the AL-Base repository. Polyclonal light chains were obtained from the Observed Antibody Space resource. We compared the fraction of light chains from each group harboring an N-glycosylation sequon, and the positions of these sequons within the sequences. Results: Sequons are enriched among AL-associated light chains derived from a subset of precursor germline genes. Sequons are observed at multiple positions, which differ between the two types of light chains, κ and λ, but are similar between light chains from AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma. Positions of sequons map to residues with surface-exposed sidechains that are compatible with the folded structures of light chains. Within the known structures of λ AL amyloid fibrils, many residues where sequons are observed are buried, inconsistent with N-glycosylation. Conclusions: There is no clear structural rationale for why N-glycosylation of κ light chains is associated with AL amyloidosis. A better understanding of the roles of N-glycosylation in AL amyloidosis is required before it can be used as a marker for disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niche segregation is a mechanism by which competition between coexisting species is reduced. The ecological niche is a multidimensional space shaped by the conditions and resources that enable the existence of species.We conducted comprehensive univariate and multidimensional analyses of phenotypic traits encompassing morphology, functional performance and ecophysiology, to investigate which phenotypic traits contribute to niche segregation and overlap in two coexisting green lizard species.Our analyses revealed that the main driver of niche segregation was body size. However, when considering size‐corrected phenotypic spaces, ecophysiological traits were still distinct, with little overlap between co‐occurring species. Such differentiation was linked mainly to preferred temperature variance and water loss, highlighting the importance of thermal and hydric niche segregation.Some particular traits such as limb length also contributed to niche segregation being maintained in the morphological space, even when the effect of size was accounted for. Instead, the phenotypic space of functional performance traits (i.e. bite force, locomotor performance) showed the greatest overlap between the two species, thus, less niche segregation was observed, once size effects were removed. Therefore, functional performance traits contribute in a minor proportion to the effective niche segregation between the two species. In light of our results, the most adequate perspective to understand niche segregation in coexisting species is through a multidimensional approach in differentiated phenotypic spaces. Our dismantling of phenotypic traits allowed us to identify niche areas in which trait overlap occurs and others that promote niche segregation, considering or not size effects.Our results suggest that differential use of structural and functional niche space promotes effective niche segregation, potentially reducing direct competition between species. We highlight the importance of studies that include the combination of several phenotypic traits that, as a whole, provide insights to better understand the mechanisms by which coexisting organisms exploit differentiated resources in multidimensional spaces. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although dune systems play a crucial ecological role and offer various ecosystem services, they are listed among the habitat types of community interest in the European Union that are undergoing the most severe conservation challenges. The subject of this study was the monitoring of habitat types protected under Directive 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive) along the coastal dune systems of the Taranto Ionian Arc. Vegetation sociological surveys, GIS mapping, landscape metrics, NBR and dNBR indices were employed to assess the conservation status of the dune system and the impact of disturbance factors. Special attention was given to habitat 2250* (Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.), revealing that it expanded from 2006 to 2019 but then significantly reduced between 2019 and 2022, with increasing fragmentation, mainly due to wildfires. The study also highlighted the impact of invasive species such as Acacia saligna and Carpobrotus acinaciformis, which compete for space and vital resources. These findings provide scientific evidence for the management and restoration of coastal dune ecosystems, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate the effects of these disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenon-driven unit focuses on students making sense of the mutually beneficial species interactions between legumes and rhizobia. Many science classes spend less time studying the nitrogen cycle due to time constraints and more focus on other cycles, such as the carbon cycle. However, the nitrogen cycle plays a vital role in the air we breathe, the creation of our DNA, and the ability of plants to grow. This phenomenon-driven, sensemaking approach enhances student curiosity and makes the learning experience more relevant, leading to deeper student buy-in. Throughout the unit, students have the chance to explore and explain what plants need to grow inside and/or outside, depending on your school's resources and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current political and sociological efforts to respond to the need for more environmentally friendly technologies have inspired a revival of wood and wood-based material utilization in space systems. The popularity of these materials has faded since their widespread use in the early days of aerospace engineering. This work reviews the literature to provide an overview of use cases, the motivation for using wood and wood-based materials and the challenges involved. A small number of applications were identified in which wood and wood-based materials were preferred over non-renewable raw materials. They are mainly applied for less-stressed disposable components or as a thermal protection material. It can be shown that the applied wooden materials have advantages such as low production costs, easy availability, easy and environment-friendly decomposition and low weight. However, only a limited number of applications have achieved a high level of technological readiness so far. Properties such as anisotropy and a lack of uniformity, defects in wood, the quantity available material and a lack of standards for the certification of wooden materials represent challenges. These are addressed in the current research, which additionally focuses on sustainable growth, enhanced environmental friendliness and advanced lightweight design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angle of repose is an important characteristic of lunar regolith, as it determines the slope stability of features such as hills and craters on the lunar surface and is useful for designing infrastructure and regolith conveyance and handling equipment. Using mineralogically accurate lunar regolith simulants LHS-1 and LHS-1D from Space Resource Technologies (SRT), the recent spin-off of the UCF Exolith Lab®, the relationship between angle of repose and aspects of the simulant, such as sample mass and particle size distribution, are explored. This study provides insight into what affects the angle of repose of lunar regolith, as well as how aspects of the regolith can be manipulated for in situ resource utilization and lunar construction applications. Through the manipulation of lunar regolith simulant particle size gradation and median particle diameter, it is possible to determine which aspects of particle size distribution most impact lunar regolith angle of repose. The results of this study indicate that while many characteristics of a regolith sample influence its angle of repose, the percentage of fines within a sample have the largest effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advances in extraterrestrial resource utilization is reviewed from the aspect of in-situ construction. • Three construction-related in-situ resources are comprehensively reviewed. • Five in-situ construction technologies are sorted and elucidated. • Advice is given for deep, comprehensive and systemic utilization of in-situ resources. To establish foundational support for forthcoming deep space exploration and settlement endeavors, the significance of extraterrestrial construction has become paramount. Recent developments underscore a growing acknowledgment of the imperative role played by in situ resource utilization, attributed to its potential for cost efficiency and facilitation of sustainable progress. This paper compiles and categorizes the advancements in this domain, focusing on three distinctive categories of in situ resources: regolith, water–ice, and energy resources. A review of their distribution, acquisition, and utilization procedures is presented. Subsequently, an intricate examination ensues, elucidating the applicability of each resource within the context of extraterrestrial construction, in conjunction with five prevalent technologies and the latest architectural constructs. Drawing insights from the research, the existing limitations are identified, particularly pertaining to the comprehensive, deep processing, and sustainable utilization of resources. Consequently, a proposition is put forth to address these challenges. Prospective investigations are recommended, focusing on the mining of water–ice, the metallurgy and production of regolith and slag, and the integrated construction in the pursuit of extraterrestrial construction and operational endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to evaluate the vegetation restoration on the slope of the accumulation body of earth-rock mixing engineering in karst area, and to provide basic theoretical support for ecological restoration of accumulation in karst area and provide reference for ecological civilization construction. [Methods] The highway linear accumulation bodies of earth-rock mixing engineering were selected as the research object with different recovery years (3,5,7 a). Different vegetation types (grassland and grass irrigation) were selected as the research objects. The gravel content, soil physical parameters, soil chemical indicators, hydraulics parameters and plant community indexes were selected. The interaction between the vegetation restoration characteristics and the ecological influence factors was analyzed by using principal component analysis. [Results] (1) The process of vegetation restoration of the slope of the accumulation body of earth-rock mixing engineering was a process of continuous redistribution of resources and space. With the increase of recovery time, the species richness of the slope vegetation gradually decreased, and the dominant species of the community became more and more obvious. (2) Soil organic matter, natural moisture content and saturated water conductivity were the main factors affecting the initial stage of vegetation restoration on the slope surface of the accumulation body of earth-rock mixing engineering, but the vegetation restoration also helped to improve the slope soil structure and nutrient content. (3) The early focus of vegetation restoration on the slope surface was how to improve the hydrodynamics characteristics of slope soil. The vegetation recovery mode of the construction stage of the pioneer vegetation community of the accumulation body of earth-rock mixing engineering could be mixed, and trees should be added gradually, and some deep root plants should be matched appropriately together. [Conclusion] Improving the slope soil hydrodynamics characteristics is conducive to the initial vegetation recovery on the slope surface of the accumulation body of earth-rock mixing engineering in karst area. Meanwhile, the vegetation restoration mode can be adopted by mixing of grass and shrub, and then gradually with deep-rooted trees. The results can provide basic theoretical support for the ecological restoration of accumulation body of engineering in karst area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, optimization of the microgreen space distribution through multistage regulation is investigated, with the goal of alleviating the imbalance between the supply and demand of green resources in the central urban area of Shenyang. An optimized evaluation model of green space supply and demand is employed to calculate the green space accessibility index at a 100-m grid scale and identify different levels of green space resource supply and demand. Priority is given to supplementing resources for the elderly population by balancing the green space supply in vulnerable areas. Particle swarm—ant colony optimization (PS-ACO) is used to select microgreen space sites within each priority level. On the basis of the "important-urgent" quadrant analysis, S1-priority residential areas account for 8.12% of the grid, S2-priority areas account for 67.01%, and S3-priority areas account for 24.87%. The PS-ACO algorithm outputs potential microgreen space sites within each priority level to accurately regulate the green space distribution in residential areas with different supply pressures and limited land availability. A spatial correlation analysis of the new sites reveals good spatial dispersion within service units, effectively alleviating demand pressures, and good aggregation at a regional scale to address imbalances in the supply of green space in a targeted manner. Thus, the optimized results of the PS-ACO algorithm are effective, providing reliable site-selection references for subsequent urban microgreen space distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural communities can be conceptualized as spatial organisms interconnected by optimized resource utilization systems. Investigating the efficient utilization of rural resources and spatial construction methods grounded in resource metabolism is a pivotal step toward achieving the ecological transformation of rural spaces. This paper examined rural settlements in the Shandong Plain as a case study, exploring the relationships among three scales: village, neighborhoods, and courtyards. This analysis was based on elucidating the interaction mechanisms between "space and resource" and the integration of key resources and spatial elements. From the perspective of resource circulation and metabolism, this study aimed to elucidate the equilibrium of each resource element within three resource metabolism subsystems: the agricultural production system (core element), the ecological technology system (technological link), and the human life system (spatial carrier) in Shandong Plain's villages, considering general climatic conditions. To achieve this, this research utilized the resource production volume, the utilization and transformation volume of resource metabolism technology facilities per unit area, and the average per capita resource consumption as fundamental measurement units. The concept of a rationing relationship is introduced to clarify resource allocation. Combining the aforementioned research on spatial resource metabolism in ecological villages in Shandong Province with the material flow analysis method, this study constructed a bottom–up spatial model of resource metabolism at three scales, courtyards, neighborhoods, and villages, under various resource metabolism scenarios. This study is anticipated to significantly contribute to the theoretical understanding of rural habitat environments, offering novel methods and perspectives for constructing ecological rural settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurological illness that significantly impacts individuals' daily lives. In the intelligent diagnosis of AD, 3D networks require larger computational resources and storage space for training the models, leading to increased model complexity and training time. On the other hand, 2D slices analysis may overlook the 3D structural information of MRI and can result in information loss. Approach: We propose a multi-slice attention fusion and multi-view personalized fusion lightweight network for automated AD diagnosis. It incorporates a multi-branch lightweight backbone to extract features from sagittal, axial, and coronal view of MRI, respectively. In addition, we introduce a novel multi-slice attention fusion module, which utilizes a combination of global and local channel attention mechanism to ensure consistent classification across multiple slices. Additionally, a multi-view personalized fusion module is tailored to assign appropriate weights to the three views, taking into account the varying significance of each view in achieving accurate classification results. To enhance the performance of the multi-view personalized fusion module, we utilize a label consistency loss to guide the model's learning process. This encourages the acquisition of more consistent and stable representations across all three views. Main results: The suggested strategy is efficient in lowering the number of parameters and FLOPs, with only 3.75M and 4.45G respectively, and accuracy improved by 10.5% to 14% in three tasks. Moreover, in the classification tasks of AD vs. CN, AD vs. MCI and MCI vs. CN, the accuracy of the proposed method is 95.63%, 86.88% and 85.00%, respectively, which is superior to the existing methods. Conclusions: The results show that the proposed approach not only excels in resource utilization, but also significantly outperforms the four comparison methods in terms of accuracy and sensitivity, particularly in detecting early-stage AD lesions. It can precisely capture and accurately identify subtle brain lesions, providing crucial technical support for early intervention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the US government's denial that outer space is a global commons, and the heated discussion in China regarding property rights in outer space resources, this article looks at this controversial term: "global commons". It finds that this term was mostly adopted as a political, rather than legal, term. As a result of the overemphasis on the implications of global commons on the property rights to outer space resources, states that plan to develop private space mining may avoid calling outer space a global commons. This article argues that this response may not be necessary. It then examines the real purpose of the global commons discourse by analogizing the tragedy of commons and thus puts forward the suggestion to adopt the non-exclusive use standard to govern the activities of space resource extraction by private parties. This solution will allow countries to continue to view outer space as a global commons while liberalizing private parties' activities in outer space resource development and extraction. Moreover, China's initiative of the global community of shared future possesses the potential to serve as the overarching concept to govern its future outer space activities, including space mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although access to drinking water is a fundamental human right, the most disadvantaged populations are forced to adapt to multiple socio-economic and environmental pressures: tradeoffs in the allocation of the resource, disparate equipment, monetization of the service, degradation of aquatic environments, impacts of global climate change. Based on an empirical survey in Senegal and problematized around the relationships between spatial justice and environmental inequalities, the article relates the social conditions of populations with the quality of their living environment, their level and types of access to water services with the modalities of allocation of the resource in space and time. The latter depend on the governance of resources combined with a differentiated treatment of spaces and populations. The Saint-Louis region of Senegal is particularly illustrative of these issues of environmental inequalities - shortage, water pollution - to the detriment of indigenous populations during the colonial period and rural populations today. Access to water resources is thus limited by partial service, by the prohibitive cost of network water and by organizational dysfunctions that the reform of management methods, community-based and then recently delegated to private companies, does not resolve. While access to clean drinking water is deemed a fundamental human right, it remains a challenge for the most marginalized communities, who are forced to navigate through a myriad of socio-economic and environmental pressures. These challenges include trade-offs in resource allocation, disparities in infrastructure, commercialization of water services, degradation of aquatic ecosystems, and the adverse effects of global climate change. Drawing from empirical research conducted in Senegal, this article delves into the intricate interplay between spatial justice and environmental disparities, shedding light on how social factors interact with the quality of living conditions and access to water services. The allocation of water resources, both spatially and temporally, is intricately linked to governance mechanisms and the differential treatment of various regions and demographics. The case of the Saint-Louis region in Senegal serves as a poignant example, highlighting historical injustices such as water shortages and pollution that disproportionately affected indigenous communities during the colonial era and continue to impact rural populations today. Despite efforts to address these challenges through reforms in management practices transitioning from community-based initiatives to recent delegation to private entities significant barriers persist. Access to water resources remains constrained by inadequate supply, prohibitive costs associated with centralized water systems, and persistent organizational inefficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is considered to solve the intermittency problem of renewable energy. A geological assessment indicated that the B unit of the Salina Group in Southern Ontario, Canada, is the most promising for UHS because it is the thickest and most regionally extensive salt rock deposit. However, the comprehensive geological knowledge of potential sites and overall salt volume for UHS remains undiscovered. This paper collected 1112 wells' logging data to assess the geologic potential for UHS in Lambton County. The geological characteristic analysis of the B unit was conducted using high-frequency stratigraphic sequences and logging interpretation. The internal lithologies and thicknesses of the B unit were interpreted from 426 available wells. The storage capacity of the salt caverns was calculated from simplified cylinder models. The results indicate that the B unit can be subdivided into three high-frequency sequences, denoted as the SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 subunits. SQ1 corresponds to salt–limestone, SQ2 corresponds to bedded salt rocks, and SQ3 corresponds to massive salt rocks. Well sections and thickness maps indicate that the study area can be divided into two sub-areas along the Wilikesport, Oil Spring, and Watford line. To the northwest, unit B was thicker and deeper in terms of paleo-water depth, and to the southeast, less of the B unit was deposited on the paleo-highs. The main thicknesses in SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 range from 20 to 30 m, 25 to 35 m, and 30 to 40 m, respectively. In conclusion, the best subunit for UHS is SQ3, with a secondary target being SQ2. The main factor impacting cavern storage capacity for the SQ2 subunit is high mud content, while for SQ3, it is the meters-thick anhydrite developed towards the base of the unit. The available underground storage volume of the salt caverns in the B unit is 9.10 × 106 m3. At the standard state, the working gas volume is 557.80 × 106 m3. The favorable area for UHS is the western part surrounded by Wallaceburg, Oil Spring, and Watford. The thickness distribution of the B unit is the combined result of paleo-topography, sea-level changes, and tectonic movement in Lambton. The geological storage capacity of the salt caverns exhibits significant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Typical satellite component detection is an application-valuable and challenging research field. Currently, there are many algorithms for detecting typical satellite components, but due to the limited storage space and computational resources in the space environment, these algorithms generally have the problem of excessive parameter count and computational load, which hinders their effective application in space environments. Furthermore, the scale of datasets used by these algorithms is not large enough to train the algorithm models well. To address the above issues, this paper first applies YOLOv8 to the detection of typical satellite components and proposes a Lightweight Typical Satellite Components Detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv8 (LTSCD-YOLO). Firstly, it adopts the lightweight network EfficientNet-B0 as the backbone network to reduce the model's parameter count and computational load; secondly, it uses a Cross-Scale Feature-Fusion Module (CCFM) at the Neck to enhance the model's adaptability to scale changes; then, it integrates Partial Convolution (PConv) into the C2f (Faster Implementation of CSP Bottleneck with two convolutions) module and Re-parameterized Convolution (RepConv) into the detection head to further achieve model lightweighting; finally, the Focal-Efficient Intersection over Union (Focal-EIoU) is used as the loss function to enhance the model's detection accuracy and detection speed. Additionally, a larger-scale Typical Satellite Components Dataset (TSC-Dataset) is also constructed. Our experimental results show that LTSCD-YOLO can maintain high detection accuracy with minimal parameter count and computational load. Compared to YOLOv8s, LTSCD-YOLO improved the mean average precision (mAP50) by 1.50% on the TSC-Dataset, reaching 94.5%. Meanwhile, the model's parameter count decreased by 78.46%, the computational load decreased by 65.97%, and the detection speed increased by 17.66%. This algorithm achieves a balance between accuracy and light weight, and its generalization ability has been validated on real images, making it effectively applicable to detection tasks of typical satellite components in space environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ resource utilization is a necessary means to achieve sustainable development of human habitation on the Moon. Grinding processing enables the processing and application of abundant mineral resources on the Moon, allowing for the manufacturing of high-quality mechanical components and the restoration of component surfaces. The thermal transfer system of grinding becomes particularly complex under the influence of extreme conditions such as vacuum, low gravity, and significant temperature variations. This review examines the latest research and future prospects on grinding thermal behaviors under simulated vacuum conditions. First, the generation and propagation mechanisms of grinding heat are analyzed. Measurement methods for grinding temperature in extreme environments are summarized. Second, the heat transfer system framework under simulated vacuum conditions is constructed. A comparative analysis is conducted on the impacts of different heat source models, process parameters, and simulation methods. Third, the influencing factors of heat transfer behavior are summarized. Then, the framework for an efficient cooling system is constructed. Finally, the consequences of grinding-induced heat are summarized. This review provides essential technical means and guidance for the high-quality application of space resources and the development of human lunar exploration and migration technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urban underground space is a crucial aspect of current urban development. However, various factors pose challenges during the development process. In particular, in the valley cities of western China, groundwater has a significant impact on the utilization of underground space. This study focuses on understanding the influence of hydrogeological characteristics on the development of underground space in Ledu District, Haidong. Firstly, the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer in the study area are analyzed to determine the recharge and discharge characteristics. The dynamic changes in the groundwater table over time are then examined. Subsequently, the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater are investigated to expound on the influence mechanism of groundwater on the development of underground space resources in Ledu District. The study reveals that the hydrodynamic effect of groundwater in the study area is substantial and has a significant physical scouring effect on underground structures. The fluctuation of groundwater levels affects the stability of buildings by increasing groundwater buoyancy. Additionally, this fluctuation also leads to engineering and environmental problems such as differential settlement and land salinization. The chemical characteristics of groundwater primarily impact the stability of building foundations through the corrosive effects of groundwater composition. This research clarifies the influence mechanism of groundwater on the development of underground space in typical valley cities of western China. The findings have practical significance for the evaluation, planning, development, and utilization of urban underground space resources in Haidong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated development of offshore platform and net cage is a significant concern in ocean engineering. To optimize cost-effectiveness and maximize the utilization of limited ocean space resources, a composite structure is proposed, which integrates a submersible net cage onto the steel pipe piles of offshore platform. Based on the OpenFOAM software package, a numerical model is developed to assess the hydrodynamic performance of this composite structure. In this model, the net cage is simplified as a closed box structure comprising six planar nets, with each planar net further represented as a porous structure based on equivalent resistance. The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with the relevant experimental and numerical data. Subsequently, the model is employed to comprehensively investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the submersible net cage integrated with an offshore platform. Velocity variations inside and outside the net cage are analyzed under various wave-current conditions. Additionally, the forces exerted on the steel pipe piles by the net cage at different submerged depths are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of population, society and economy, human activities have caused serious adverse impacts on the environment, ecosystems and landscape patterns over the long term. In order to address the series of impacts of human activities on the environment, territorial space and resource use, the study of Production–Living–Ecological Space (PLES) and ecological security have all become academic frontiers in the field of sustainable development. In this study, we applied multi‐source data and GIS technology to construct an ecological security evaluation model based on the results of PLES delineation and the Pressure‐State‐Response (PSR) framework, and carried out the three‐period PLES ecological security evaluation for 2000, 2010 and 2020 at the county and grid scales in Yunnan Province. The PLES pattern in Yunnan Province is dominated by ecological space, which accounts for 75%, followed by 23% of production space, with ecological space shrinking from 2000 to 2020. Ecological security in ecological space and living space shows an improving trend from 2000 to 2020. The ecological security of production space improved in 2010 compared to 2000 but then showed a decreasing trend in 2020. Ecological security in ecological space shows that north‐western and southern Yunnan is safer than central Yunnan, while ecological security in living space is safer in central Yunnan, and ecological security in production space is better in southern Yunnan than in northern Yunnan. Comparison with related research results shows that the ecological security evaluation results of PLES in Yunnan Province in this study are scientific and reasonable. The ecological security evaluation model of PLES constructed in this study solves the problem of complex and incomplete ecological security evaluation indexes in the past, and the results of the study are more refined and precise, which provides new ideas for the study of regional ecological security. Based on the functional attributes of land, the evaluation model of ecological security of Production–Living–Ecological space was constructed. Yunnan Province has the largest proportion of ecological space at 75%, but it has been shrinking in the last 20 years. In the past 20 years, the ecological security of ecological space and living space in Yunnan Province has shown an improvement trend, while production space has risen and then declined. This study analyses ecological security at different scales so that it can better reveal its spatial heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transition involves transforming electricity supply systems. Smart grids are resilient, polycentric systems consisting of integrated, self-governed Microgrids including distributed energy systems (DES). Renewable energy requires high numbers and a huge variety of infrastructures, requiring large amounts of spaces, including land. Renewable energy flows and land are natural resources. This analysis applies Ostrom's common pool resources (CPR) theory on the sustainable use of ecosystems and natural resources to explore DES as a "common good" with spaces and land as crucial scarce resources. Currently, electricity grids are monocultures with highly centralized and hierarchical governance structures, where the juxtaposition of electricity as public and private good is considered self-evident. The emergence of DES in smart Microgrids is disrupting these monocultures, which is one aspect of the full transformation from current centralized grids towards resilient, integrated Microgrids based on variety and adaptive capacity. The other component of the transformation concerns the essential resource of space. As land and other spaces, such as rooftops, are subject to diverse property regimes, CPR is also applicable for analyzing the required changes in property rights and land-use decision-making. Such changes are necessary to make sufficient space available for the infrastructures of community Microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how space mining represents an extension of the extractivist paradigm rather than the beginning of a new era of resource abundance. Topics discussed include the historical continuity of resource frontiers, the concept of Cheap Nature in relation to space resources, and the geopolitical dynamics surrounding space resource exploitation.

This study explores the integration of computer vision with topology optimization for additive manufacturing, with a focus on maximizing eigenfrequency in a design domain. Utilizing custom-developed photogrammetry software, high-resolution images are processed to generate detailed 3D models, which are subsequently converted to STL files with precision. Adaptive meshing in COMSOL 5.3 Multiphysics, controlled through a MATLAB 2023 API, ensures optimal mesh resolution. Prioritizing resource conservation in extraterrestrial environments, the original volume is reduced by 50% while preserving structural integrity. The design domain undergoes rigorous topology optimization in MATLAB, supported by COMSOL's advanced FEM simulation. The optimized design exhibits a 57% performance improvement and a 50% weight reduction, maintaining the desired vibration characteristics, validating the efficacy of the modifications. Moreover, the case with an eccentric mass shows a significant 64% increase in eigenfrequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals adjust their habitat use patterns in response to changes in their physiological needs and environmental conditions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying resource selection and space use across time and space reveals effects of the environment on animals' decisions. We explored the effects of habitat availability and heterogeneity on the seasonal and annual space use and resource selection of two free‐roaming feral burro (Equus asinus) populations in the United States within distinct climate and habitat conditions: the Sonoran Desert and the Colorado Plateau. As an introduced yet protected species in the United States, understanding burros' interactions with habitat elements is important for their conservation and management, as well as the conservation of sympatric wildlife. We used GPS locations of female burros (72 animals across both study areas) to delineate annual and seasonal ranges and resource selection patterns. We evaluated effects of mean and CV of habitat covariates, including forage, distance to water, and topography, representing availability and heterogeneity of resources, on seasonal and annual range size of burros. Moreover, we explored how burro seasonal and annual resource selection patterns were affected by availability and heterogeneity of resources. In the Sonoran Desert study area, burros had smaller seasonal and annual ranges and constant resource selection patterns across a year, likely due to a freshwater lake in the area, making water a nonlimiting resource. Human presence was the greatest factor affecting range size and resource selection in the Sonoran Desert, where burros selected for areas near roads and human recreation. In the Colorado Plateau study area, where resources were more seasonal, we found larger range sizes and fluctuating resource selection patterns compared to the Sonoran Desert population. Spatial variation in forage, water, and topography significantly affected range size of burros inhabiting the Colorado Plateau study area. Productive habitats with available water support smaller ranges and a more consistent pattern of resource selection. Our results highlight the positive effect of habitat heterogeneity and the negative effect of habitat productivity on range size of animals. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of habitat requirements for free‐roaming burros that currently live under various climate and habitat conditions globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of wireless communications, the occupation of time and frequency resources becomes more crowded. The exploitation of space resources is necessary and the diversity combining techniques have substantial applications. Diversity combining achieves great diversity gains and improves the ability to combat multipath fading, among which the maximum ratio combining (MRC) performs as the optimal linear combining approach. However, MRC suffers from detrimental factors such as channel fading and no Gaussian noise in practical scenarios. In this paper, we focus on a comprehensive investigation of MRC. Starting from the MRC principle and system model, we summarize typical scenarios and analyze the channel fading statistics. For the influential factors, we further review related literature on channel correlation, cochannel interference (CCI) and impulsive noise. Major performance criteria and performance bounds are derived and compared. MRC confronts new developing challenges and the major development directions are reviewed. The paper finally discusses recent works and open problems for MRC applications and development. Emerging techniques such as artificial intelligence provide novel solutions for MRC performance improvements. The paper aims to present a summarized insight to assist readers in clarifying the analyzed methodology of MRC, so as to motivate new technology integration and extensive applications of advanced communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water ice and other volatiles that accumulated in the Moon's polar regions are among the top priority targets for lunar exploration, due to their significances in both lunar geology and extraterrestrial resource utilization. Locating suitable landing sites and determining the provenance of sampled/measured surface materials are critical for future landed missions. Here, we map over 800 sites of plains terrains in the Moon's south polar region, with a total surface area of ~46,000 km2. Orbital measurements and analog studies show that most of these plains have apparently higher albedo and lower iron content than volcanic mare plains, suggesting an origin of ejecta-induced debris flows from distant impact craters, especially from the Schrödinger basin. Our findings suggest that the entire lunar south polar region probably have experienced contributions from distant basin materials. We recommend these plains as priority landing sites for future exploration of lunar polar volatiles and early bombardment history. The authors map extensive plains terrains in the Moon's south polar region, which originate from impact basin ejecta materials. These plains serve as attractive landing sites for future exploration of lunar polar volatiles and early bombardment history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the public service platform, resource integration and scheduling based on big data drive is the foundation and key of value creation of public service resources. This paper analyses the possibility and mechanism of value creation of superior resources on big data-driven public service platform, puts forward the path of value creation of public service resources, and deeply studies the resource intelligent allocation strategy based on public service platform in big data environment. In view of the unstructured characteristics of public service resources, this strategy introduces the concepts of connection depth and connection breadth of ontology tree, optimizes the calculation of ontology semantic distance and similarity function, and proposes a hierarchical intelligent public service resource allocation algorithm for the massive and substantial data and resources on public service platform. This strategy can not only realize rapid rent-seeking and accurate matching of resources on public service platform, but also integrates and intelligently allocates resources according to the needs and tasks, greatly reduces the generation of fragmented resources, reduces the difficulty and complexity of resource management by independent stakeholders, and expands the space of resource value creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land use multi-objective optimization aims to achieve greater economic, social, and environmental benefits by the rational allocation and planning of urban land resources in space. However, not only land use reconstruction, but renovation, which has been neglected in most studies, is the main optimization direction of urban land use. Meanwhile, urban land use optimization is subject to cost constraints, so as to obtain a more practical optimization scheme. Thus, this paper evaluated the renovation and reconstruction costs of urban land use and proposed a cost-heuristic genetic algorithm (CHGA). The algorithm determined the selection probability of candidate optimization cells by considering the renovation and reconstruction costs of urban land and integrated the renovation and reconstruction costs to determine the direction of optimization so that the optimization model can more practically simulate the actual situation of urban planning. The reliability of this model was validated through its application in Shenzhen, China, demonstrating that it can reduce the cost consumption of the optimization process by 35.86% at the expense of sacrificing a small amount of economic benefits (1.18%). The balance of benefits and costs enhances the applicability of the proposed land use optimization method in mature, developed areas where it is difficult to demolish buildings that are constrained by costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a resource overload problem and add a tardiness penalty to the objective function when a prescribed project makespan is exceeded, which enables a trade-off between a balanced resource utilization and a project delay. For the tardiness penalty, we distinguish between a constant and variable delay cost variant. Based on the structural properties of the resource overload problem, we show that the search space of the resource overload problem with tardiness penalty can also be reduced utilizing quasistable schedules. In addition, we discuss the application of these findings to further problems, which include objectives composed of a locally concave and a concave function or a reward structure for an early project completion instead of a tardiness penalty. As solution approaches, we present mixed-integer linear model formulations as well as a novel genetic algorithm with a decoding procedure, which exploits the devised structural properties. The performance of the genetic algorithm is improved by implementing learning methods and utilizing lower bounds. Finally, we present results from experiments on small to medium sized problem instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving edible biomass space use efficacy (EBSUE) is important for sustainably producing edamame and dwarf tomatoes in plant factories with artificial light. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) may increase EBSUE and space use efficacy (SUE). However, no study has quantitatively explained how PPFD affects EBSUE in edamame and dwarf tomatoes. This study aimed to quantitatively validate the effects of PPFD on EBSUE in dwarf tomatoes and edamame and verify whether this effect differs between these crops. The edamame and dwarf tomato cultivars 'Enrei' and 'Micro-Tom', respectively, were cultivated under treatments with PPFDs of 300, 500, and 700 µmol m−2 s−1. The results showed that the EBSUE and SUE increased with increasing PPFD in both crops. The EBSUE increased depending on the increase in SUE, the dry mass ratio of the edible part to the total plant in the edamame, and the SUE only in the dwarf tomatoes. In conclusion, a high PPFD can improve the EBSUE and SUE of edamame and dwarf tomatoes in different ways at the reproductive growth stage. The findings from this study offer valuable information on optimizing space and resource usage in plant factories with artificial light and vertical farms. Additionally, they shed light on the quantitative impact of PPFD on both EBSUE and SUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Joint access is essential for arthrocentesis, or joint aspiration of fluids. Joint treatments that are not performed properly can result in avoidable patient issues such as damage to the muscles, tendons, and blood vessels surrounding the joint. The use of ultrasound has become the gold standard for this procedure and proven to be a support in the skill learning process. However, success with this equipment, particularly in small joints like the wrist, depends on a clinician's capacity to recognize the crucial landmarks that guide these procedures. Prior to executing on a real patient, task trainers have proven to be an effective way for doctors to practice and prepare for procedures. However, shortcomings of current solutions include high purchase costs, incompatibility with ultrasound imaging, and low reusability. In addition, since this is a procedure that is not performed frequently, there may not be space or resources available in healthcare facilities to accommodate one at the point of care. This study aimed to close the existing gap by developing a DIY ultrasound compatible task trainer for wrist joint access training. Results: We developed a novel ultrasound compatible wrist joint model that can be made from sustainable materials and reusable parts, thus reducing the costs for acquisition and environmental impact. Our model, which was produced utilizing small-batch production methods, is made up of 3D-printed bones enclosed in an ultrasound-compatible gelatin mixture. It can be easily remade after each practice session, removing needle tracks that are visible under ultrasound for conventional phantoms. The ultrasonic properties of this model were tested through pixel brightness analysis and visual inspection of simulated anatomical structures. Conclusion: Our results report the advantages and limitations of the proposed model regarding production, practice, and ultrasound compatibility. While future work entails the transfer to patients of the same skill, this reusable and replicable model has proven, when presented to experts, to be successful in representing the physical characteristics and ultrasound profile of significant anatomical structures. This novel DIY product could be an effective alternative to teach procedures in the context of resource-restrained clinical simulation centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can public international law prevent outer space from becoming a new Wild West, given the rising risks posed by emerging rules promoting private property or appropriation of lunar or celestial resources? This Article examines the intersection and nexus of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and recent developments in space law regarding extraterrestrial resource appropriation to provide a novel analysis. The 2020s will most likely be remembered as the decade in which humans truly became a "space species." The US-led Artemis program is a coalition of commercial and international partners whose primary goal is to return humans to the Moon by 2024, with the longer-term goal of establishing a permanent lunar base. Outer space could then become a far west, with a rush on space resources by States having the technical capabilities to exploit them. However, what are the legal implications for States not engaged in space travel and not competitively claiming to offer private rights in space-based resources? Activities in outer space have long been the responsibility of States, with the principle of nonappropriation codified in 1967 as a cornerstone. Faced with the risk of seeing such a situation develop, scholars must wonder in what form of an international legal regime, which would regulate the various competing interests and guarantee the principles of the 1967 treaties, could succeed in emerging. Because of the confrontation of these two branches of public international law, which could never be confronted in the past due to the nature of the space law regime, it is now possible to envisage legal compatibility, if not complementarity, for today's international law and future space activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though imaginative displays are an essential determinant for improving product evaluations in traditional products, there is little research on imaginative displays in the display of green products. Therefore, this article addresses this gap by examining the imaginative display of green products. Three studies show that relative to imaginative displays (i.e., novel and esthetics), standard displays (i.e., non-novel and neutral esthetics) increase green product evaluations, suggesting that imaginative displays positively affect traditional products but are unsuitable for green products. In addition, standard displays (vs. imaginative displays) increase product evaluations for altruistic green products. In contrast, imaginative displays (vs. standard displays) increase product evaluations for egoistic green products. The article aims to change the practice of wasting space resources for displaying green products. More critically, the article raises new insight for policymakers and merchants to achieve sustainable green consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current interest in spacecraft constellations for government and commercial uses continues to drive advancement in sophistication, capability, and mission complexity. As these systems proliferate, they require increased levels of automation to properly orchestrate in achieving the mission objectives. This paper develops a constellation planning capability for cross-link enabled Geospatial Intelligence missions. The planning for constellation coordination is performed using a two-level network flow approach, where the first level creates a communication plan, and the second layer determines the Earth sensing activities. A network flow method is used to simultaneously obtain a schedule for each unique satellite within the constellation and provides an optimal operational schedule for the entire cooperative system. [Display omitted] • Network flow optimizes the constellation with individual satellite operations. • Resulting satellite plans exist within the constrained feasible resource space. • Decoupling variables improves planning and data transport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for imaging of large area targets by space-based assets such as constellations of Earth Observation Satellites (EOS) is on the rise for different applications. The area targets coverage cannot be achieved by a single satellite in a single observation opportunity, as the region for imaging spreads wider than the coverage swaths of imaging sensors. Hence, the imaging satellites are scheduled in a cooperative way to achieve maximum coverage of the area in a given planning time horizon. The scheduling algorithms also aim to maximize or minimize some specific objectives of interest while simultaneously complying with all resource constraints for an efficient use of precious space resources. As the current generation satellites are highly agile, there are many ways of choosing an imaging location in the target area for each single observation opportunity of a satellite. Even though the possible imaging region in continuous space is discretized into a finite number of strips for each observation, the huge combinatorial search space formed with all satellites' imaging opportunities makes the problem intractable. Thus, the area target imaging scheduling is a complex combinatorial NP-hard optimization problem. Many exact and heuristic methods were evolved to provide a solution to this scheduling problem. Even though the exact methods solve the problem to optimality, they are limited to smaller problem instances because of the high computational complexities involved in those methods. More focus is seen in the literature on heuristic approaches as they guarantee scheduling performance with feasible solutions within an acceptable computational complexity. This paper presents our efficient heuristic approach proposed for the scheduling problem for imaging a large area target using a constellation of multiple satellites. Our approach is an extension of a widely used greedy approach in combination with insights from dynamic programming. In this paper, first we addressed the scheduling problem by describing it in detail and formulating it into a non-linear integer programming problem, considering the multi-objectives of achieving maximum coverage and minimum imaging resolution. The solution to the problem comprises two phases, namely the area decomposition phase and the scheduling phase. In the area decomposition phase, the area target is divided into strips dynamically for each observation opportunity of a satellite. Then exact observation period of each strip is computed using a simplified semi-analytical computational method. In the scheduling phase, we applied our heuristic search strategy, namely Forward and Backward Heuristic Search (FBHS) to obtain a near optimal solution within an acceptable computational time. Through the extensive simulations conducted under various scenarios, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in comparison with the baseline greedy approach. • The large area target imaging scheduling for multiple satellites is a complex combinatorial NP hard optimization problem. • Greedy algorithm, which guarantee the scheduling performance, is a widely used method. • Forward and Backward Heuristic Search method is proposed for area target image scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a product of the development of e-commerce over a specific period of time, the "new retail model" breaks the barriers between the traditional retail industry and e-commerce. Supported by Internet technology, it builds a new business model of "physical store + e-commerce + logistics" through the integration of online, offline, and logistics, which also leads to a great change in consumer behavior. Therefore, in order to meet consumer demand and achieve the long-term development of shopping malls, while taking into account the fair allocation of urban space resources, the indicators and methods of shopping mall site selection evaluation in the new retail era will be significantly different from traditional shopping mall site selection decisions. In this paper, the Wuhan East Lake Hi-Tech Zone is selected as the research object, and a comprehensive AHP-GIS assessment model is proposed. By investigating the impact of consumers' behavioral changes on shopping mall location in the new retail era, a suitability evaluation system containing eight evaluation indicators is constructed, and the weights of each factor are determined using hierarchical analysis. At the same time, GIS is used to process the spatial analysis of the indicators, and combined with the weights of the factors, superposition analysis and quantitative research are carried out. Finally, based on the correlation analysis between ratings and customer flow, the suitability evaluation results are further supported in order to provide a more objective and scientific basis for the location of shopping malls from the perspective of the change in consumer behavior under the new retail model, and to put forward universal suggestions for the construction and development of shopping malls in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oasis serves as the primary supply of cultivable land, along with the hub for human production and habitation in Xinjiang. Accordingly, predicting the land use of these areas based on various goals is an effective instrument for encouraging the sensible distribution of resource space. The study investigated the creation of a land use-allocation optimization model based on the various objectives of ecological protection, food security, and urban growth using the Weigan–Kuche River oasis as an example. The GMOP-PLUS model's restriction conversion area was adjusted to include the findings of the land suitability evaluation. Additionally, it optimized and simulated the spatial arrangement and quantitative structure of land usage in the Weigan–Kuche River oasis in 2035. The results indicate the following: (1) the model's overall accuracy is 89.36%, and its Kappa coefficient is 0.872, more than 0.8. Thus, the model can be considered for adoption in the future when predicting changes in land use in the districts and counties of the Weigan–Kuche River oasis; (2) based on the results of the land suitability evaluation, the percentage of areas that are most suited for agricultural development, urban development, and ecological protection is 39.32%, 24.21%, and 14.06%, respectively; and (3) the three scenarios satisfy the various demands for growth within the oasis, and the land use structure of the oasis varies considerably in response to the various development objectives, with the construction and cultivated land undergoing the most substantial modifications. The multi-scenario simulation of land usage in the oasis can provide essential support and a range of perspectives for future land spatial planning and socioeconomic development decision-making in the Weigan–Kuche River oasis. This is essential for both the efficient use of land resources and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to consider the ethical and environmental implications of allowing space resource extraction to disrupt existing fuel economies, including how companies can be held accountable for ensuring the responsible use of their space assets. It will also briefly consider how such assets should be taxed, and the cost/benefit analyses required to justify the considerable expense of supporting this emerging space industry. Design/methodology/approach: This paper adopts theoretical bioethics methodologies to explore issues of normative ethics and the formulation of moral rules to govern individual, collective and institutional behaviour. Specifically, it considers social justice and social contract theory, consequentialist and deontological accounts of ethical evaluation. It also draws on sociological and organisational literature to discuss Dowling and Pfeffer's (1975) and Suchman's (1995) theories of pragmatic, cognitive and moral legitimacy as they may be applied to off-world mining regulations and the handling of space assets. Findings: The findings of this conceptual paper indicate there is both a growing appetite for tighter resource extraction regulations to address climate change and wealth concentration globally, and an opportunity to establish and legitimise new ethical norms for commercial activity in space that can avoid some of the challenges currently facing fossil fuel divestment movements on Earth. Originality/value: By adopting methodologies from theoretical bioethics, sociology and business studies, including applying a legitimacy lens to the issue of off-world mining, this paper synthesises existing knowledges from these fields and brings them to the new context of the future space resource economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the exponential growth of data, the need for efficient techniques to extract relevant information from datasets becomes increasingly imperative. Reducing the training data can be useful for applications wherein storage space or computational resources are limited. In this work, we explore the concept of data condensation (DC) in the context of keyword spotting systems (KWS). Using deep learning architectures and time-frequency speech representations, we have obtained condensed speech signal representations using gradient matching with Efficient Synthetic-Data Parameterization. From a series of classification experiments, we analyze the models and condensed data performances in terms of accuracy and number of data per class. We also present results using cross-model techniques, wherein models are trained with condensed data obtained from a different architecture. Our findings demonstrate the potential of data condensation in the context of the speech domain for reducing the size of datasets while retaining their most important information and maintaining high accuracy for the model trained with the condensed dataset. We have obtained an accuracy of 80.75% with 30 condensed speech representations per class with ConvNet, representing an addition of 24.9% in absolute terms when compared to 30 random samples from the original training dataset. However, we demonstrate the limitations of this approach in the cross-model tests. We also highlight the challenges and opportunities for further improving the accuracy of condensed data obtained and trained with different neural network architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent discoveries of potential ice particles and ice-cemented regolith on extraterrestrial bodies like the Moon and Mars have opened new opportunities for developing technologies to extract water, facilitating future space missions and activities on these extraterrestrial body surfaces. This study explores the potential for water extraction from regolith through an experiment designed to test water recuperation from regolith simulant under varying gravitational conditions. The resultant water vapor extracted from the regolith is re-condensed on a substrate surface and collected in liquid form. Three types of substrates, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and grooved, are explored. The system's functionality was assessed during a parabolic flight campaign simulating three distinct gravity levels: microgravity, lunar gravity, and Martian gravity. Our findings reveal that the hydrophobic surface demonstrates the highest efficiency due to drop-wise condensation, and lower gravity levels result in increased water condensation on the substrates. The experiments aimed to understand the performance of specific substrates under lunar, Martian, and microgravity conditions, providing an approach for in-situ water recovery, which is crucial for establishing economically sustainable water supplies for future missions. To enhance clarity and readability, in this paper, "H2O" will be referred to as "water". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]